混粉准干式电火花加工技术研究
摘要
近年来随着一些传统加工技术不断发展,在一些难加工材料加工领域表现出加工效率高的优势,电火花加工技术受到严峻的挑战,发展高效、高精度、高柔性的电火花加工技术成为迫在眉睫的任务。
本文提出一种混粉准干式电火花加工技术,其加工介质是气、液、固三相流混合物。先在液体添加一定数量的微细粉末,微细粉末可为导体或半导体,由搅拌装置将其搅拌均匀,再由微量润滑装置将固、液混合物与气体混合,形成气、液、固三相流工作介质。加工时气、液、固三相流混合物经管状电极喷向工件,脉冲电源两个输出端分别与工件和管状工具电极相联接,主轴头带动工具电极旋转,控制系统使工具电极与工件保持在一个很小的间隙。通过改变工具电极与工件之间的相对运动位置,可加工出各种复杂的型面。
在混粉准干式电火花放电加工过程中,一次火花放电过程可分为电离、击穿放电、排除电蚀物及消电离四个阶段。极间电场建立后,绝缘介质电离分解成电子和正离子,当电场强度超过临界电场强度时,在电场力的作用下电子高速奔向阳极,正离子奔向阴极,在极短的时间内介质被击穿,形成工具电极-微粒-工件之间的串联放电,形成放电通道,一部分金属达处于熔融状态,一部分金属气化蒸发,在爆炸力和高压气体作用下,电蚀产物被排出放电间隙,在三相流介质的冷却作用下电蚀产物凝固成细小的颗粒,而工件表面则形成放电凹坑,脉冲放电结束后,两极间介质消电离,恢复绝缘。混粉准干式电火花的材料去除机理方式包括:熔化和气化、氧化、剥落。由于放电通道是高温、高压的电离气体,其作用区内的工件和工具电极表面金属会很快熔化,甚至气化蒸发;由于空气中有氧气,在加工时的发生氧化反应,从而加速材料去除;当加工硬脆材料时,材料表面的剥落现象也会起到材料去除作用。液滴或微细粉末可大幅度降低极间耐压,其中微细粉末的作用更加明显,粉末介质球被极化后,球面出现束缚电荷,束缚电荷在球内产生的电场与外电场方向相反,束缚电荷在球外产生的电场并非都与外电场平行,实际电场就会偏离原来的均匀电场,从而使极间电场发生畸变,与准干式电火花加工和气中放电加工相比,混粉准干式电火花加工技术的放电间隙最大。
混粉准干式电火花铣削加工时,增大脉冲宽度、峰值电流、分层厚度及工具电极伺服速度,材料去除率及表面粗糙度随之增大;增大脉冲间隙材料去除率会降低,表面粗糙度有所降低;增大空气压力,材料去除率增加、表面粗糙度降低;增加粉末浓度或增加固液混合物流量均能使材料去除率增高,表面粗糙度降低。电极损耗随脉冲宽度增大而减小,在大脉冲宽度条件下电极损耗可接近于零。随着峰值电流的增加,电极损耗会增加。气中放电加工、准干式电火花加工、混粉准干式电火花加工的材料去除率依次增加,表面粗糙度依次降低。与气中放电相比,由于气、液、固三相流介质电火花加工放电间隙得到了明显的提高,使电蚀产物容易排出,减少了短路发生率和拉弧现象,加工过程更加稳定,从而提高了材料去除率。由于放电间隙变大和粉末的放电分散作用,在工件表面形成浅平的放电蚀坑,放电凹坑边缘光滑,气、液、固三相流介质冷却效果好,使加工过程中产生的电蚀产物得到及时有效的冷却,从而减少了粘结现象,降低了工件表面粗糙度。
加工硬质合金过程中,过大的脉冲宽度和过长时间持续的电流作用都会使其表面产生严重的网状裂纹。实验证明为提高加工速度而采用大脉宽、大电流的加工是不可取的,粗加工应采用窄脉宽高峰值电流,短促的瞬时高温会使加工表面热影响层较浅,减少裂纹,精加工宜选用窄脉宽小电流以减少裂纹。在混粉准干式电火花加工过程中导致工件表面裂纹的主要原因是热冲击载荷的作用,同时和材料的属性也密切相关。
用有限元技术仿真了混粉准干式电火花加工单脉冲放电过程。在放电点中心附近温度最高,随着径向距离和轴向距离的增加温度会逐渐降低。应力成分中径向应力和轴向应力占主导地位。径向应力始终是负值,即其为压应力,轴向应力随着径向距离的增大从压应力转换成拉应力,这种拉压变换的应力能导致表面缺陷。
提出了一种用多种群遗传算法优化神经网络结构的模型,编码串由网络隐层神经元数信息、网络训练次数信息及收敛误差信息构成,目标函数是训练数据相对误差与检测数据相对误差加权和,经优化得到的加工预测模型结构紧凑,预测精度高,减少了人为选择网络结构的主观性、局部性。另外用遗传算法优化了电火花加工参数,加工效率得到了提高,为实现高质量智能控制奠定了基础。
With development and innovation of traditional machining technology, they display advantage of high efficiency in hard machining materials field, traditional Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) technology faces serious challenge, develop high efficiency, high precision, high flexibility EDM technology is an urgent task for EDM industry now.
A powder mixed near dry EDM (PNDEDM) technology is presented in this paper, its dielectric mediumis gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures. A certain amount of conductive or semi conductive micro powder are filled in the liquid in advance, and mixed evenly by mix equipment, thereafter liquid-solid mixture is blended with air by dispenser, then gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures are got. Gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures are sprayed to the work piece through the thin-walled pipe tool electrode, work piece and tool electrode are connected with pulse power separately, tool electrode can rotate with the rotation of spindle, and control system keeps tool electrode and work piece in a very small gap. During EDM process, various shapes are machined through changing the position of tool electrode and work piece.
During PNDEDM process, a single spark process can be divided into four periods: ionization, breakdown discharge, debris ejection and deionization. After electric field is set up between electrodes, insulation medium is ionized as electrons and positive ions, when electric field intensity is over critical electric field intensity, dielectric medium is broken down in a short time quickly, electrons move towards anode and positive ions move towards cathode in high speed under electric field force, serious spark is generated among tool electrode, powder and work piece, discharge channel is formed, part metal are melted, and part metal are vaporized, debris are flushed out of spark gap by the explosion force and high pressure of dielectric medium, melted and vaporized metals are solidified into solid particals, work piece surface forms a crater, after pulse spark is dielectric deionization, insulation is resumed. Material removal mechanisms of PNDEDM including: melting and evaporation, spalling, oxidation. Due to discharge channel is high temperature and high pressure ionization gas, surface metal of work piece and tool electrode within work zone are melted, or even vaporized, oxidation also can accelerate the material removal rate(MRR), when erode hard and brittle materials, spalling effect also can help remove material. Both liquid drop and micro powder can decrease insulation strength greatly, and micro powder is more obvious, after micro powder is polarized, bound charge are generated on sphere surface, the direction of electric field intensity induced by bound charge in the powder sphere is opposite with outside electric field direction in the dielectric ball, and not parallel with the outside electric field outside the dielectric ball, therefore actual electric field will deviate original electric field, electric field aberration happened between the electrodes, compared with dry EDM and near dry EDM, gap distance of PNDEDM is the biggest.
Experiment results show that the material removal rate and surface roughness increase with the increase of pulse duration, peak current, layer depth and tool electrode movement velocity, material removal rate increases and surface roughness decreases as pulse interval, dielectric medium pressure, powder concentration or solid-liquid mixture concentration increases. Tool electrode wear decreases with the increase of pulse duration, it is almost zero under big pulse duration condition, but it increases with peak current. Material removal rate of dry EDM, near dry EDM and powder mixed near dry EDM increases in turn, and surface roughness decreases in turn. Compared with dry EDM, due to spark gap is improved greatly, debris will be flushed out easily, short circuit probability is reduced, arcing phenomenon is minimized, machining process becomes stable, thereafter material removal rate is improved. Due to bigger spark gap and disperse effect of powder, erosion crater depth becomes flatter and more shallow, erosion crater edge is smoother, due to better cooling effect of gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid dielectric, debris also can be cooled timely and effectively during EDM process, less globular attachment are observed, therefore surface quality quanlity is improved.
Serious net cracks are generated under excessive pulse duration and current action time during machining cemented carbides process. Experiment results show that it is not advisable to improve material removal rate by using big pulse duration and big peak current. Narrow pulse duration and higher peak current should be employed during rough machining process, brief and instantaneous high temperature make surface heat zone shallower, crack density smaller, experiments show cracks can be avoided effectively when narrow pulse duration and small peak current are employed during finishing process. During PNDEDM process, heat impact load is the main reason induced net cracks of work piece, and it is also related closely with material properties.
The single spark process of PNDEDM has been simulated using finite element method. Temperature of spark point in the center is the highest, temperature decreases with the increase of radial and axis direction. Radial stress and axis stress dominated in the stress component. Radial stress is always negative, it means it is press stress, but axis stress changed from press stress to tensile stress, this may induce surface defect.
Artificial neural network architecture is optimized using multi-population genetic algorithm(MPGA), coding string including hidden neuron number information, training time information, objection function is weighting sum of training data relative error and check data relative error, the optimized architecture is more compact and prediction accuracy is higher, subjectivity and locality is minimized, basis of high quality intelligence control has been set up.
本文提出一种混粉准干式电火花加工技术,其加工介质是气、液、固三相流混合物。先在液体添加一定数量的微细粉末,微细粉末可为导体或半导体,由搅拌装置将其搅拌均匀,再由微量润滑装置将固、液混合物与气体混合,形成气、液、固三相流工作介质。加工时气、液、固三相流混合物经管状电极喷向工件,脉冲电源两个输出端分别与工件和管状工具电极相联接,主轴头带动工具电极旋转,控制系统使工具电极与工件保持在一个很小的间隙。通过改变工具电极与工件之间的相对运动位置,可加工出各种复杂的型面。
在混粉准干式电火花放电加工过程中,一次火花放电过程可分为电离、击穿放电、排除电蚀物及消电离四个阶段。极间电场建立后,绝缘介质电离分解成电子和正离子,当电场强度超过临界电场强度时,在电场力的作用下电子高速奔向阳极,正离子奔向阴极,在极短的时间内介质被击穿,形成工具电极-微粒-工件之间的串联放电,形成放电通道,一部分金属达处于熔融状态,一部分金属气化蒸发,在爆炸力和高压气体作用下,电蚀产物被排出放电间隙,在三相流介质的冷却作用下电蚀产物凝固成细小的颗粒,而工件表面则形成放电凹坑,脉冲放电结束后,两极间介质消电离,恢复绝缘。混粉准干式电火花的材料去除机理方式包括:熔化和气化、氧化、剥落。由于放电通道是高温、高压的电离气体,其作用区内的工件和工具电极表面金属会很快熔化,甚至气化蒸发;由于空气中有氧气,在加工时的发生氧化反应,从而加速材料去除;当加工硬脆材料时,材料表面的剥落现象也会起到材料去除作用。液滴或微细粉末可大幅度降低极间耐压,其中微细粉末的作用更加明显,粉末介质球被极化后,球面出现束缚电荷,束缚电荷在球内产生的电场与外电场方向相反,束缚电荷在球外产生的电场并非都与外电场平行,实际电场就会偏离原来的均匀电场,从而使极间电场发生畸变,与准干式电火花加工和气中放电加工相比,混粉准干式电火花加工技术的放电间隙最大。
混粉准干式电火花铣削加工时,增大脉冲宽度、峰值电流、分层厚度及工具电极伺服速度,材料去除率及表面粗糙度随之增大;增大脉冲间隙材料去除率会降低,表面粗糙度有所降低;增大空气压力,材料去除率增加、表面粗糙度降低;增加粉末浓度或增加固液混合物流量均能使材料去除率增高,表面粗糙度降低。电极损耗随脉冲宽度增大而减小,在大脉冲宽度条件下电极损耗可接近于零。随着峰值电流的增加,电极损耗会增加。气中放电加工、准干式电火花加工、混粉准干式电火花加工的材料去除率依次增加,表面粗糙度依次降低。与气中放电相比,由于气、液、固三相流介质电火花加工放电间隙得到了明显的提高,使电蚀产物容易排出,减少了短路发生率和拉弧现象,加工过程更加稳定,从而提高了材料去除率。由于放电间隙变大和粉末的放电分散作用,在工件表面形成浅平的放电蚀坑,放电凹坑边缘光滑,气、液、固三相流介质冷却效果好,使加工过程中产生的电蚀产物得到及时有效的冷却,从而减少了粘结现象,降低了工件表面粗糙度。
加工硬质合金过程中,过大的脉冲宽度和过长时间持续的电流作用都会使其表面产生严重的网状裂纹。实验证明为提高加工速度而采用大脉宽、大电流的加工是不可取的,粗加工应采用窄脉宽高峰值电流,短促的瞬时高温会使加工表面热影响层较浅,减少裂纹,精加工宜选用窄脉宽小电流以减少裂纹。在混粉准干式电火花加工过程中导致工件表面裂纹的主要原因是热冲击载荷的作用,同时和材料的属性也密切相关。
用有限元技术仿真了混粉准干式电火花加工单脉冲放电过程。在放电点中心附近温度最高,随着径向距离和轴向距离的增加温度会逐渐降低。应力成分中径向应力和轴向应力占主导地位。径向应力始终是负值,即其为压应力,轴向应力随着径向距离的增大从压应力转换成拉应力,这种拉压变换的应力能导致表面缺陷。
提出了一种用多种群遗传算法优化神经网络结构的模型,编码串由网络隐层神经元数信息、网络训练次数信息及收敛误差信息构成,目标函数是训练数据相对误差与检测数据相对误差加权和,经优化得到的加工预测模型结构紧凑,预测精度高,减少了人为选择网络结构的主观性、局部性。另外用遗传算法优化了电火花加工参数,加工效率得到了提高,为实现高质量智能控制奠定了基础。
With development and innovation of traditional machining technology, they display advantage of high efficiency in hard machining materials field, traditional Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) technology faces serious challenge, develop high efficiency, high precision, high flexibility EDM technology is an urgent task for EDM industry now.
A powder mixed near dry EDM (PNDEDM) technology is presented in this paper, its dielectric mediumis gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures. A certain amount of conductive or semi conductive micro powder are filled in the liquid in advance, and mixed evenly by mix equipment, thereafter liquid-solid mixture is blended with air by dispenser, then gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures are got. Gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid mixtures are sprayed to the work piece through the thin-walled pipe tool electrode, work piece and tool electrode are connected with pulse power separately, tool electrode can rotate with the rotation of spindle, and control system keeps tool electrode and work piece in a very small gap. During EDM process, various shapes are machined through changing the position of tool electrode and work piece.
During PNDEDM process, a single spark process can be divided into four periods: ionization, breakdown discharge, debris ejection and deionization. After electric field is set up between electrodes, insulation medium is ionized as electrons and positive ions, when electric field intensity is over critical electric field intensity, dielectric medium is broken down in a short time quickly, electrons move towards anode and positive ions move towards cathode in high speed under electric field force, serious spark is generated among tool electrode, powder and work piece, discharge channel is formed, part metal are melted, and part metal are vaporized, debris are flushed out of spark gap by the explosion force and high pressure of dielectric medium, melted and vaporized metals are solidified into solid particals, work piece surface forms a crater, after pulse spark is dielectric deionization, insulation is resumed. Material removal mechanisms of PNDEDM including: melting and evaporation, spalling, oxidation. Due to discharge channel is high temperature and high pressure ionization gas, surface metal of work piece and tool electrode within work zone are melted, or even vaporized, oxidation also can accelerate the material removal rate(MRR), when erode hard and brittle materials, spalling effect also can help remove material. Both liquid drop and micro powder can decrease insulation strength greatly, and micro powder is more obvious, after micro powder is polarized, bound charge are generated on sphere surface, the direction of electric field intensity induced by bound charge in the powder sphere is opposite with outside electric field direction in the dielectric ball, and not parallel with the outside electric field outside the dielectric ball, therefore actual electric field will deviate original electric field, electric field aberration happened between the electrodes, compared with dry EDM and near dry EDM, gap distance of PNDEDM is the biggest.
Experiment results show that the material removal rate and surface roughness increase with the increase of pulse duration, peak current, layer depth and tool electrode movement velocity, material removal rate increases and surface roughness decreases as pulse interval, dielectric medium pressure, powder concentration or solid-liquid mixture concentration increases. Tool electrode wear decreases with the increase of pulse duration, it is almost zero under big pulse duration condition, but it increases with peak current. Material removal rate of dry EDM, near dry EDM and powder mixed near dry EDM increases in turn, and surface roughness decreases in turn. Compared with dry EDM, due to spark gap is improved greatly, debris will be flushed out easily, short circuit probability is reduced, arcing phenomenon is minimized, machining process becomes stable, thereafter material removal rate is improved. Due to bigger spark gap and disperse effect of powder, erosion crater depth becomes flatter and more shallow, erosion crater edge is smoother, due to better cooling effect of gas-liquid-solid three phase fluid dielectric, debris also can be cooled timely and effectively during EDM process, less globular attachment are observed, therefore surface quality quanlity is improved.
Serious net cracks are generated under excessive pulse duration and current action time during machining cemented carbides process. Experiment results show that it is not advisable to improve material removal rate by using big pulse duration and big peak current. Narrow pulse duration and higher peak current should be employed during rough machining process, brief and instantaneous high temperature make surface heat zone shallower, crack density smaller, experiments show cracks can be avoided effectively when narrow pulse duration and small peak current are employed during finishing process. During PNDEDM process, heat impact load is the main reason induced net cracks of work piece, and it is also related closely with material properties.
The single spark process of PNDEDM has been simulated using finite element method. Temperature of spark point in the center is the highest, temperature decreases with the increase of radial and axis direction. Radial stress and axis stress dominated in the stress component. Radial stress is always negative, it means it is press stress, but axis stress changed from press stress to tensile stress, this may induce surface defect.
Artificial neural network architecture is optimized using multi-population genetic algorithm(MPGA), coding string including hidden neuron number information, training time information, objection function is weighting sum of training data relative error and check data relative error, the optimized architecture is more compact and prediction accuracy is higher, subjectivity and locality is minimized, basis of high quality intelligence control has been set up.
引文
[1]S.Webzell.That First Step into EDM[M].Kent,UK:Findlay Publications Ltd,2001:10-11
[2]白基成,郭永丰,刘晋春.电火花和线切割加工技术的产生和在我国的发展[C].第十二届全国特种加工学术会议专辑,长沙,2007.长沙:机械工业出版社,2007:32-35
[3]刘晋春,白基成,郭永丰等.从电火花加工技术的发展看创新思维在技术进步中的作用[J].电加工与模具.2009,增刊:9-13
[4]杨大勇.电火花加工技术的发展历程[J].模具工程.2008,7:54-55
[5]陈德忠.EDM、HSM与模具制造技术[J].电加工与模具.2004,5:31-32
[6]王克锡.电火花加工的最新发展[J].金属冷加工.2008,8:65-70
[7]陈广娟,刘宝林.模具复杂型面加工现状及未来发展[J].现代制造技术与装备.2007,6:27-29
[8]高长水.现代工业训练教程特种加工[M].南京:东南大学出版社出版,2001:22-24
[9]赵万生.先进电火花加工技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003:1
[10]M.Kunieda,S.Furuoya,N.Taniguchi.Improvement of EDM Efficiency by Supplying Oxygen Gas into Gap[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1991,40:215-218
[11]M.Kunieda,M.Yoshida,N.Taniguchi,Electrical discharge machining in Gas[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1997,46:143-146
[12]M.Yoshida,M.Kunieda,Study on Mechanism for Minute Tool Electrode Wear in Dry EDM[J].Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering.1999,65:689-693
[13]M.Kunieda,Y.Miyoshi,T.Takaya,N.Nakajima,Y.Z.Bo,M.Yoshida,High speed 3D milling by dry EDM[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,2003,52:147-150
[14]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,M.Kunieda.Dry Electrical Discharge Machining of Cemented Carbide[C].ISEM XV,Edinburgh,Scoland UK,2004.Edinburgh,University of Edinburgh,2004
[15]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,K.Masanori,Dry Electrical Discharge Machining of Cemented carbide[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,149:353-357
[16]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,K.Masanori,M.Kunieda.Feasibility of 3D Surface Machining by Dry EDM International Journal Electrical Machining[J].2005,10:15-20
[17]M.Kunieda,T.Takaya,S.Nakano.Improvement of Dry EDM Characteristics Using PiezoElectric Actuator[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2004,53:183-186
[18]M.Kunieda,B.Lauwers,K.P.Rajurkar,B.M.Schumacher.Advancing EDM Through Fundamental Insight Into The Process[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2005,54:64-87
[19]C.Furudate,M.Kunieda.Fundamental Study On Dry-WEDM[J].Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering.2001,67:1180-1184
[20]C.Furudate,M.Kunieda,Yu Zhanbo,H.Yamada:Improving Process Characteristics of Dry-WEDM[C].Proc.of ICPE,Yokohama,Japan,2001.United States,Commercial,2001:209-213
[21]Q.H.Zhang,J.H.Zhang,J.X.Deng,Y.Qin,Z.W.Niu,Ultrasonic Vibration Electrical Discharge Machining in Gas[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:135-138
[22]Q.H.Zhang,J.H.Zhang,S.F.Ren,Z.W.Niu,X.Ai,A Theoretical Model of Surface Roughness In Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Electrical Discharge Machining In Gas[J].International Journal of Manufact.uring Technology and Management.2005,7:381-390
[23]徐明刚,张建华,张勤河,任升峰.超声振动辅助气体介质电火花加工研究[J].中国机械工程.2006,17(14):1147-1150
[24]徐明刚,张建华,张勤河,任升峰.超声振动改善气体介质电火花加工的机理研究[J].中国机械工程.2007,18(11):1261-1264
[25]T.Wang,M.Kunieda.Dry WEDM for Finish Cut.Key EngineeringMaterials[J].2004,258:562-566
[26]L.Q.Li,W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang,B.Q.Kou,L.Y.Li.Discussion Of Electrical Discharge Machining In Gas[C].The 31st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science 2004,Baltimore,2004.USA:IEEE,2004:307-311
[27]李立青,王振龙,赵万生.气体放电加工机理分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2004,36:359-362
[28]李立青,赵万生,狄士春,王振龙.气体放电加工基础工艺试验研究[J].机械工程学报.2006,42:203-207
[29]李立青,赵万生,狄士春,迟关心.气体介质中电火花铣削加工工艺实验研究[J].南京理工大学学报.2006,1(30):12-16
[30]L.Q.Li,Y.F.Guo,J.C.Bai,Z.L.Wang.Experimental Study on Dry ED-Milling Using Taguchi Method[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:291-295
[31]王彤,陈玉全.气中电火花线切割加工技术研究[J].机械工程学报.2003,39(8):75-80
[32]谢晋,汤勇,田牧纯一.金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理[J].机械工程学报.2007,43:93-98
[33]王振龙,朱保国,田锡清.气体介质中深小孔电火花加工技术研究[J].航空学报.2007,28(2):460-463
[34]L.Frohn-Villeneuve,A.Curodeau,P.Gagnon,V.Laterreur et.al.Investigation of Dry Electric Discharge Polishing[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:269-274
[35]赵学芳,王彤,胡章坤.高速走丝模具钢气中线切割加工表面质量研究[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报,2006,11(4):119-122
[36]T.Tanimura,K.Isuzugawa,I.Fujita,,A.lwamoto,T.Kamitani.Development of EDM in the Mist[C].Proc.ISEM,9.Nagoya,1989:313-316
[37]陈德忠.参加第九届国际电加工学术会议技术报告[J].电加工.1990,1:29-36
[38]K.Yoshihiro,T.Takeshi,F.Ryusuke.Processing of Comer by Mist-EDM[J].Materials and Processing Conference.2001,9:103-104
[39]L.Gu,W.S.Zhao,L.Li,Y.G Xia.K.P.Rajurkar.Electrical Discharge Machining in Jetted Mist[C].ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:297-300
[40]顾琳,赵万生,张志华,康小明.喷雾电火花铣削加工及其机理的分析[J].电加工与模具.2006.2:1-4
[41]李利,顾琳,夏永高,赵万生.内喷雾式电火花铣削加工的实验研究[J].上海交通大学学报.2007,41(10):1569-1572
[42]C.C.Kao,Jia Tao,Albert J.Shih Near dry electrical discharge machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture.2007,47(15):2273-2281
[43]C.C.Kao,J.Tao,A.J.Shih.Water Mist Near Dry Wire and Drilling Electrical Discharge Machining and Gap Distance Modelling[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering.2007:281-286
[44]S.Hayakawa,Y.Sudo,K.Omiya,F.Itoigawa,T.Nakamura.Machining Properties of Electrical Discharge Machining at Gas-Liquid Interface[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:97-91
[45]Y.M.Quan,Y.H.Liu.Powder-suspension Dielectric Fluid For EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1995,52:44-54
[46]Y.S.Wong,L.C.Lim,I.Rahuman,W.M.Tee.Near-mirror-finish Phenomenon In EDM Using Powder-mixed Dielectric[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1998,79:30-40
[47]B.H.Yan,Y.C.Lin,F.Y.Huang,C.H.Wang.Surface Modification of SKD 61 During EDM With Metal Powder In the Dielectric[J].Materials Transactions.2001,42:2597-2604
[48]M.L.Jeswani,Effect of the Addition Of Graphite Powder To Kerosene Used As The Dielectric Fluid In Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Wear.1981,701:33-139
[49]W.S.Zhao,Q.G.Meng,Z.L.Wang,The Application of Research On Powder Mixed EDM In Rough Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:30-33
[50]Y.F.Tzeng,C.Y.Lee.Effects of Powder Characteristics On Electrodischarge Machining Efficiency[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2001,17:586-592
[51]S.Sharif,R.M.Y.Noordin.Machinability Modeling in Powder Mixed Dielectric EDM of Titanium Alloy Ti-6246[C].Proceedings of the First International Conference and Seventh AUN/SEED-Net Field Wise Seminar on Manufacturing and Material Processing.Kuala Lumpur 2006:133-138
[52]B.H.Yan,Y.C.Lin,F.Y.Huang,C.H.Wang.Surface Modification of SKD 61 During EDM With Metal Powder In the Dielectric.Materials Transactions.2001,42:2597-2604
[53]H.M.Chow,B.H.Yan,F.Y.Huang,J.C.Hung,Study of Added Powder in Kerosene for the Micro-slit Machining of Titanium Alloy Using Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2000,101:95-103
[54]H.M.Chow,Lieh-Dai Yang,Ching-Tien Lin,Yuan-Feng Chen.The use of SiC powder in Water as Dielectric for Micro-slit EDM machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,195:160-170
[55]H.K.Kansal,Sehijpal Singh,Pradeep Kumar.Numerical Simulation of Powder Mixed Electric Discharge Machining(PMEDM) Using Finite Element Method[J].Mathematical and Computer Modelling.2008,47:1217-1237
[56]L.Q.Li,Y.F.Guo.Comparative Experimental Study of Machining Characteristics of Air Mixed EDM and Conventional EDM[J].Journal of Harb Institute of(New Series).2007,14(2):170-173
[57]王辉,赵福令,王元刚.混粉电火花加工过切量研究大连理工大学学报[J].2008,1:63-67
[58]吕战竹,赵福令,杨义勇.混粉电火花加工介质击穿及放电通道位形研究[J].2008.3:373- 377
[59]胡富强,张宏,王振龙,赵万生,胡丁,于洋.混粉电火花加工TaW合金材料表面性能的研究[J].南京理工大学学报(自然科学版).2008,1:33-36
[60]张海筹,蒋炳炎.电解研磨复合加工技术在模具表面加工中的应用[J].制造业自动化.2008,30(9):87-89
[61]T.H.Thoe,D.K.Aspinwall,N.Killey.Combined Ultrasonic and Electrical Discharge Machining of Ceramic Coated Nickel Alloy[C].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1999,92:323-328
[62]W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang.Ultrasonic and Electric Discharge Machining to Deep and Small Hole on Titanium Alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,120:101-106
[63]B.H.Yan,A.C.Wang,C.Y.Huang,F.Y.Huang,Study of Precision Micro-Holes in Borosilicate Glass Using Micro EDM Combined with Micro Ultrasonic Vibration Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2002,42:1105-1112
[64]H.Huang,H.Zhang,L.Zhou,H.Y.Zheng.Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Electro-discharge Machining of Microholes in Nitinol[J].Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.2003,13:693-700
[65]S.H.Yeo,L.K.Tan.Effects of Ultrasonic Vibrations in Micro Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.1999,9:345-352
[66]K.Egashira,T.Masuzawa.Microultrasonic Machining by the Application of Work Piece Vibration[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1999,48:131-134
[67]C.Gao,Z.Liu.A Study of Ultrasonically Aided Micro-electrical Discharge Machining by the Application of Work Piece Vibration[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,139:226-228
[68]G.S.Prihandana,M.Hamdi,Y.S.Wong,Kimiyuki Mitsui.Effect of Vibrated Electrode in Electrical Discharge Machining[C].Proceedings of the First International Conference and Seventh AUN/SEED-Net Fieldwise Seminar on Manufacturing and Material Processing,Kuala Lumpur,2006.Kuala Lumpur:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2006:133-138
[69]Z.Y.Yu,K.P.Rajurkar,A.Tandon,Study of 3D Micro-ultrasonic Machining[J].Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.2004,126:727-732
[70]J.H.Zhang,H.Zhang,D.S.Su,Y.Qin,M.Y.Huo,Q.H.Zhang,L.Wang,Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control System of A Servo Mechanism for Electro-discharge Machining Combined with Ultrasonic Vibration[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:45-49
[71]M.Ghoreishi,J.Atkinson.A Comparative Experimental Study of Machining Characteristics in Vibratory[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,120:374-384
[72]Z.N.Guo,T.C.Lee,T.M.Yue,W.S.Lau.A Study of Ultrasonic-aided Wire Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1997,63:823-828
[73]Z.N.Guo,T.C.Lee,T.M.Yue,W.S.Lau.Study On The Machining Mechanism of WEDM With Ultrasonic Vibration Of The Wire[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1997,69:212-221
[74]郭钟宁,汪学.超声线切割复合加工技术的研究实验[J].新技术新工艺.2001,7:31-32
[75]郭钟宁,李大超.难加工材料的超声电火花线切割复合加工工艺研究[J].电加工与模具.2001,2:39-41
[76]T.Masuzawa,,M.Fujino.Wire Electtro-discharge Grinding for Micro Machining[J].Annal of the CIRP.1985,34(1):431-434
[77]G.LI,W.S.ZHAO,R.GUO,Y.ZHANG,Z.Y.Li,F.Q.Hu.Key Technologies of Machine Tool for Micro Electro Discharge Machining[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering.2007:253-256
[78]Y.S.Liao,T.Y.Chang,T.J.ChuangAn On-line Monitoring System for Micro Electrical Discharge Machining(Micro-EDM) Process[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:235-239
[79]D.Y.Sheu,H.C.Su,J.K.Lin,C.C.Mai.An Investigation on Microholes Machining Phenomena of Polycrystalline Diamond by Micro EDM[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:201-204
[80]K.Liu,E.Ferrarisb,J.Peirsa,B.Lauwersa,D.Reynaertsa.Process Investigation of Precision Micro-Machining of Si3N4-TiN Ceramic Composites by Electrical Discharge Machining(EDM)[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:221-226
[81]J.K.Lee,J.H.Lee,C.W.Park.A Study On The Characteristics Of Electrode Fabrication For Micro Hole-Making[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:227-231
[82]G.Cusanelli,M.Minello,F.Torchia,W.Ammarm,P.E.Grize Properties of Micro-Holes for Nozzle by Micro-EDM[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:241-246
[83]T.Tani,N.Mohri,H.Gotoh,S.Haruo,M.Okada.Machining of Insulating Materials by EDM with Micro-Pin Electrode[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:257-262
[84]李勇.微细电加工应用技术研究[J].电加工与模具.2009,增刊:32-37
[85]S.M.Son,H.S.Lim,A.S.Kuma,M.Rahman.Influences of Pulsed Power Condition On The Machining Properties In micro EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,190:73-76
[86]H.Nakaoku,T.Masuzawa,M.Fujino.Micro-EDM of Sintered Diamond[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,187:274-278
[87]B.X.Jia,W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang,F.Q.Hu.Study to Enhance the Precision of Micro-EDM[J].Key Engineering Materials.2007,339:26-31
[88]张勇,张广玉,王振龙等.半导体硅材料微细电火花加工技术[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2008,40(11):1736-1740
[89]J.P.Kruth.Adaptive Control Optimization Of the EDM Process Using Minicomputers[J].Computers in Industry.1979,2:65-75
[90]R.Snoeys,D.Dauw,J.Kruth.Improved adaptive control system for EDM processes[J].CIRP Annals -Manufacturing Technology.1980,29:97-101
[91]Y.H.Huang,G.G.Zhao,C.Y.Yu,Y.Z.Zhang.The Identification And Its Means Of Servo Feed Adaptive Control System In WEDM[J].CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology.1986,35:121-123
[92]孙利生,黄因慧.电火花加工中电极损耗的智能控制[J].模具工业.1998,11:47-49
[93]杨晓冬,赵万生.基于Web的人工神经网络电火花加工工艺预测[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2005,37(08):1029-1031
[94]楼乐明,李明辉,彭颖红.利用神经网络建立电火花加工工艺模型[J].中国机械工程.2001,4:408-411
[95]李翔龙,殷国富,林朝镛.基于进化神经网络的电火花铣削加工电极损耗预测[J].机械工程学报.2004,40(3):61-65
[96]A.Philip,X.L.Chen.Process Simulation of Micro Electro-discharge Machining On Molybdenum[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,186:346-355
[97]K.P.Deepak.Study of Thermal Stresses Induced Surface Damage Under Growing Plasma Channel In Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,202:86-95
[98]J.A.Sanchez,S.Plaza,I.Pombo,N.Ortega.Experimental And Numerical Study Of Angular Error In Wire-EDM Taper-cutting[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2008,48:1420-1428
[99]K.L.Bhondwe,V.Yadava,G.Kathiresan.Finite Element Prediction of Material Removal Rate Due To Electro-chemical Spark Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2006,46:1699-1706
[100]S.Das,M.Klotz,F.Klocke.EDM Simulation:Finite Element-based Calculation Of Deformation,Microstructure And Residual Stresses[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,142:434-451
[101]B.Izquierdo,J.A.Sa'nchez,S.Plaza,I.Pombo,N.Ortega.A Numerical Model Of The EDM Process Considering The Effect Of Multiple Discharges[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2009,49:220-229
[102]V.Yadav,V.K.Jain.Thermal Stresses Due To Electrical Discharge Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2002,42:877-888
[103]D.D.Dibitonto,P.T.Eubank,M.R.Patel,M.A.Barrufet.Theoretical Models Of the Electro discharge Machining Process-A Simple Cathode Erosion Model[J].J.Appl.Phys.1989,66(9):4095-4103
[104]E.C.Jameson.Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Dearborn,Michigan:Society of Manufacturing Engineers,2001
[105]李明辉.电火花加工理论[M].国防工业出版社.1989
[106]J.Miyajima,M.Kunieda,T.Masuzawa.Observation Of Bubbles Generated In EDM Gap[C].Proc.'87 Spring Meeting of JSPE,1987:723-724
[107]Y.Imai,M.Hiroi,M.Nakano.Investigation of EDM Machining States Using Ultrasonic Waves[C].ISEM 13.2001:109-116
[108]T.Karasawa,M.Kunieda.EDM Capability With Poured Dielectric Fluids Without A Tab,Bull[C].JSPE.1990,24(3):217-218
[109]M.Yoshida,M.Kunieda,Study on the Distribution of Scattered Debris Generated by a Single Pulse Discharge in EDM Process[C],IJEM.1998,3:39-47
[110]金维芳.电介质物理学.北京:.机械工业出版社.1997
[111]孟庆国,孟庆鑫,赵万生.混粉电火花加工技术在粗加工中的应用研究[J].电加工与模具.2003.01:14-16
[112]孟庆国,王刚,赵万生.混粉电火花加工温度场的计算与分析[J].电加工与模具.2002,2:4-6
[113]孟庆国,赵万生,赵新通.大面积混粉电火花加工机理研究[J].中国机械工程.2002,13(11):904-906
[114]P.C.Pandey,S.T.Jilani.Electrical Machining Characteristics Of Cemented Carbides[J].Wear.1987,116:77-88
[115]Y.C.Lin,L.R.Hwang,C.H.Cheng,P.L.Su.Effects Of Electrical Discharge Energy On Machining Performance And Bending Strength Of Cemented Tungsten Carbides[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,206:491-499
[116]I.Puertas,C.J.Luis,L.Alvarez.Analysis of the Influence of EDM Parameters On Surface Quality,MRR and EW of WC-Co[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,153:1026-1032
[117]M.G.Xu,J.H.Zhang,Y.Li,Q.H.Zhang,S.F.Ren.Material Removal Mechanisms Of Cemented Carbides Machined By Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted EDM In Gas Medium[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2009,209:1742-1746
[118]B.Casas,Y.Torres,L.Llanes.Fracture And Fatigue Behavior Of Electrical Discharge Machined Cemented Carbides[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials.2006,24:162-167
[119]H.Obara,H.Satou,M.Hatano.Fundamental Study On Corrosion Of Cemented Carbide During Wire EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,149:370-375
[120]S.H.Lee,Xi.P.Li.Study Of The Surface Integrity Of The Machined Workpiece In The EDM Of Tungsten Carbide[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,139:315-321
[121]铃木壽.超硬合金と焼結硬質材料—基礎と(?)用[M].出版社:丸善,1986:221-223
[122]周继烈,郑良桂.硬质合金电火花加工试验研究.1990,6:12-15
[123]周继烈,凌湛,徐建中.硬质合金电火花加工裂纹特性分析.电加工与模具.2003,6:19-22
[124]D.K.Panda,R.K.Bhoi.Analysis of Spark Eroded Crater Formed Under Growing Plasma Channel In Electro-discharge Machining[J].Math.Sci.Technol.2005,9(2):239-261
[125]H.K.Kansal,S.Singh,P.Kumar.Technology And Research Developments In Powder Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,184:32-41
[126]D.D.Dibitonto,P.T.Eubank,M.R.Patel,M.A.Barrufet.Theoretical Models Of the Electro discharge Machining Process-A Simple Cathode Erosion Model[J].J.Appl.Phys.1989,66(9):4095-4103
[127]P.Shankar,,V.K.Jain,T.undarrajan.Analysis of spark profiles during EDM process[J].Mach.Sci.Technol.1997,1(2):195-217
[128]马庆芳.实用热物理性质手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1986:145-147
[2]白基成,郭永丰,刘晋春.电火花和线切割加工技术的产生和在我国的发展[C].第十二届全国特种加工学术会议专辑,长沙,2007.长沙:机械工业出版社,2007:32-35
[3]刘晋春,白基成,郭永丰等.从电火花加工技术的发展看创新思维在技术进步中的作用[J].电加工与模具.2009,增刊:9-13
[4]杨大勇.电火花加工技术的发展历程[J].模具工程.2008,7:54-55
[5]陈德忠.EDM、HSM与模具制造技术[J].电加工与模具.2004,5:31-32
[6]王克锡.电火花加工的最新发展[J].金属冷加工.2008,8:65-70
[7]陈广娟,刘宝林.模具复杂型面加工现状及未来发展[J].现代制造技术与装备.2007,6:27-29
[8]高长水.现代工业训练教程特种加工[M].南京:东南大学出版社出版,2001:22-24
[9]赵万生.先进电火花加工技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003:1
[10]M.Kunieda,S.Furuoya,N.Taniguchi.Improvement of EDM Efficiency by Supplying Oxygen Gas into Gap[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1991,40:215-218
[11]M.Kunieda,M.Yoshida,N.Taniguchi,Electrical discharge machining in Gas[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1997,46:143-146
[12]M.Yoshida,M.Kunieda,Study on Mechanism for Minute Tool Electrode Wear in Dry EDM[J].Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering.1999,65:689-693
[13]M.Kunieda,Y.Miyoshi,T.Takaya,N.Nakajima,Y.Z.Bo,M.Yoshida,High speed 3D milling by dry EDM[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,2003,52:147-150
[14]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,M.Kunieda.Dry Electrical Discharge Machining of Cemented Carbide[C].ISEM XV,Edinburgh,Scoland UK,2004.Edinburgh,University of Edinburgh,2004
[15]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,K.Masanori,Dry Electrical Discharge Machining of Cemented carbide[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,149:353-357
[16]Z.B.Yu,T.Jun,K.Masanori,M.Kunieda.Feasibility of 3D Surface Machining by Dry EDM International Journal Electrical Machining[J].2005,10:15-20
[17]M.Kunieda,T.Takaya,S.Nakano.Improvement of Dry EDM Characteristics Using PiezoElectric Actuator[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2004,53:183-186
[18]M.Kunieda,B.Lauwers,K.P.Rajurkar,B.M.Schumacher.Advancing EDM Through Fundamental Insight Into The Process[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.2005,54:64-87
[19]C.Furudate,M.Kunieda.Fundamental Study On Dry-WEDM[J].Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering.2001,67:1180-1184
[20]C.Furudate,M.Kunieda,Yu Zhanbo,H.Yamada:Improving Process Characteristics of Dry-WEDM[C].Proc.of ICPE,Yokohama,Japan,2001.United States,Commercial,2001:209-213
[21]Q.H.Zhang,J.H.Zhang,J.X.Deng,Y.Qin,Z.W.Niu,Ultrasonic Vibration Electrical Discharge Machining in Gas[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:135-138
[22]Q.H.Zhang,J.H.Zhang,S.F.Ren,Z.W.Niu,X.Ai,A Theoretical Model of Surface Roughness In Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Electrical Discharge Machining In Gas[J].International Journal of Manufact.uring Technology and Management.2005,7:381-390
[23]徐明刚,张建华,张勤河,任升峰.超声振动辅助气体介质电火花加工研究[J].中国机械工程.2006,17(14):1147-1150
[24]徐明刚,张建华,张勤河,任升峰.超声振动改善气体介质电火花加工的机理研究[J].中国机械工程.2007,18(11):1261-1264
[25]T.Wang,M.Kunieda.Dry WEDM for Finish Cut.Key EngineeringMaterials[J].2004,258:562-566
[26]L.Q.Li,W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang,B.Q.Kou,L.Y.Li.Discussion Of Electrical Discharge Machining In Gas[C].The 31st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science 2004,Baltimore,2004.USA:IEEE,2004:307-311
[27]李立青,王振龙,赵万生.气体放电加工机理分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2004,36:359-362
[28]李立青,赵万生,狄士春,王振龙.气体放电加工基础工艺试验研究[J].机械工程学报.2006,42:203-207
[29]李立青,赵万生,狄士春,迟关心.气体介质中电火花铣削加工工艺实验研究[J].南京理工大学学报.2006,1(30):12-16
[30]L.Q.Li,Y.F.Guo,J.C.Bai,Z.L.Wang.Experimental Study on Dry ED-Milling Using Taguchi Method[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:291-295
[31]王彤,陈玉全.气中电火花线切割加工技术研究[J].机械工程学报.2003,39(8):75-80
[32]谢晋,汤勇,田牧纯一.金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理[J].机械工程学报.2007,43:93-98
[33]王振龙,朱保国,田锡清.气体介质中深小孔电火花加工技术研究[J].航空学报.2007,28(2):460-463
[34]L.Frohn-Villeneuve,A.Curodeau,P.Gagnon,V.Laterreur et.al.Investigation of Dry Electric Discharge Polishing[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:269-274
[35]赵学芳,王彤,胡章坤.高速走丝模具钢气中线切割加工表面质量研究[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报,2006,11(4):119-122
[36]T.Tanimura,K.Isuzugawa,I.Fujita,,A.lwamoto,T.Kamitani.Development of EDM in the Mist[C].Proc.ISEM,9.Nagoya,1989:313-316
[37]陈德忠.参加第九届国际电加工学术会议技术报告[J].电加工.1990,1:29-36
[38]K.Yoshihiro,T.Takeshi,F.Ryusuke.Processing of Comer by Mist-EDM[J].Materials and Processing Conference.2001,9:103-104
[39]L.Gu,W.S.Zhao,L.Li,Y.G Xia.K.P.Rajurkar.Electrical Discharge Machining in Jetted Mist[C].ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:297-300
[40]顾琳,赵万生,张志华,康小明.喷雾电火花铣削加工及其机理的分析[J].电加工与模具.2006.2:1-4
[41]李利,顾琳,夏永高,赵万生.内喷雾式电火花铣削加工的实验研究[J].上海交通大学学报.2007,41(10):1569-1572
[42]C.C.Kao,Jia Tao,Albert J.Shih Near dry electrical discharge machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture.2007,47(15):2273-2281
[43]C.C.Kao,J.Tao,A.J.Shih.Water Mist Near Dry Wire and Drilling Electrical Discharge Machining and Gap Distance Modelling[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering.2007:281-286
[44]S.Hayakawa,Y.Sudo,K.Omiya,F.Itoigawa,T.Nakamura.Machining Properties of Electrical Discharge Machining at Gas-Liquid Interface[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:97-91
[45]Y.M.Quan,Y.H.Liu.Powder-suspension Dielectric Fluid For EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1995,52:44-54
[46]Y.S.Wong,L.C.Lim,I.Rahuman,W.M.Tee.Near-mirror-finish Phenomenon In EDM Using Powder-mixed Dielectric[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1998,79:30-40
[47]B.H.Yan,Y.C.Lin,F.Y.Huang,C.H.Wang.Surface Modification of SKD 61 During EDM With Metal Powder In the Dielectric[J].Materials Transactions.2001,42:2597-2604
[48]M.L.Jeswani,Effect of the Addition Of Graphite Powder To Kerosene Used As The Dielectric Fluid In Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Wear.1981,701:33-139
[49]W.S.Zhao,Q.G.Meng,Z.L.Wang,The Application of Research On Powder Mixed EDM In Rough Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:30-33
[50]Y.F.Tzeng,C.Y.Lee.Effects of Powder Characteristics On Electrodischarge Machining Efficiency[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2001,17:586-592
[51]S.Sharif,R.M.Y.Noordin.Machinability Modeling in Powder Mixed Dielectric EDM of Titanium Alloy Ti-6246[C].Proceedings of the First International Conference and Seventh AUN/SEED-Net Field Wise Seminar on Manufacturing and Material Processing.Kuala Lumpur 2006:133-138
[52]B.H.Yan,Y.C.Lin,F.Y.Huang,C.H.Wang.Surface Modification of SKD 61 During EDM With Metal Powder In the Dielectric.Materials Transactions.2001,42:2597-2604
[53]H.M.Chow,B.H.Yan,F.Y.Huang,J.C.Hung,Study of Added Powder in Kerosene for the Micro-slit Machining of Titanium Alloy Using Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2000,101:95-103
[54]H.M.Chow,Lieh-Dai Yang,Ching-Tien Lin,Yuan-Feng Chen.The use of SiC powder in Water as Dielectric for Micro-slit EDM machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,195:160-170
[55]H.K.Kansal,Sehijpal Singh,Pradeep Kumar.Numerical Simulation of Powder Mixed Electric Discharge Machining(PMEDM) Using Finite Element Method[J].Mathematical and Computer Modelling.2008,47:1217-1237
[56]L.Q.Li,Y.F.Guo.Comparative Experimental Study of Machining Characteristics of Air Mixed EDM and Conventional EDM[J].Journal of Harb Institute of(New Series).2007,14(2):170-173
[57]王辉,赵福令,王元刚.混粉电火花加工过切量研究大连理工大学学报[J].2008,1:63-67
[58]吕战竹,赵福令,杨义勇.混粉电火花加工介质击穿及放电通道位形研究[J].2008.3:373- 377
[59]胡富强,张宏,王振龙,赵万生,胡丁,于洋.混粉电火花加工TaW合金材料表面性能的研究[J].南京理工大学学报(自然科学版).2008,1:33-36
[60]张海筹,蒋炳炎.电解研磨复合加工技术在模具表面加工中的应用[J].制造业自动化.2008,30(9):87-89
[61]T.H.Thoe,D.K.Aspinwall,N.Killey.Combined Ultrasonic and Electrical Discharge Machining of Ceramic Coated Nickel Alloy[C].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1999,92:323-328
[62]W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang.Ultrasonic and Electric Discharge Machining to Deep and Small Hole on Titanium Alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,120:101-106
[63]B.H.Yan,A.C.Wang,C.Y.Huang,F.Y.Huang,Study of Precision Micro-Holes in Borosilicate Glass Using Micro EDM Combined with Micro Ultrasonic Vibration Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2002,42:1105-1112
[64]H.Huang,H.Zhang,L.Zhou,H.Y.Zheng.Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Electro-discharge Machining of Microholes in Nitinol[J].Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.2003,13:693-700
[65]S.H.Yeo,L.K.Tan.Effects of Ultrasonic Vibrations in Micro Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.1999,9:345-352
[66]K.Egashira,T.Masuzawa.Microultrasonic Machining by the Application of Work Piece Vibration[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology.1999,48:131-134
[67]C.Gao,Z.Liu.A Study of Ultrasonically Aided Micro-electrical Discharge Machining by the Application of Work Piece Vibration[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,139:226-228
[68]G.S.Prihandana,M.Hamdi,Y.S.Wong,Kimiyuki Mitsui.Effect of Vibrated Electrode in Electrical Discharge Machining[C].Proceedings of the First International Conference and Seventh AUN/SEED-Net Fieldwise Seminar on Manufacturing and Material Processing,Kuala Lumpur,2006.Kuala Lumpur:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2006:133-138
[69]Z.Y.Yu,K.P.Rajurkar,A.Tandon,Study of 3D Micro-ultrasonic Machining[J].Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.2004,126:727-732
[70]J.H.Zhang,H.Zhang,D.S.Su,Y.Qin,M.Y.Huo,Q.H.Zhang,L.Wang,Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control System of A Servo Mechanism for Electro-discharge Machining Combined with Ultrasonic Vibration[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,129:45-49
[71]M.Ghoreishi,J.Atkinson.A Comparative Experimental Study of Machining Characteristics in Vibratory[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2002,120:374-384
[72]Z.N.Guo,T.C.Lee,T.M.Yue,W.S.Lau.A Study of Ultrasonic-aided Wire Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1997,63:823-828
[73]Z.N.Guo,T.C.Lee,T.M.Yue,W.S.Lau.Study On The Machining Mechanism of WEDM With Ultrasonic Vibration Of The Wire[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.1997,69:212-221
[74]郭钟宁,汪学.超声线切割复合加工技术的研究实验[J].新技术新工艺.2001,7:31-32
[75]郭钟宁,李大超.难加工材料的超声电火花线切割复合加工工艺研究[J].电加工与模具.2001,2:39-41
[76]T.Masuzawa,,M.Fujino.Wire Electtro-discharge Grinding for Micro Machining[J].Annal of the CIRP.1985,34(1):431-434
[77]G.LI,W.S.ZHAO,R.GUO,Y.ZHANG,Z.Y.Li,F.Q.Hu.Key Technologies of Machine Tool for Micro Electro Discharge Machining[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering.2007:253-256
[78]Y.S.Liao,T.Y.Chang,T.J.ChuangAn On-line Monitoring System for Micro Electrical Discharge Machining(Micro-EDM) Process[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:235-239
[79]D.Y.Sheu,H.C.Su,J.K.Lin,C.C.Mai.An Investigation on Microholes Machining Phenomena of Polycrystalline Diamond by Micro EDM[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:201-204
[80]K.Liu,E.Ferrarisb,J.Peirsa,B.Lauwersa,D.Reynaertsa.Process Investigation of Precision Micro-Machining of Si3N4-TiN Ceramic Composites by Electrical Discharge Machining(EDM)[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:221-226
[81]J.K.Lee,J.H.Lee,C.W.Park.A Study On The Characteristics Of Electrode Fabrication For Micro Hole-Making[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:227-231
[82]G.Cusanelli,M.Minello,F.Torchia,W.Ammarm,P.E.Grize Properties of Micro-Holes for Nozzle by Micro-EDM[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:241-246
[83]T.Tani,N.Mohri,H.Gotoh,S.Haruo,M.Okada.Machining of Insulating Materials by EDM with Micro-Pin Electrode[C].K.P.Rajurkar.ISEM XV,Pittsburgh,USA,2007.Nebraska:Industrial and Management Systems Engineering,2007:257-262
[84]李勇.微细电加工应用技术研究[J].电加工与模具.2009,增刊:32-37
[85]S.M.Son,H.S.Lim,A.S.Kuma,M.Rahman.Influences of Pulsed Power Condition On The Machining Properties In micro EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,190:73-76
[86]H.Nakaoku,T.Masuzawa,M.Fujino.Micro-EDM of Sintered Diamond[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,187:274-278
[87]B.X.Jia,W.S.Zhao,Z.L.Wang,F.Q.Hu.Study to Enhance the Precision of Micro-EDM[J].Key Engineering Materials.2007,339:26-31
[88]张勇,张广玉,王振龙等.半导体硅材料微细电火花加工技术[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2008,40(11):1736-1740
[89]J.P.Kruth.Adaptive Control Optimization Of the EDM Process Using Minicomputers[J].Computers in Industry.1979,2:65-75
[90]R.Snoeys,D.Dauw,J.Kruth.Improved adaptive control system for EDM processes[J].CIRP Annals -Manufacturing Technology.1980,29:97-101
[91]Y.H.Huang,G.G.Zhao,C.Y.Yu,Y.Z.Zhang.The Identification And Its Means Of Servo Feed Adaptive Control System In WEDM[J].CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology.1986,35:121-123
[92]孙利生,黄因慧.电火花加工中电极损耗的智能控制[J].模具工业.1998,11:47-49
[93]杨晓冬,赵万生.基于Web的人工神经网络电火花加工工艺预测[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2005,37(08):1029-1031
[94]楼乐明,李明辉,彭颖红.利用神经网络建立电火花加工工艺模型[J].中国机械工程.2001,4:408-411
[95]李翔龙,殷国富,林朝镛.基于进化神经网络的电火花铣削加工电极损耗预测[J].机械工程学报.2004,40(3):61-65
[96]A.Philip,X.L.Chen.Process Simulation of Micro Electro-discharge Machining On Molybdenum[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,186:346-355
[97]K.P.Deepak.Study of Thermal Stresses Induced Surface Damage Under Growing Plasma Channel In Electro-discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,202:86-95
[98]J.A.Sanchez,S.Plaza,I.Pombo,N.Ortega.Experimental And Numerical Study Of Angular Error In Wire-EDM Taper-cutting[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2008,48:1420-1428
[99]K.L.Bhondwe,V.Yadava,G.Kathiresan.Finite Element Prediction of Material Removal Rate Due To Electro-chemical Spark Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2006,46:1699-1706
[100]S.Das,M.Klotz,F.Klocke.EDM Simulation:Finite Element-based Calculation Of Deformation,Microstructure And Residual Stresses[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,142:434-451
[101]B.Izquierdo,J.A.Sa'nchez,S.Plaza,I.Pombo,N.Ortega.A Numerical Model Of The EDM Process Considering The Effect Of Multiple Discharges[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2009,49:220-229
[102]V.Yadav,V.K.Jain.Thermal Stresses Due To Electrical Discharge Machining[J].International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2002,42:877-888
[103]D.D.Dibitonto,P.T.Eubank,M.R.Patel,M.A.Barrufet.Theoretical Models Of the Electro discharge Machining Process-A Simple Cathode Erosion Model[J].J.Appl.Phys.1989,66(9):4095-4103
[104]E.C.Jameson.Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Dearborn,Michigan:Society of Manufacturing Engineers,2001
[105]李明辉.电火花加工理论[M].国防工业出版社.1989
[106]J.Miyajima,M.Kunieda,T.Masuzawa.Observation Of Bubbles Generated In EDM Gap[C].Proc.'87 Spring Meeting of JSPE,1987:723-724
[107]Y.Imai,M.Hiroi,M.Nakano.Investigation of EDM Machining States Using Ultrasonic Waves[C].ISEM 13.2001:109-116
[108]T.Karasawa,M.Kunieda.EDM Capability With Poured Dielectric Fluids Without A Tab,Bull[C].JSPE.1990,24(3):217-218
[109]M.Yoshida,M.Kunieda,Study on the Distribution of Scattered Debris Generated by a Single Pulse Discharge in EDM Process[C],IJEM.1998,3:39-47
[110]金维芳.电介质物理学.北京:.机械工业出版社.1997
[111]孟庆国,孟庆鑫,赵万生.混粉电火花加工技术在粗加工中的应用研究[J].电加工与模具.2003.01:14-16
[112]孟庆国,王刚,赵万生.混粉电火花加工温度场的计算与分析[J].电加工与模具.2002,2:4-6
[113]孟庆国,赵万生,赵新通.大面积混粉电火花加工机理研究[J].中国机械工程.2002,13(11):904-906
[114]P.C.Pandey,S.T.Jilani.Electrical Machining Characteristics Of Cemented Carbides[J].Wear.1987,116:77-88
[115]Y.C.Lin,L.R.Hwang,C.H.Cheng,P.L.Su.Effects Of Electrical Discharge Energy On Machining Performance And Bending Strength Of Cemented Tungsten Carbides[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2008,206:491-499
[116]I.Puertas,C.J.Luis,L.Alvarez.Analysis of the Influence of EDM Parameters On Surface Quality,MRR and EW of WC-Co[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,153:1026-1032
[117]M.G.Xu,J.H.Zhang,Y.Li,Q.H.Zhang,S.F.Ren.Material Removal Mechanisms Of Cemented Carbides Machined By Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted EDM In Gas Medium[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2009,209:1742-1746
[118]B.Casas,Y.Torres,L.Llanes.Fracture And Fatigue Behavior Of Electrical Discharge Machined Cemented Carbides[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials.2006,24:162-167
[119]H.Obara,H.Satou,M.Hatano.Fundamental Study On Corrosion Of Cemented Carbide During Wire EDM[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004,149:370-375
[120]S.H.Lee,Xi.P.Li.Study Of The Surface Integrity Of The Machined Workpiece In The EDM Of Tungsten Carbide[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2003,139:315-321
[121]铃木壽.超硬合金と焼結硬質材料—基礎と(?)用[M].出版社:丸善,1986:221-223
[122]周继烈,郑良桂.硬质合金电火花加工试验研究.1990,6:12-15
[123]周继烈,凌湛,徐建中.硬质合金电火花加工裂纹特性分析.电加工与模具.2003,6:19-22
[124]D.K.Panda,R.K.Bhoi.Analysis of Spark Eroded Crater Formed Under Growing Plasma Channel In Electro-discharge Machining[J].Math.Sci.Technol.2005,9(2):239-261
[125]H.K.Kansal,S.Singh,P.Kumar.Technology And Research Developments In Powder Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2007,184:32-41
[126]D.D.Dibitonto,P.T.Eubank,M.R.Patel,M.A.Barrufet.Theoretical Models Of the Electro discharge Machining Process-A Simple Cathode Erosion Model[J].J.Appl.Phys.1989,66(9):4095-4103
[127]P.Shankar,,V.K.Jain,T.undarrajan.Analysis of spark profiles during EDM process[J].Mach.Sci.Technol.1997,1(2):195-217
[128]马庆芳.实用热物理性质手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1986:145-147