大型坳陷湖盆深水重力流研究
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摘要
20世纪70年代以来，深水沉积已经成为大陆边缘和陆相湖盆油气藏勘探和研究最为活跃的领域。目前深水沉积的最新研究进展可以归纳为5个方面：①深水牵引流的发现开拓了深水研究的新领域；②传统的浊流理论受到了极大的挑战和质疑；③深水沉积模式日趋完善；④块体搬运体是深水研究和勘探的重要领域；⑤深水区的泥页岩已经成为非常规油气藏勘探的重要领域。
基于岩心、测井、分析化验和地震等资料的综合分析，结合国内外深水重力流研究的最新进展，本次研究以松辽盆地西部坡折带上白垩统青山口组为主要研究对象，对大型坳陷湖盆重力流的沉积特征、识别标志、分布规律和外部形态进行了系统研究。研究结果不仅具有重要的理论意义，同时对于拓展我国陆相湖盆勘探领域及保障我国能源安全都具有重要的实践意义。
通过研究，主要取得以下创新性认识：
1、松辽盆地环坳挠曲坡折带发育单级和多级坡折带，首次对坡折带沟谷体系、断槽和断坑等负向地貌的成因和分布特征进行了研究
坡折带及其局部地貌形态是控制湖泊砂体及重力流砂体沉积作用、沉积过程及沉积物卸载的重要因素。松辽盆地环坳挠曲坡折可以划分为单级坡折和多级挠曲坡折两大类型。根据沟谷的成因，将坡折带的沟谷体系分为河流冲刷作用形成的下切谷、由同沉积断裂下降盘形成的断槽型沟谷、伸展褶皱形成的沟谷等3种类型。断坑主要由平行湖岸线展布且成对出现的同沉积断裂所形成。
2、首次在松辽盆地发现大规模分布的块体搬运体（MTDs）并建立了陆相盆地MTDS的识别标志，拓宽了陆相湖盆的勘探领域
以砂质碎屑流为主、混杂少量滑动岩和滑塌岩的块体搬运体是松辽盆地重力流的主要类型。块体搬运体（MTDs）尤其是砂质碎屑流单层厚度大、物性好、平面分布广泛，可以作为深水勘探的优质储层。在地震剖面上，厚层块体流具有空白（或透明）反射、弱振幅、乱岗状的反射特征；薄层块体搬运体一般具有充填状的外形和眼球形的内部反射结构。松辽盆地浊积岩也极为常见，期次多，反映了浊流作用频繁发生的特点，但层薄，勘探价值不高。
3、坡折带和沟谷地貌对块体流的外部形态具有重要的控制作用，除发现大规模的湖底扇和母子扇沉积外，还首次在松辽盆地发现大规模分布的槽谷重力流和断坑重力流沉积
坡折带内部同沉积断裂下降盘形成的槽道和断坑、下切谷、伸展褶皱等负向地貌对块体流的分布和外部形态起到重要的控制作用。简单斜坡主要发育湖底扇和母子扇沉积，块体流的滑动距离与坡度成正比。断坑重力流主要分布在同沉积断裂的下降盘，平行湖岸线呈带状展布。非扇形槽谷重力流具有狭长、平直的特点，砂体走向与湖岸线斜交，坡折带背景下与湖岸线斜交的下切谷、同沉积断裂的下降盘和伸展褶皱是形成的槽谷重力流的主控因素。
Since1970s, deep-water sedimentation has become the most active field ofhydrocarbon exploration and study in continental margins and terrestrial basins.Currently latest research progress in deep-water sedimentation can be briefly summedup as follows:①the find of deep-water traction flow;②traditional turbidity currenttheory has been challenged and questioned;③deep-water sedimentation patterns arebecoming increasingly perfect;④Mass transport deposits（MTDs） has been animportant exploration field of deep-water deposition;⑤deep-water mud and shale hasbecome a new exploration domain of unconventional reservoirs.
Based on comprehensive analysis of the cores, logs, tests, seismic data and so on,combined with the last worldwide research progress of deep-water gravity flows, thisdissertation systematacially studied sedimentary features, identification marks,distributary patterns, and morphology of gravity flows in the large lacustrine depressionbasin in K2qn of the western slope break in Songliao basin.
This study is of both regional and universal significance and provides thefollowing new insights:
1. Single and multi-grade slope breaks were developed surrounding thedepression center. This dissertation studied the negative geomorphic units ofvalley systems, fault troughs, fault slops for the first time.
Slope breaks and physiognomy are an important factor to control the transportion,deposition process and discharge of lacustrine sand bodies and gravity flow. Singleand multi-grade slope breaks were developed surrounding Songliao depression center.According to the causes of the valleys, the valleys of the slope-break belts weredivided into three types: the incised valleys, the troughs which were formed at thedownthrown sides of the syndepositional faults and the extensional fold valleys.
2. It was the first time discovery of MTDs in terrestrial basin, MTDs may bea new exploration and development target in terrestrial basin.
MTDs which were composed chiefly by sandy debris-flows mixed with a little ofslide and slump are the major type of the gravity flows in Songliao basin. The sandydebris in MTDs can be favorite reservoir due to their thick monolayers, good physicalproperties and the wide distribution. On the seismic sections, the thick MTDsmanifested weak amplitude, chaotic and mound seismic reflection configuration.Erosion linear groove were found at the bottom of the MTDs. The turbidite in thestudy area is thin and just has low exploration value.
3、The landform of the slope breaks and the valleys played a significantcontrolling role in the morphology of MTDs. Large scale troughlike and fault pitMTDs were discovered for the first time.
The morphology of MTDs was importantly controlled by the negative landform ofthe fault-trough and fault pit at synsedimentary grabens, incised valleys and theextensional folds. On the simple slope breaks, the sublacustrine fans and mother-childfans were developed, slide distances of the gravity flows were proportional to thegradients. Fault-pit gravity flows were ribbon shape parallel to the shoreline. The sandbodies of the trough-gravity flows were long, narrow, straight, oblique to the shoreline,and not fan shape. The troughlike morphology were controlled by incised valley,extensional folds, negative geomorphology.
基于岩心、测井、分析化验和地震等资料的综合分析，结合国内外深水重力流研究的最新进展，本次研究以松辽盆地西部坡折带上白垩统青山口组为主要研究对象，对大型坳陷湖盆重力流的沉积特征、识别标志、分布规律和外部形态进行了系统研究。研究结果不仅具有重要的理论意义，同时对于拓展我国陆相湖盆勘探领域及保障我国能源安全都具有重要的实践意义。
通过研究，主要取得以下创新性认识：
1、松辽盆地环坳挠曲坡折带发育单级和多级坡折带，首次对坡折带沟谷体系、断槽和断坑等负向地貌的成因和分布特征进行了研究
坡折带及其局部地貌形态是控制湖泊砂体及重力流砂体沉积作用、沉积过程及沉积物卸载的重要因素。松辽盆地环坳挠曲坡折可以划分为单级坡折和多级挠曲坡折两大类型。根据沟谷的成因，将坡折带的沟谷体系分为河流冲刷作用形成的下切谷、由同沉积断裂下降盘形成的断槽型沟谷、伸展褶皱形成的沟谷等3种类型。断坑主要由平行湖岸线展布且成对出现的同沉积断裂所形成。
2、首次在松辽盆地发现大规模分布的块体搬运体（MTDs）并建立了陆相盆地MTDS的识别标志，拓宽了陆相湖盆的勘探领域
以砂质碎屑流为主、混杂少量滑动岩和滑塌岩的块体搬运体是松辽盆地重力流的主要类型。块体搬运体（MTDs）尤其是砂质碎屑流单层厚度大、物性好、平面分布广泛，可以作为深水勘探的优质储层。在地震剖面上，厚层块体流具有空白（或透明）反射、弱振幅、乱岗状的反射特征；薄层块体搬运体一般具有充填状的外形和眼球形的内部反射结构。松辽盆地浊积岩也极为常见，期次多，反映了浊流作用频繁发生的特点，但层薄，勘探价值不高。
3、坡折带和沟谷地貌对块体流的外部形态具有重要的控制作用，除发现大规模的湖底扇和母子扇沉积外，还首次在松辽盆地发现大规模分布的槽谷重力流和断坑重力流沉积
坡折带内部同沉积断裂下降盘形成的槽道和断坑、下切谷、伸展褶皱等负向地貌对块体流的分布和外部形态起到重要的控制作用。简单斜坡主要发育湖底扇和母子扇沉积，块体流的滑动距离与坡度成正比。断坑重力流主要分布在同沉积断裂的下降盘，平行湖岸线呈带状展布。非扇形槽谷重力流具有狭长、平直的特点，砂体走向与湖岸线斜交，坡折带背景下与湖岸线斜交的下切谷、同沉积断裂的下降盘和伸展褶皱是形成的槽谷重力流的主控因素。
Since1970s, deep-water sedimentation has become the most active field ofhydrocarbon exploration and study in continental margins and terrestrial basins.Currently latest research progress in deep-water sedimentation can be briefly summedup as follows:①the find of deep-water traction flow;②traditional turbidity currenttheory has been challenged and questioned;③deep-water sedimentation patterns arebecoming increasingly perfect;④Mass transport deposits（MTDs） has been animportant exploration field of deep-water deposition;⑤deep-water mud and shale hasbecome a new exploration domain of unconventional reservoirs.
Based on comprehensive analysis of the cores, logs, tests, seismic data and so on,combined with the last worldwide research progress of deep-water gravity flows, thisdissertation systematacially studied sedimentary features, identification marks,distributary patterns, and morphology of gravity flows in the large lacustrine depressionbasin in K2qn of the western slope break in Songliao basin.
This study is of both regional and universal significance and provides thefollowing new insights:
1. Single and multi-grade slope breaks were developed surrounding thedepression center. This dissertation studied the negative geomorphic units ofvalley systems, fault troughs, fault slops for the first time.
Slope breaks and physiognomy are an important factor to control the transportion,deposition process and discharge of lacustrine sand bodies and gravity flow. Singleand multi-grade slope breaks were developed surrounding Songliao depression center.According to the causes of the valleys, the valleys of the slope-break belts weredivided into three types: the incised valleys, the troughs which were formed at thedownthrown sides of the syndepositional faults and the extensional fold valleys.
2. It was the first time discovery of MTDs in terrestrial basin, MTDs may bea new exploration and development target in terrestrial basin.
MTDs which were composed chiefly by sandy debris-flows mixed with a little ofslide and slump are the major type of the gravity flows in Songliao basin. The sandydebris in MTDs can be favorite reservoir due to their thick monolayers, good physicalproperties and the wide distribution. On the seismic sections, the thick MTDsmanifested weak amplitude, chaotic and mound seismic reflection configuration.Erosion linear groove were found at the bottom of the MTDs. The turbidite in thestudy area is thin and just has low exploration value.
3、The landform of the slope breaks and the valleys played a significantcontrolling role in the morphology of MTDs. Large scale troughlike and fault pitMTDs were discovered for the first time.
The morphology of MTDs was importantly controlled by the negative landform ofthe fault-trough and fault pit at synsedimentary grabens, incised valleys and theextensional folds. On the simple slope breaks, the sublacustrine fans and mother-childfans were developed, slide distances of the gravity flows were proportional to thegradients. Fault-pit gravity flows were ribbon shape parallel to the shoreline. The sandbodies of the trough-gravity flows were long, narrow, straight, oblique to the shoreline,and not fan shape. The troughlike morphology were controlled by incised valley,extensional folds, negative geomorphology.
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