深井大断面沿空留巷围岩稳定控制机理研究
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摘要
煤矿开采向深部发展和采用大断面回采巷道是我国煤矿发展的必然趋势,而沿空留巷技术是现代煤矿开采的发展方向之一,对深井大断面沿空留巷的围岩稳定机理及其控制技术开展研究具有重要的理论价值和工程意义。
论文主要研究工作和主要研究成果如下：
1)通过现场实测、相似模拟与数值模拟对深井大断面沿空留巷的矿压显现特征进行了研究,结果表明：工作面前方可以划分为工作面超前影响起始阶段与工作面超前影响明显阶段两个阶段；工作面后方可以分成变形增速阶段、变形降速阶段和变形稳速阶段三个阶段；与浅部小断面的卧龙湖矿103工作面相比,深井大断面的顾桥矿1115(1)工作面的各阶段影响范围、围岩变形量(变形速度)都要大得多；掘巷后和留巷后顶板与实体煤帮的应力峰值随埋深、断面面积增加而增大,而且应力峰值也逐渐远离巷道周边,巷道围岩变形量、充填体平均垂直应力随埋深、断面面积增加而增大,说明埋深越大,沿空留巷支护也越困难,对充填体的强度要求也越高。
2)从技术与地质两方面,对沿空留巷围岩变形的影响因素进行了详细分析；然后采用正交数值模拟方法对影响沿空留巷围岩变形量的因素进行了分析,研究结果表明：对顶板下沉量影响最大的是采高,其次是煤层硬度和埋深；对底板底臌量影响最大的是直接底硬度,直接底越软,底臌量就越大；对煤帮水平位移影响最大的是煤层硬度,煤层越软,煤帮水平位移就越大；对煤帮塑性区宽度影响最大的因素是煤层硬度,煤层越软,煤帮塑性区宽度就越大。
3)基于沿空留巷内、外层结构的概念,建立了沿空留巷围岩小结构整体力学模型,并在此基础上,分别建立了沿空留巷直接顶、充填体、实体煤帮和底板的力学模型；根据直接顶的功、能增量平衡关系式,得到沿空留巷直接顶的稳定性判据,分析了沿空留巷的直接顶稳定性与留巷宽度、巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力等因素之间的关系；利用位移变分原理得到沿空留巷的顶板下沉量计算公式,并分析其与留巷宽度、巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力、煤帮极限平衡区宽度等因素之间的关系；根据直接顶的功、能增量平衡关系式,得到了维持直接顶稳定所需的充填体最小支护力计算公式,计算结果表明：充填体所需的强度随着巷道宽度增加而显著增大；建立了沿空留巷底板底臌的力学计算模型,利用势能最小原理得到了沿空留巷底板的变形表达式。
4)基于深井大断面沿空留巷上覆岩层活动规律和不同阶段围岩变形破坏特征,提出了“分类分区分阶段支护、高强度低密度支护、支护匹配协调、采前巷道变形最小化和长期稳定、关键部位加强支护、“三效”并重”的深井大断面沿空留巷围岩控制原则。
Coal mining growing to deep and adoption of large section roadway is the inevitable trend of development of the coal mine in our country, and the gob-side entry retaining technology is one of the developing directions of modern coal mining. Therefore it has important theoretical value and engineering significance to research on the stable mechanism of surrounding rock and its control technology of gob-side entry retaining with large section in deep mine.
The main research work and the main results are as follows:
1) By using the methods of field test, physical simulation and numerical simulation, characteristics of strata behavior in deep gob-side entry retaining with large section were investigated, results showed that:the front of the working face can be divided into two stages:the initial stage and the obvious stage; the rear of the working face can be divided into three stages:the speed increase stage, the speed decrease stage and the speed steady stage; the influence ranges, surrounding rock deformations and deformation speeds of large section deep Guqiao Mine1115(1) of each stage are much larger than those of shallow small section of Wolonghu mine103working face; after digging the roadway and gob-side entry retaining, the peak stresses in the roof and the coal side increase with the increasing of the depth and the roadway cross section; and the position of the peak stress is gradually away from the roadway; the surrounding rock deformation and the average vertical stress of the filling body also increase linearly with the increasing of the depth and the roadway cross section, which indicates that the buried depth is much more deeper and the roadway section is much bigger, gob-side entry retaining is much more difficult to support, strength requirement of the filling body is much higher.
2) Influence factors of gob-side roadway surrounding rock deformation are analyzed from aspects of technology and geology in detail; by using the orthogonal numerical simulation method, the influence factors of surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining are analyzed, results show that the mining height has the greatest influence on the roof subsidence, and the coal strength and mining depth plays a secondary role on it; the floor strength has the greatest influence on the floor heave, and floor heave increases with the decrease of floor strength; the coal strength has the greatest influence on the horizontal displacement and plastic zone width of coal, and they increases with the decrease of coal strength.
3) Based on the concept of the inner and outer structures of gob-side entry retaining, the whole mechanical model of the inner structure in gob-side entry retaining is established, and on this basis, the mechanical model of immediate roof, filling body, coal sides and the floor are established; according to the incremental equilibrium equation of energy and work of immediate roof, the stability criterion of immediate roof can be obtained, so the relationship between the stability of direct roof and roadway width, the inside support resistance, the outside support resistance and other factors are analyzed; by using the variational principle of displacement, calculation formula of immediate roof subsidence was obtained, and the relationship between it and roadway width, the inside support resistance, the outside support resistance and other factors are analyzed; according to the incremental equilibrium equation of energy and work of immediate roof, the minimum supporting force of the filling body to sustain the stability of immediate roof is obtained, the calculation results show that:it increases with increase of the roadway width; according to the roadway floor heave mechanism of gob-side entry retaining, the mechanics model of floor deformation in gob-side entry retaining is established, and by using the principle of minimum potential energy, deformation formula of the floor in gob-side entry retaining is derived.
4) Based upon activity law of overlying strata and the characteristics of rock deformation and failure of the gob-side entry retaining with large section in deep mines at different stage,"Classification stage supporting, the high strength and low density support, support matching and coordination, roadway deformation minimization before mining and long-term stability, reinforced support in key position, the same important of safety effect, efficiency and benefits" are put forward.
论文主要研究工作和主要研究成果如下：
1)通过现场实测、相似模拟与数值模拟对深井大断面沿空留巷的矿压显现特征进行了研究,结果表明：工作面前方可以划分为工作面超前影响起始阶段与工作面超前影响明显阶段两个阶段；工作面后方可以分成变形增速阶段、变形降速阶段和变形稳速阶段三个阶段；与浅部小断面的卧龙湖矿103工作面相比,深井大断面的顾桥矿1115(1)工作面的各阶段影响范围、围岩变形量(变形速度)都要大得多；掘巷后和留巷后顶板与实体煤帮的应力峰值随埋深、断面面积增加而增大,而且应力峰值也逐渐远离巷道周边,巷道围岩变形量、充填体平均垂直应力随埋深、断面面积增加而增大,说明埋深越大,沿空留巷支护也越困难,对充填体的强度要求也越高。
2)从技术与地质两方面,对沿空留巷围岩变形的影响因素进行了详细分析；然后采用正交数值模拟方法对影响沿空留巷围岩变形量的因素进行了分析,研究结果表明：对顶板下沉量影响最大的是采高,其次是煤层硬度和埋深；对底板底臌量影响最大的是直接底硬度,直接底越软,底臌量就越大；对煤帮水平位移影响最大的是煤层硬度,煤层越软,煤帮水平位移就越大；对煤帮塑性区宽度影响最大的因素是煤层硬度,煤层越软,煤帮塑性区宽度就越大。
3)基于沿空留巷内、外层结构的概念,建立了沿空留巷围岩小结构整体力学模型,并在此基础上,分别建立了沿空留巷直接顶、充填体、实体煤帮和底板的力学模型；根据直接顶的功、能增量平衡关系式,得到沿空留巷直接顶的稳定性判据,分析了沿空留巷的直接顶稳定性与留巷宽度、巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力等因素之间的关系；利用位移变分原理得到沿空留巷的顶板下沉量计算公式,并分析其与留巷宽度、巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力、煤帮极限平衡区宽度等因素之间的关系；根据直接顶的功、能增量平衡关系式,得到了维持直接顶稳定所需的充填体最小支护力计算公式,计算结果表明：充填体所需的强度随着巷道宽度增加而显著增大；建立了沿空留巷底板底臌的力学计算模型,利用势能最小原理得到了沿空留巷底板的变形表达式。
4)基于深井大断面沿空留巷上覆岩层活动规律和不同阶段围岩变形破坏特征,提出了“分类分区分阶段支护、高强度低密度支护、支护匹配协调、采前巷道变形最小化和长期稳定、关键部位加强支护、“三效”并重”的深井大断面沿空留巷围岩控制原则。
Coal mining growing to deep and adoption of large section roadway is the inevitable trend of development of the coal mine in our country, and the gob-side entry retaining technology is one of the developing directions of modern coal mining. Therefore it has important theoretical value and engineering significance to research on the stable mechanism of surrounding rock and its control technology of gob-side entry retaining with large section in deep mine.
The main research work and the main results are as follows:
1) By using the methods of field test, physical simulation and numerical simulation, characteristics of strata behavior in deep gob-side entry retaining with large section were investigated, results showed that:the front of the working face can be divided into two stages:the initial stage and the obvious stage; the rear of the working face can be divided into three stages:the speed increase stage, the speed decrease stage and the speed steady stage; the influence ranges, surrounding rock deformations and deformation speeds of large section deep Guqiao Mine1115(1) of each stage are much larger than those of shallow small section of Wolonghu mine103working face; after digging the roadway and gob-side entry retaining, the peak stresses in the roof and the coal side increase with the increasing of the depth and the roadway cross section; and the position of the peak stress is gradually away from the roadway; the surrounding rock deformation and the average vertical stress of the filling body also increase linearly with the increasing of the depth and the roadway cross section, which indicates that the buried depth is much more deeper and the roadway section is much bigger, gob-side entry retaining is much more difficult to support, strength requirement of the filling body is much higher.
2) Influence factors of gob-side roadway surrounding rock deformation are analyzed from aspects of technology and geology in detail; by using the orthogonal numerical simulation method, the influence factors of surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining are analyzed, results show that the mining height has the greatest influence on the roof subsidence, and the coal strength and mining depth plays a secondary role on it; the floor strength has the greatest influence on the floor heave, and floor heave increases with the decrease of floor strength; the coal strength has the greatest influence on the horizontal displacement and plastic zone width of coal, and they increases with the decrease of coal strength.
3) Based on the concept of the inner and outer structures of gob-side entry retaining, the whole mechanical model of the inner structure in gob-side entry retaining is established, and on this basis, the mechanical model of immediate roof, filling body, coal sides and the floor are established; according to the incremental equilibrium equation of energy and work of immediate roof, the stability criterion of immediate roof can be obtained, so the relationship between the stability of direct roof and roadway width, the inside support resistance, the outside support resistance and other factors are analyzed; by using the variational principle of displacement, calculation formula of immediate roof subsidence was obtained, and the relationship between it and roadway width, the inside support resistance, the outside support resistance and other factors are analyzed; according to the incremental equilibrium equation of energy and work of immediate roof, the minimum supporting force of the filling body to sustain the stability of immediate roof is obtained, the calculation results show that:it increases with increase of the roadway width; according to the roadway floor heave mechanism of gob-side entry retaining, the mechanics model of floor deformation in gob-side entry retaining is established, and by using the principle of minimum potential energy, deformation formula of the floor in gob-side entry retaining is derived.
4) Based upon activity law of overlying strata and the characteristics of rock deformation and failure of the gob-side entry retaining with large section in deep mines at different stage,"Classification stage supporting, the high strength and low density support, support matching and coordination, roadway deformation minimization before mining and long-term stability, reinforced support in key position, the same important of safety effect, efficiency and benefits" are put forward.
引文
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