发动机连杆裂解过程数值模拟及裂解参量分析
|
摘要
发动机连杆裂解加工技术是采用断裂方法完成连杆体/盖结合面剖分加工的新技术,有着传统连杆加工方法无可比拟的优越性。发动机连杆裂解技术作为一种新的加工工艺,于20世纪90年代在汽车工业发达国家逐渐发展起来,并逐渐应用于大规模生产领域,是对传统连杆加工工艺的重大变革,已成为一个国家发动机制造业发展水平的重要标志。
本论文重点研究了连杆裂解加工技术的五个重要方面:连杆裂解数值模型的建立及关键技术问题处理、典型连杆裂解材料C70S6的试验研究及连杆裂解起裂分析、裂解过程的三维裂纹扩展数值模拟及分析、切口及构件尺寸效应分析、预加载荷及质量分析。目的是通过对连杆裂解过程的数值模拟及参量分析定性定量研究裂解加工工艺,从而为连杆裂解关键技术参数设定与优化、提高裂解质量和效率提供基础数据和有益参考。研究表明,本文对连杆裂解过程及重要参量的数值模拟结果可有效的指导生产实践。
Fracture splitting method for engine connecting rod is a new manufacturing method the principle of which is to design and predefine crack groove at the center of the crack end bore to generate stress concentration and then make the fracture split happen by initiatively imposing load perpendicular to fractured faces. Compared with traditional methods, it has many advantages and has been treated as a great transformation for the traditional connecting rod manufacturing technology. As a new technique of connecting rod, fracture splitting has been developed gradually in 1990s.And then it was applied to the manufacture field in large-scale. Now it has already become the most important sign of the development level of connecting rod processing of a nation.
Connecting rod fracture splitting is precision processing technology and the key process of which includes notching, directional splitting and assembling bolt. The most important condition for successful splitting is that the two pieces must fit together contiguously in order for the connecting rod bearing to function properly. This condition can only be fulfilled via brittle fracture with little or no plastic deformation. Plastic deformation alters the surface topography and leads to deformation and distortion of the inner bore. However, connecting fracture splitting is a three-dimensional crack propagation course which finished complicatedly and instantaneously. Therefore, the fracture quality influence factors are numerous. It has important actual meaning to carry on numerical simulation of fracture splitting process and optimizing the parameters.
The research work in this dissertation focus on several respects as setting up the numerical simulation model of con-rod and dealing with the key technology problems, crack starting analyzing for the C70S6 con-rod, analyzing the three-dimensional crack propagation course of fracture splitting by numerical simulation, dimension effect research for the thickness and notch of con-rod, and loading effect and fracture quality analysis. The purpose is to optimize the key technical parameters and improve the fracture quality by numerical simulation method for the fracture splitting technology. The major research is summarized as follows:
1. The finite element model of con-rod has been set up and the pivotal technical problems have been dealt with. Meshing, contact definition, boundary conditions, project-stress free, material character, fracture definition, loading case and etc. are all quite important and needful for the foundation of the numerical model. In order to improve the efficiency of the FEM method and analyze the crack tip, the crack region and the main body of con-rod are meshed by different method with different element types. And in the contact definition, they are glued together.
2. The material performance has been test for C-70 steel in order to study the crack starting state and propagating process. By the tensile test, the plastic stress-strain relation has been obtained. Also, loading speed sensitivity test has been carried on for this material. By standard test, the fracture toughness of C-70 steel and the micrographs of the fracture surface and material organization have been obtained. The experimental results show that the organization of C-70 steel is pearlite and ferrite and the pearlite is netted distributed around by the ferrite. As the tests results, C-70 steel has strong crack sensitivity and it is quite suited to the fracture splitting technology of con-rod.
3.The crack staring state in the process of fracture splitting has been obtained by the numerical simulation results. By the combination of the numerical simulation and the tests, the critical J-integral has been calculated which can be used to the determination of the crack starting state. The distribution of principle stress max and crack starting points on the crack groove have been analyzed. And the plastic stress field and displacement field are all obtained by the numerical simulation results.
The numerical simulation results show that the upper/down section of the crack groove are on plane stress state before crack starting wile the middle section is on plane strain state. Cracking will be start at the crack groove where the stress concentrations distributed on. The dispersion of stress concentration at the plastic region results in scattering of the starting point of cracking, which is the main reason for production of nip bits, bifurcate and steps in fracture splitting.
4. Subroutine and uactive elements method are used to simulate the fracture splitting process of con-rod. The numerical results give out the process of the crack propagating. The contour bands of the equivalent stress around the split line in the process of crack growing, the time history plot of the equivalent stress, the equivalent strain and the separation force on the crack tips at different crack region are all analyzed. The fracture time plots of the average 3D J-integral at crack tips are also gotten. By the numerical simulation results, distribution of the equivalent stress and displacement field in the big bore of the con-rod after fracture splitting are all clearly shown.
The analysis results show that the crack propagates at an un-equal rate in the process of fracture splitting. The critical fracture force on the middle section of the crack groove is 75.12KN which is close to the real value (75.136KN). After fracture splitting, there will be remainder stress on the middle section of the crack groove. The three-dimensional J-integral fluctuates around the critical J-integral (JIC). When fracture splitting is finished, the J-integral value will decrease to zero. By fracture splitting, the main body of con-rod is shrinking in the X direction and extended in the Y direction, which will lead to the elliptic distortion of the big bore. There are small plastic distortions both on the main body of the con-rod and the fracture surface after fracture splitting. The bolt hole plays an important part in crack propagating and the displace distribution in the fracture splitting process.
5. Three geometry parameters of the crack groove have been optimized by the numerical simulation method. The influence of those parameters on the fracture force has been studied. Also, the influences of crack groove processing methods on the fracture quality have been researched.
Numerical results show that the fracture force will decrease along with the deepness increasing while it will increase as the curvature radius increasing. There is no remarkable relationship between the fracture force and the opening angle. The principle of the deepness design should be guaranteeing the big bore surplus of finish machining for the distortion at least. For saloon car con-rod, the deepness is recommended in 0.4~0.5mm and 0.6mm~0.7mm for the truck con-rod. Adopting the laser method to process the crack groove, the elliptic distortion is reduced and the fracture quality is better than other methods.
6. The influence of thickness of con-rod on fracture splitting technology has been studied by the combination of fracture mechanics theory and FEM method. Numerical models are set up with variable thickness values and variable fracture face shapes to analyze the stress state on the crack groove before crack starting.
The numerical simulation results show that the stress concentrations are gradually gathered at the crack groove along with the thickness value increasing. Otherwise, the vertical size of the fracture surface will increase, which will lead to the decreasing of the plastic deformational area. And the difference of the principle stress max on the upon/down section will be reduced. It is quite beneficial to the crack starting, for that those sections at the crack groove will reach the critical fracture force simultaneity.
7. The process of fracture splitting with back-pressure is studied by the numerical simulation method. The influence of back-pressure on the 3D J-integral, the stress concentration distribution, the distortion concentration, the displacement field and the plastic deformation are all analyzed. Otherwise, the remainder stress status on the fracture surface after fracture splitting with back-pressure is presented.
The research indicate that back pressure causes the J-integral grads on the con-rod crack groove in the lengthwise direction to increase,the stress to centralize to the central section of crack groove even more rapidly. The back pressure can induce notch split and crack growing and it reduces fracture disfigurements caused by crack bifurcation and numerous joint. But the exterior force and the separation force both increase with the back pressure although the remainder stress on the fracture surface is reduced.
8. The influence of loading speed on the stress field, the displacement field and the fracture quality are all analyzed by the FEM method. In order to determine the influence rule, the stress state and fracture quality are analyzed for the con-rod fracture splitting under variable loading speed.
The results show that there is no relationship between the loading speed and the stress distribution on the con-rod under the middle loading speed. But the crack starting time will delay and the plastic distortion will increase as the loading speed reducing. The displacement grads will increase near the fracture surface. Otherwise, the distortion of the displacement in the main axis direction will increase and the con-rod will be elongated. But the influence of loading speed on the displacement field near the fracture surface is not obviously. While under the high loading speed, the influence is quite obvious. For that the stress concentrates at the crack groove uniformity what will shorten the crack starting time and improve the fracture quality. At the same time, the higher loading speed will cause the increase of the fracture force, and then the requisition for the facility is promoted sharply.
9. Aiming at the quality optimization of fractures, a series of fracture disfigurements in splitting con-rod were enumerated and analyzed. The elliptic distortion of the big bore and the phenomenon of broken bits are also analyzed. The results show that the dispersion of stress concentration at the plastic region results in scattering of the starting point of cracking, which is the main reason for production of nip bits, bifurcate and steps in fracture splitting. Moreover, corresponding measures to prevent the diversified fracture disfigurements in fracture splitting of connecting rod are put forward as well.
本论文重点研究了连杆裂解加工技术的五个重要方面:连杆裂解数值模型的建立及关键技术问题处理、典型连杆裂解材料C70S6的试验研究及连杆裂解起裂分析、裂解过程的三维裂纹扩展数值模拟及分析、切口及构件尺寸效应分析、预加载荷及质量分析。目的是通过对连杆裂解过程的数值模拟及参量分析定性定量研究裂解加工工艺,从而为连杆裂解关键技术参数设定与优化、提高裂解质量和效率提供基础数据和有益参考。研究表明,本文对连杆裂解过程及重要参量的数值模拟结果可有效的指导生产实践。
Fracture splitting method for engine connecting rod is a new manufacturing method the principle of which is to design and predefine crack groove at the center of the crack end bore to generate stress concentration and then make the fracture split happen by initiatively imposing load perpendicular to fractured faces. Compared with traditional methods, it has many advantages and has been treated as a great transformation for the traditional connecting rod manufacturing technology. As a new technique of connecting rod, fracture splitting has been developed gradually in 1990s.And then it was applied to the manufacture field in large-scale. Now it has already become the most important sign of the development level of connecting rod processing of a nation.
Connecting rod fracture splitting is precision processing technology and the key process of which includes notching, directional splitting and assembling bolt. The most important condition for successful splitting is that the two pieces must fit together contiguously in order for the connecting rod bearing to function properly. This condition can only be fulfilled via brittle fracture with little or no plastic deformation. Plastic deformation alters the surface topography and leads to deformation and distortion of the inner bore. However, connecting fracture splitting is a three-dimensional crack propagation course which finished complicatedly and instantaneously. Therefore, the fracture quality influence factors are numerous. It has important actual meaning to carry on numerical simulation of fracture splitting process and optimizing the parameters.
The research work in this dissertation focus on several respects as setting up the numerical simulation model of con-rod and dealing with the key technology problems, crack starting analyzing for the C70S6 con-rod, analyzing the three-dimensional crack propagation course of fracture splitting by numerical simulation, dimension effect research for the thickness and notch of con-rod, and loading effect and fracture quality analysis. The purpose is to optimize the key technical parameters and improve the fracture quality by numerical simulation method for the fracture splitting technology. The major research is summarized as follows:
1. The finite element model of con-rod has been set up and the pivotal technical problems have been dealt with. Meshing, contact definition, boundary conditions, project-stress free, material character, fracture definition, loading case and etc. are all quite important and needful for the foundation of the numerical model. In order to improve the efficiency of the FEM method and analyze the crack tip, the crack region and the main body of con-rod are meshed by different method with different element types. And in the contact definition, they are glued together.
2. The material performance has been test for C-70 steel in order to study the crack starting state and propagating process. By the tensile test, the plastic stress-strain relation has been obtained. Also, loading speed sensitivity test has been carried on for this material. By standard test, the fracture toughness of C-70 steel and the micrographs of the fracture surface and material organization have been obtained. The experimental results show that the organization of C-70 steel is pearlite and ferrite and the pearlite is netted distributed around by the ferrite. As the tests results, C-70 steel has strong crack sensitivity and it is quite suited to the fracture splitting technology of con-rod.
3.The crack staring state in the process of fracture splitting has been obtained by the numerical simulation results. By the combination of the numerical simulation and the tests, the critical J-integral has been calculated which can be used to the determination of the crack starting state. The distribution of principle stress max and crack starting points on the crack groove have been analyzed. And the plastic stress field and displacement field are all obtained by the numerical simulation results.
The numerical simulation results show that the upper/down section of the crack groove are on plane stress state before crack starting wile the middle section is on plane strain state. Cracking will be start at the crack groove where the stress concentrations distributed on. The dispersion of stress concentration at the plastic region results in scattering of the starting point of cracking, which is the main reason for production of nip bits, bifurcate and steps in fracture splitting.
4. Subroutine and uactive elements method are used to simulate the fracture splitting process of con-rod. The numerical results give out the process of the crack propagating. The contour bands of the equivalent stress around the split line in the process of crack growing, the time history plot of the equivalent stress, the equivalent strain and the separation force on the crack tips at different crack region are all analyzed. The fracture time plots of the average 3D J-integral at crack tips are also gotten. By the numerical simulation results, distribution of the equivalent stress and displacement field in the big bore of the con-rod after fracture splitting are all clearly shown.
The analysis results show that the crack propagates at an un-equal rate in the process of fracture splitting. The critical fracture force on the middle section of the crack groove is 75.12KN which is close to the real value (75.136KN). After fracture splitting, there will be remainder stress on the middle section of the crack groove. The three-dimensional J-integral fluctuates around the critical J-integral (JIC). When fracture splitting is finished, the J-integral value will decrease to zero. By fracture splitting, the main body of con-rod is shrinking in the X direction and extended in the Y direction, which will lead to the elliptic distortion of the big bore. There are small plastic distortions both on the main body of the con-rod and the fracture surface after fracture splitting. The bolt hole plays an important part in crack propagating and the displace distribution in the fracture splitting process.
5. Three geometry parameters of the crack groove have been optimized by the numerical simulation method. The influence of those parameters on the fracture force has been studied. Also, the influences of crack groove processing methods on the fracture quality have been researched.
Numerical results show that the fracture force will decrease along with the deepness increasing while it will increase as the curvature radius increasing. There is no remarkable relationship between the fracture force and the opening angle. The principle of the deepness design should be guaranteeing the big bore surplus of finish machining for the distortion at least. For saloon car con-rod, the deepness is recommended in 0.4~0.5mm and 0.6mm~0.7mm for the truck con-rod. Adopting the laser method to process the crack groove, the elliptic distortion is reduced and the fracture quality is better than other methods.
6. The influence of thickness of con-rod on fracture splitting technology has been studied by the combination of fracture mechanics theory and FEM method. Numerical models are set up with variable thickness values and variable fracture face shapes to analyze the stress state on the crack groove before crack starting.
The numerical simulation results show that the stress concentrations are gradually gathered at the crack groove along with the thickness value increasing. Otherwise, the vertical size of the fracture surface will increase, which will lead to the decreasing of the plastic deformational area. And the difference of the principle stress max on the upon/down section will be reduced. It is quite beneficial to the crack starting, for that those sections at the crack groove will reach the critical fracture force simultaneity.
7. The process of fracture splitting with back-pressure is studied by the numerical simulation method. The influence of back-pressure on the 3D J-integral, the stress concentration distribution, the distortion concentration, the displacement field and the plastic deformation are all analyzed. Otherwise, the remainder stress status on the fracture surface after fracture splitting with back-pressure is presented.
The research indicate that back pressure causes the J-integral grads on the con-rod crack groove in the lengthwise direction to increase,the stress to centralize to the central section of crack groove even more rapidly. The back pressure can induce notch split and crack growing and it reduces fracture disfigurements caused by crack bifurcation and numerous joint. But the exterior force and the separation force both increase with the back pressure although the remainder stress on the fracture surface is reduced.
8. The influence of loading speed on the stress field, the displacement field and the fracture quality are all analyzed by the FEM method. In order to determine the influence rule, the stress state and fracture quality are analyzed for the con-rod fracture splitting under variable loading speed.
The results show that there is no relationship between the loading speed and the stress distribution on the con-rod under the middle loading speed. But the crack starting time will delay and the plastic distortion will increase as the loading speed reducing. The displacement grads will increase near the fracture surface. Otherwise, the distortion of the displacement in the main axis direction will increase and the con-rod will be elongated. But the influence of loading speed on the displacement field near the fracture surface is not obviously. While under the high loading speed, the influence is quite obvious. For that the stress concentrates at the crack groove uniformity what will shorten the crack starting time and improve the fracture quality. At the same time, the higher loading speed will cause the increase of the fracture force, and then the requisition for the facility is promoted sharply.
9. Aiming at the quality optimization of fractures, a series of fracture disfigurements in splitting con-rod were enumerated and analyzed. The elliptic distortion of the big bore and the phenomenon of broken bits are also analyzed. The results show that the dispersion of stress concentration at the plastic region results in scattering of the starting point of cracking, which is the main reason for production of nip bits, bifurcate and steps in fracture splitting. Moreover, corresponding measures to prevent the diversified fracture disfigurements in fracture splitting of connecting rod are put forward as well.
引文
[1] Giddings & Lewis. Method of cracking a connecting rod[P].United States Patent:5,274,919.
[2] Alfing Kessler Sondermaschinen Gmbh. Method and apparatus for fracturing connecting rods[P].United State Patent:5,169,046,1992-12-8.
[3] EX-Cell-O.Method and installation for machining parts having a bearing eye[P].Canada Patent:CA2,055,401.
[4] Alfing Kessler Sondermaschinen Gmbh. Device for separating the rod and the cap for a connecting rod by breaking[P].International Patent: WO 99/06169, 1999-2-11.
[5]陈国华.内燃机平切口式连杆结构的最优化设计[J].内燃机学报,1983,(1):51~52.
[6]陈家瑞.汽车构造(上册)[M].吉林科技出版社,2001.
[7]清华大学工程系《汽车构造》编写组.汽车构造[M].人民出版社,2000.
[8]《汽车工程手册》编辑委员会.汽车工程手册—设计篇[M].人民交通出版社,2000.
[9]赵新海,程联军等.国内连杆模锻加工技术的现状及发展[J].锻压装备与制造技术,2006,(1):15~17.
[10] Q.Wang, F.He. A Review of developments in the forging of connecting rods in China[J], Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2004(151):192-195.
[11]谢云臣,赵英才等.发动机连杆工艺设备选型的可拓评价研究[J].汽车技术,2007,(4):37-40.
[12]寇淑清等.内燃机连杆制造最新技术与发展趋势[J].内燃机工程,2001,22(1):28-31.
[13]寇淑清,杨慎华,金明华.发动机连杆裂解加工技术及其应用[J].机械强度,2004,26(5):538~541.
[14]杨慎华,寇淑清,谷诤巍等.发动机连杆裂解加工新技术[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2000,32(3):129~131.
[15]寇淑清,杨慎华,邓春萍等.裂解工艺—发动机连杆制造最新技术[J].中国机械工程,2001,12(7):839~842.
[16]谷诤巍.发动机连杆裂解加工工艺[J].新技术新工艺,2003,(7):14~15.
[17]寇淑清,杨慎华,金文明.连杆裂解加工新技术与装备[J].机械工人,2002,(11):5～7.
[18]杨志刚,寇淑清,张先国,刘赞丰.斜切口连杆裂解工艺开发及应用[J].车用发动机,2007,(5):73-77.
[19]杨志刚,李德满,李宏勇.连杆结合面凹凸槽的拉削加工[J].汽车工艺与材料,2004(2):42-43.
[20]寇淑清,王彦菊,杨晨光等.连杆准静态裂解数值模拟关键技术与起裂分析[J].内燃机工程,2008,29(1):56～60.
[21]范天佑.应用断裂动力学基础[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1992.
[22]郑修麟.金属材料切口强度的近似计算[J].航空材料(专刊),1983,3.
[23] Zheng X L. On an unified model for predicting notch strength and fracture toughness[J]. Eng.Fract.Mech.,1989,33(5),685~695.
[24]寇淑清,杨慎华,赵勇等.发动机连杆裂解加工及其关键技术[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2004,34(1):85-90.
[25]虞至正.发动机连杆分离面的裂解加工技术[J].内燃机技术,1996,(1):41-45.
[26] Gu.Z.,Yang.S.,Kou.S.,et al.Fracture splitting technology of automobile engine connecting rod[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2005,25:883~887.
[27] S.Fukuda,H.Eto. Development of Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod[J], JSAE Review, 2002,23(1):101-104.
[28]顾永生.现代汽车发动机制造工艺的发展动向[J].柴油机设计与制造,2000,(3):33-39.
[29]刘文忠.ALFING激光裂解设备的应用.汽车工艺与材料,2005,(11):11-13.
[30]曹正,史万富,王敢利等.高碳微合金非调质钢连杆研究[J].汽车工艺与材料,2000(12):24-27.
[31]隋福楼,于淑敏,鞠育平等.连杆毛坯锻件的金相组织及力学性能[J].金属热处理,2001,(2):23～24.
[32] Joe Capou. Crunch time at SAE leaves the C-70 con rod bent and very battered. Metal Power Report[J],2005(6):14-13.
[33]包雪鹏,刘善德,吴勇等.C70S6裂解连杆性能分析[J].轻型汽车技术,2008(3)总223:25~29.
[34]包雪鹏等.发动机球墨铸铁连杆疲劳性能研究.汽车技术[J],2000(3):28-30.
[35]赵少汴等.抗疲劳设计—方法与数据.[M]北京:机械工业出版社,1997.
[36] Hyounsou Park, et al. Development of Fracture Split Steel Connecting Rods[J]. SAE Paper, 2003-01-1309.
[37] Daniel Robat Ascometal,Marc Robelet Ascometal Creas.Steels for connecting rod forgings with optimum splittablity[C].北京:第十六届国际锻造会议文件,1999.
[38]王章忠.粉末冶金热锻连杆[J].机械制造,2001,39(437):33-34.
[39]韩凤麟.用常规冶金工艺制造汽车连杆[J].粉末冶金技术,1996,14(3):214-224.
[40]李绍忠.连杆常用制造工艺及技术经济性分析[J].汽车工艺与材料,2000,(4):10-13.
[41] Shigeru, Kazuo Toyama, Noboru Konda. Development of as-sintered P/M connecting rods for automobiles[J].International Journal of Powder Metallurgy (Princeton, New Jersey),1988,(24):243-250.
[42] Berthold Repgen. Optimized connecting rods to enable higher engine performance and cost reduction.SAE Technical paper series 9800882 International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michingan February 23-26,1998:1-5.
[43] R.A.Chernenkoff,D.W.Hall,S.Mocarski,M.Gagne. Material character-rization of powder-forged copper steels. SAE paper 910155,SAE Conference, Detroit,1991:87-104.
[44] Gottfried Hoffmann.Fracture Splitting of powder Forged Connecting Rod[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,2002-01-0609
[45] Edmond llia. Benchmarking the Industry : Power forging makes a better connecting rod[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,2005-01-0713.
[46]赵立新,刘志民,赵树国.C70S6连杆材料的研究[J].车用发动机,2005(4):47-50.
[47]罗晴岚.连杆锻造工艺技术的进步[J].锻压机械,2000,(4):1-3.
[48] M.Cristinacce、D.J.Milbourn and D.E.James. The Future Competitiveness of AutomotiveForgings[C], British: the ImechE International Conference on Forging and Related Technologies1998.
[49] Hyounson Park. Development of fracture split steel connecting rod[J],SAE Paper,2003-01-1309.
[50] Cristinavve M. Automotive Supply Chains and the Engineering Steel Supplier[C]. In:CBM, Proceedings of the‘Globalisation-A Metal forming Industry Response’conference, Birmingham,2000,1-13.
[51] (日)四方英雄,酒井纯,石岛善三.烧结铝合金连杆的开发[J].国外内燃机,2002,(3):57-61.
[52] Shinichiro Kato, Yuuichi Yamada. Development of microalloyed steel for fracture split connecting rod.//SAE Technical Paper Series,No.2007-01-1004.Detriot:Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.2007
[53] Walter A.Parts, James R.Parks, Milwaukee. Method of manufacturing connecting rods[P]. United States Patent: 2,553,935,1951-5-22.
[54] Sintertech, Courbevoie. Process for producing connecting sintered articles[P]. United State Patent:5,460,776,1995-11-24.
[55] Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. Method for producing connecting rod of reciprocating motion system[P]. United State Patent:4,802,269,1989-02-07.
[56] Connecting rods are cracked to perfection[M]. Machine Design, 1988(3).
[57] Ford Motor Company. Low-cost method of making cracked connecting rods comprised of forged wrought steel[P]. United State Patent:5,105,538,1992-4-12.
[58] Power-Metal.forging:Connecting rods that crack by deaign.Mechani-cal Engineering[M],February 1991.
[59] Manfred Weber. Cost effective finishing of power forged connecting rods with the fracture-splitting-method. SAE paper 910157,SAE Conference,Detroit,1991:1-7.
[60] Ford Motor Company.Machinable,storng,but crackable low ductility stell forging[P]. Uinited State Patent:5,135,587,1992-8-4.
[61]三通机械工具有限公司.用于连杆裂解设备的双夹紧装置[P].CN 1198374A.
[62] I.Nakaoka,H.Kawarabayashi. Breaking Device of Connecting Rod and Manufacturing Method of Broken Connecting Rod.JPO,JP2005007561,2005-01-13.
[63] H.Ikeda,T.Murakami,H.Kodama,Y,Matsue,T.Shinohara. Method of Manufacturing Connecting Rod. USPTO,US5974663,1999-11-02.
[64] M.Haehnel, H.Wisniewski. Apparatus for Crack Splitting an Annular Part.CIPO,CA2298698,1999-02-11.
[65] T.Futshki. Method for Manufacturing Fracture-Divided Connecting Rod.JPO,JP2005007561,2005-01-13.
[66] M.Haehnel,K.Kessler,H.Wisniewski.Device for Separating the Rod and Cap of a Connecting Rod by Breaking.US6457621,2002-10-01.
[67] L.Becker.Connecting Rod Cracker. USPTO,US5320265,1994-03-14.
[68] J.Wiesemann,H.Laupp,L.Naucke.Method and Apparatus for Fracture, Separation of ConstructionMembers, Especially of Metal.EPO,EP0467198,1992-01-22.
[69]杨慎华,寇淑清,郑祺峰等.发动机连杆裂解制造工艺及设备[J].汽车技术,2005,(2):29～32.
[70]周昌林.粉末锻造连杆裂断技术的特点[J].汽车工艺与材料,1996,(11):44.
[71] Kanninen M F, Popelar C H. Advanced Fracture Mechanics[M],Oxford: Oxford University Pr.1985.
[72] Sih G C,ed. Mechanics of Fracture[M].vpl.1.Leyden:Noordhoff.1973.
[73] Sneddon I N,Lowengrub M. Crack Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity[M]. New York:Wiley.1969.
[74]范天佑,断裂动力学进展[J],力学进展,1986(2):1-13..
[75] F.M.Burdekin:Conf.on Pract.Appl.of Fract[M].Mech. to pressure Tech., 1971.
[76]李灏,陈树坚编著.断裂理论基础[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1983.
[77]王铎主编.断裂力学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[78]范天佑编著.断裂力学基础[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1978.
[79]杨广里等编著.断裂力学及应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[80] Griffth A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society[J],1921,(A221):163~197.
[81] Irwin G R. Plastic zone near a crack and fracture toughness[J]. Sagamore Research 1960,(4):63~73.
[82] Irwin G R. Onset of fast crack propagation in high strength steel and aluminum alloys[C]. Sagamore Research Conference Proceedings,1956,(2):289~305.
[83] Irwin G R. Analysis of stresses and strains near the end of a crack transversing a plate[J]. Journal of Applied Mechnics,1957,(24):361~364.
[84] Sneddon I N.Application of Integral Transforms in the Theory of Elasticity[J]. International Centre for Mecbanical Sciences. Printed in Italy.1975.
[85] Sih G C.Interface Cracks in bimaterial Systems.In Sih G C.ed[M]. Mechanics of Fracture.Vol.3.Leyden:Noordhoff.1979.
[86] Orowan E.Fracture and strength of solids[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics,1948,(12):185~232.
[87] Dugdale D S. Yielding in steel sheets containing slits[J].Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1960,(8):100~108.
[88] Muskhelishvili N I. Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity[M].Leyden:Noordhoff.1975.
[89] Wells A A. Application of fracture mechanics at and beyond general yielding[J]. British Welding Journal,1963,(10):563~570.
[90] Cottrell A H. Mechanism of Fracture[M]. In Tewksbury Symposium on Fracture, University of Melbourne,1963,1~27.
[91] Rice J R. A path in dependent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968,(35):379~383.
[92] Hutchinson J W. Singular behavior at the end of a tensile crack tip in a hardening material[J].Members, Especially of Metal.EPO,EP0467198,1992-01-22.
[69]杨慎华,寇淑清,郑祺峰等.发动机连杆裂解制造工艺及设备[J].汽车技术,2005,(2):29～32.
[70]周昌林.粉末锻造连杆裂断技术的特点[J].汽车工艺与材料,1996,(11):44.
[71] Kanninen M F, Popelar C H. Advanced Fracture Mechanics[M],Oxford: Oxford University Pr.1985.
[72] Sih G C,ed. Mechanics of Fracture[M].vpl.1.Leyden:Noordhoff.1973.
[73] Sneddon I N,Lowengrub M. Crack Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity[M]. New York:Wiley.1969.
[74]范天佑,断裂动力学进展[J],力学进展,1986(2):1-13..
[75] F.M.Burdekin:Conf.on Pract.Appl.of Fract[M].Mech. to pressure Tech., 1971.
[76]李灏,陈树坚编著.断裂理论基础[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1983.
[77]王铎主编.断裂力学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[78]范天佑编著.断裂力学基础[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1978.
[79]杨广里等编著.断裂力学及应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[80] Griffth A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society[J],1921,(A221):163~197.
[81] Irwin G R. Plastic zone near a crack and fracture toughness[J]. Sagamore Research 1960,(4):63~73.
[82] Irwin G R. Onset of fast crack propagation in high strength steel and aluminum alloys[C]. Sagamore Research Conference Proceedings,1956,(2):289~305.
[83] Irwin G R. Analysis of stresses and strains near the end of a crack transversing a plate[J]. Journal of Applied Mechnics,1957,(24):361~364.
[84] Sneddon I N.Application of Integral Transforms in the Theory of Elasticity[J]. International Centre for Mecbanical Sciences. Printed in Italy.1975.
[85] Sih G C.Interface Cracks in bimaterial Systems.In Sih G C.ed[M]. Mechanics of Fracture.Vol.3.Leyden:Noordhoff.1979.
[86] Orowan E.Fracture and strength of solids[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics,1948,(12):185~232.
[87] Dugdale D S. Yielding in steel sheets containing slits[J].Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1960,(8):100~108.
[88] Muskhelishvili N I. Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity[M].Leyden:Noordhoff.1975.
[89] Wells A A. Application of fracture mechanics at and beyond general yielding[J]. British Welding Journal,1963,(10):563~570.
[90] Cottrell A H. Mechanism of Fracture[M]. In Tewksbury Symposium on Fracture, University of Melbourne,1963,1~27.
[91] Rice J R. A path in dependent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968,(35):379~383.
[92] Hutchinson J W. Singular behavior at the end of a tensile crack tip in a hardening material[J].
[120] Klepaczko J.R. Int.J.Impact Engng, 1985(3):191~210.
[121]赵亚浦.裂纹动态起始问题的研究进展[J].力学进展,1996(3):362～373.
[122]刘再华,解德,王元汉,李连常.工程断裂力学[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1996年11月第一版:2-7.
[123]史巨元.钢的动态断裂力学性能及应用[M].冶金工业出版社,1993:18-19,53-57.
[124] A.S.Kabayashi,Seo K K.,Jou J Y., et al. A Dynamic Analysis of Modified Compact-Tension Specimen Using Homolite-100 and Polycarbonate plates[M]. Experimental Mechnics.1980,20:73-79.
[125] W.Bohme and J.F.Kalthoff. The Behavior of Notched Bend Specimen in Impact Testing[J].International Journal of Fracture.1982,20(1):139-143.
[126] J.F.Kalthoff. On The Measurement of Dynamic Fracture Toughness-a Review of Recent Work[J]. Int.J.of Fract.1985,27:277-298.
[127] W.L.Server,J. of Testing and Evaluation.1978,6,29-34.
[128] Kolsky H. An investigation of the mechanical properties of material at very high rates of loading[C]. Proc Phys Soc,1949:676~700.
[129]张晓欣,刘瑞堂.某船用钢动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验测试[J].实验力学,Vol.17,No.2,2002(6):153~159.
[130]刘瑞堂,姜风春,张晓欣等.用于材料动态力学性能研究的试验装置[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,1999,20(1):13~18.
[131]邹广平.金属材料动态断裂韧性的表征与测试[D],哈尔滨工程大学,2005.
[132] Rice, J.R. and Rosengren, G.F.. Plane Strain Deformation Near a Crack Tip in a Power-Law Hardening Material[M],JMPS16,1~12,1968.
[133] Kuang Zheng-Bang. The Stress Field Near the Blunt Crack Tip and the Fracture Criterion[M], Eng. Fract. Mech., 16, 19~33,1982.
[134] Owen D.R.J. Engineering fracture mechanics numerical methods and Applications[M]. Pineridge Press,1984.
[135] Henshell R D,Shaw K G. Crack tip finite elements are unnecessary[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1975,(9):495~507.
[136] Barsoum R S. On the use of isoperimetric finite elements in linear fracture mechanics[J].International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,1976,(10):25~37.
[137] Koers R.Use of modified standard 20-node isoperimetric brick elements or representing stress field at a crack tip for elastic and perfectly plastic material[J]. International Journal of Fracture,1989,(40):79~110.
[138] Henshell R D and Shaw K G, Crack tip finite elements are unnecessary[J], Int, J. Num. Mech. Eng. , 1975(9):195~507.
[139] Barsoum R S. Triangular quarter-point elements elastic and perfectly-plastic crack tip elements[J], Int. J. Num. Eng., 1977,11, 85~98.
[140]陈火红、于军泉、席源山. MSC.Marc/ Mentat 2003基础与应用实例[M].北京:科学出版社(第1版),2004
[141]陈火红.Marc有限元实例分析教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[142]倪尔有.裂纹尖端的塑性区分析[J].鞍山钢铁学院学报1994,17(2):41-44.
[143]杨道明,朱勋,李紫桐.金属力学性能与失效分析[M].冶金工业出版社(第1版),1991.
[144]吴承建.金属材料学[M].冶金工业出版社(第1版),2000.
[145] Chen Zhi-da. Energy principle of three-dimensional J integral[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.No5, Vol.5, Sep., 1984.
[146]苏月.三维裂纹J积分数值求解方法的研究.[D]中国石油大学硕士学位论文,2007
[147] [日]宫本博著.弹塑性断裂力学[M].杨秉宪等译.太原:山西人民出版社,1983:225-241.S.N.
[148] Atluri.Path-independent integrals in finite elasticity and inelasticity, with body forces, inertia, and arbrtrary crack-face conditions[M].Eng.Fract.Mech,1982:16(3):341-365.
[149] W.S.Blackburn. Path independent integrals to predict onset of crack instability in an elastic plastic material[J]. Int Journal of Fracture Mechnics, 1972:8:345-346.
[150] [日]宫本博、菊池正纪等.日本机械学会论文集(A编)[M].第50卷456号(1984),1525-1530.
[151] [日]岸本喜久雄、青木繁、坂田胜.日本机械学会论文集(A编)[C].第46卷410号(1980):539-575.
[152] Hans C.Strifors. A generalized force measure of conditions at crack tips[J]. Int.Journal Solids Structures, 1974:10:1389-1405.
[153] D.M.Parks. A stiffness derivative finite element technique for determination of crack tip stress intensity factors[J]. Int.J.of Fract, 1974,10(4):487-502.
[154] T.K.Hellen. On the method of virtual crack extensions[J],Int.J.Num. Method.Eng,1975,9:187-207.
[155] H.G.Delorenzi. Energy Release Rate Calculations Bay The Finite Element Method[M],Eng.Fracture Mechanics Volume21,NO.1(1985):129-143.
[156] Pardoen T, Marchal Y, Delannay F. Thickness dependence of cracking resistance in thin aluminium plates[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1999,47(10):2093～2123)
[157] Folias E S. Failure correlation between cylindrical pressurized vessels and flat plates[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1999,76(11):803～811
[158] Nageswara Rao B, Acharya A R. Failure assessment on M300 grade maraging steel cylindrical pressure vessels with an internal surface crack[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1998,75(7):537～543.
[159]萧纪美.金属的韧性与韧化[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1980.
[160]黎振慈.工程断裂力学基础[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1990.
[161]褚武扬,等.断裂与环境断裂[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[162] Kumar R, et al. Accurate Evaluation of Strain-energy Release Rate in Unidirectional FRP Compact-tension Specimen Toughness[M].Eng Fract Mech, 1997,58(3):163
[163] Lai M O, Ferfuson W G.. Effect of Speciman Thickness on Fracture Toughness[M]. Eng Fract Mech, 1986, 23(4):649.
[164]匡震邦,马法尚.裂纹端部场[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002.
[165]杨新岐,秦红珊,霍立兴等.非匹配焊接接头中裂纹尖端三维约束状态分析[J].机械强度,2001,23(3): 336～340.
[166]闫洪,周天瑞.塑性成形原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[167]赵世琴,颜炳祥.涨断连杆爆口原因分析[J].上海汽车,2003,9
[2] Alfing Kessler Sondermaschinen Gmbh. Method and apparatus for fracturing connecting rods[P].United State Patent:5,169,046,1992-12-8.
[3] EX-Cell-O.Method and installation for machining parts having a bearing eye[P].Canada Patent:CA2,055,401.
[4] Alfing Kessler Sondermaschinen Gmbh. Device for separating the rod and the cap for a connecting rod by breaking[P].International Patent: WO 99/06169, 1999-2-11.
[5]陈国华.内燃机平切口式连杆结构的最优化设计[J].内燃机学报,1983,(1):51~52.
[6]陈家瑞.汽车构造(上册)[M].吉林科技出版社,2001.
[7]清华大学工程系《汽车构造》编写组.汽车构造[M].人民出版社,2000.
[8]《汽车工程手册》编辑委员会.汽车工程手册—设计篇[M].人民交通出版社,2000.
[9]赵新海,程联军等.国内连杆模锻加工技术的现状及发展[J].锻压装备与制造技术,2006,(1):15~17.
[10] Q.Wang, F.He. A Review of developments in the forging of connecting rods in China[J], Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2004(151):192-195.
[11]谢云臣,赵英才等.发动机连杆工艺设备选型的可拓评价研究[J].汽车技术,2007,(4):37-40.
[12]寇淑清等.内燃机连杆制造最新技术与发展趋势[J].内燃机工程,2001,22(1):28-31.
[13]寇淑清,杨慎华,金明华.发动机连杆裂解加工技术及其应用[J].机械强度,2004,26(5):538~541.
[14]杨慎华,寇淑清,谷诤巍等.发动机连杆裂解加工新技术[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2000,32(3):129~131.
[15]寇淑清,杨慎华,邓春萍等.裂解工艺—发动机连杆制造最新技术[J].中国机械工程,2001,12(7):839~842.
[16]谷诤巍.发动机连杆裂解加工工艺[J].新技术新工艺,2003,(7):14~15.
[17]寇淑清,杨慎华,金文明.连杆裂解加工新技术与装备[J].机械工人,2002,(11):5～7.
[18]杨志刚,寇淑清,张先国,刘赞丰.斜切口连杆裂解工艺开发及应用[J].车用发动机,2007,(5):73-77.
[19]杨志刚,李德满,李宏勇.连杆结合面凹凸槽的拉削加工[J].汽车工艺与材料,2004(2):42-43.
[20]寇淑清,王彦菊,杨晨光等.连杆准静态裂解数值模拟关键技术与起裂分析[J].内燃机工程,2008,29(1):56～60.
[21]范天佑.应用断裂动力学基础[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1992.
[22]郑修麟.金属材料切口强度的近似计算[J].航空材料(专刊),1983,3.
[23] Zheng X L. On an unified model for predicting notch strength and fracture toughness[J]. Eng.Fract.Mech.,1989,33(5),685~695.
[24]寇淑清,杨慎华,赵勇等.发动机连杆裂解加工及其关键技术[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2004,34(1):85-90.
[25]虞至正.发动机连杆分离面的裂解加工技术[J].内燃机技术,1996,(1):41-45.
[26] Gu.Z.,Yang.S.,Kou.S.,et al.Fracture splitting technology of automobile engine connecting rod[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2005,25:883~887.
[27] S.Fukuda,H.Eto. Development of Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod[J], JSAE Review, 2002,23(1):101-104.
[28]顾永生.现代汽车发动机制造工艺的发展动向[J].柴油机设计与制造,2000,(3):33-39.
[29]刘文忠.ALFING激光裂解设备的应用.汽车工艺与材料,2005,(11):11-13.
[30]曹正,史万富,王敢利等.高碳微合金非调质钢连杆研究[J].汽车工艺与材料,2000(12):24-27.
[31]隋福楼,于淑敏,鞠育平等.连杆毛坯锻件的金相组织及力学性能[J].金属热处理,2001,(2):23～24.
[32] Joe Capou. Crunch time at SAE leaves the C-70 con rod bent and very battered. Metal Power Report[J],2005(6):14-13.
[33]包雪鹏,刘善德,吴勇等.C70S6裂解连杆性能分析[J].轻型汽车技术,2008(3)总223:25~29.
[34]包雪鹏等.发动机球墨铸铁连杆疲劳性能研究.汽车技术[J],2000(3):28-30.
[35]赵少汴等.抗疲劳设计—方法与数据.[M]北京:机械工业出版社,1997.
[36] Hyounsou Park, et al. Development of Fracture Split Steel Connecting Rods[J]. SAE Paper, 2003-01-1309.
[37] Daniel Robat Ascometal,Marc Robelet Ascometal Creas.Steels for connecting rod forgings with optimum splittablity[C].北京:第十六届国际锻造会议文件,1999.
[38]王章忠.粉末冶金热锻连杆[J].机械制造,2001,39(437):33-34.
[39]韩凤麟.用常规冶金工艺制造汽车连杆[J].粉末冶金技术,1996,14(3):214-224.
[40]李绍忠.连杆常用制造工艺及技术经济性分析[J].汽车工艺与材料,2000,(4):10-13.
[41] Shigeru, Kazuo Toyama, Noboru Konda. Development of as-sintered P/M connecting rods for automobiles[J].International Journal of Powder Metallurgy (Princeton, New Jersey),1988,(24):243-250.
[42] Berthold Repgen. Optimized connecting rods to enable higher engine performance and cost reduction.SAE Technical paper series 9800882 International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michingan February 23-26,1998:1-5.
[43] R.A.Chernenkoff,D.W.Hall,S.Mocarski,M.Gagne. Material character-rization of powder-forged copper steels. SAE paper 910155,SAE Conference, Detroit,1991:87-104.
[44] Gottfried Hoffmann.Fracture Splitting of powder Forged Connecting Rod[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,2002-01-0609
[45] Edmond llia. Benchmarking the Industry : Power forging makes a better connecting rod[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,2005-01-0713.
[46]赵立新,刘志民,赵树国.C70S6连杆材料的研究[J].车用发动机,2005(4):47-50.
[47]罗晴岚.连杆锻造工艺技术的进步[J].锻压机械,2000,(4):1-3.
[48] M.Cristinacce、D.J.Milbourn and D.E.James. The Future Competitiveness of AutomotiveForgings[C], British: the ImechE International Conference on Forging and Related Technologies1998.
[49] Hyounson Park. Development of fracture split steel connecting rod[J],SAE Paper,2003-01-1309.
[50] Cristinavve M. Automotive Supply Chains and the Engineering Steel Supplier[C]. In:CBM, Proceedings of the‘Globalisation-A Metal forming Industry Response’conference, Birmingham,2000,1-13.
[51] (日)四方英雄,酒井纯,石岛善三.烧结铝合金连杆的开发[J].国外内燃机,2002,(3):57-61.
[52] Shinichiro Kato, Yuuichi Yamada. Development of microalloyed steel for fracture split connecting rod.//SAE Technical Paper Series,No.2007-01-1004.Detriot:Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.2007
[53] Walter A.Parts, James R.Parks, Milwaukee. Method of manufacturing connecting rods[P]. United States Patent: 2,553,935,1951-5-22.
[54] Sintertech, Courbevoie. Process for producing connecting sintered articles[P]. United State Patent:5,460,776,1995-11-24.
[55] Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. Method for producing connecting rod of reciprocating motion system[P]. United State Patent:4,802,269,1989-02-07.
[56] Connecting rods are cracked to perfection[M]. Machine Design, 1988(3).
[57] Ford Motor Company. Low-cost method of making cracked connecting rods comprised of forged wrought steel[P]. United State Patent:5,105,538,1992-4-12.
[58] Power-Metal.forging:Connecting rods that crack by deaign.Mechani-cal Engineering[M],February 1991.
[59] Manfred Weber. Cost effective finishing of power forged connecting rods with the fracture-splitting-method. SAE paper 910157,SAE Conference,Detroit,1991:1-7.
[60] Ford Motor Company.Machinable,storng,but crackable low ductility stell forging[P]. Uinited State Patent:5,135,587,1992-8-4.
[61]三通机械工具有限公司.用于连杆裂解设备的双夹紧装置[P].CN 1198374A.
[62] I.Nakaoka,H.Kawarabayashi. Breaking Device of Connecting Rod and Manufacturing Method of Broken Connecting Rod.JPO,JP2005007561,2005-01-13.
[63] H.Ikeda,T.Murakami,H.Kodama,Y,Matsue,T.Shinohara. Method of Manufacturing Connecting Rod. USPTO,US5974663,1999-11-02.
[64] M.Haehnel, H.Wisniewski. Apparatus for Crack Splitting an Annular Part.CIPO,CA2298698,1999-02-11.
[65] T.Futshki. Method for Manufacturing Fracture-Divided Connecting Rod.JPO,JP2005007561,2005-01-13.
[66] M.Haehnel,K.Kessler,H.Wisniewski.Device for Separating the Rod and Cap of a Connecting Rod by Breaking.US6457621,2002-10-01.
[67] L.Becker.Connecting Rod Cracker. USPTO,US5320265,1994-03-14.
[68] J.Wiesemann,H.Laupp,L.Naucke.Method and Apparatus for Fracture, Separation of ConstructionMembers, Especially of Metal.EPO,EP0467198,1992-01-22.
[69]杨慎华,寇淑清,郑祺峰等.发动机连杆裂解制造工艺及设备[J].汽车技术,2005,(2):29～32.
[70]周昌林.粉末锻造连杆裂断技术的特点[J].汽车工艺与材料,1996,(11):44.
[71] Kanninen M F, Popelar C H. Advanced Fracture Mechanics[M],Oxford: Oxford University Pr.1985.
[72] Sih G C,ed. Mechanics of Fracture[M].vpl.1.Leyden:Noordhoff.1973.
[73] Sneddon I N,Lowengrub M. Crack Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity[M]. New York:Wiley.1969.
[74]范天佑,断裂动力学进展[J],力学进展,1986(2):1-13..
[75] F.M.Burdekin:Conf.on Pract.Appl.of Fract[M].Mech. to pressure Tech., 1971.
[76]李灏,陈树坚编著.断裂理论基础[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1983.
[77]王铎主编.断裂力学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[78]范天佑编著.断裂力学基础[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1978.
[79]杨广里等编著.断裂力学及应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[80] Griffth A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society[J],1921,(A221):163~197.
[81] Irwin G R. Plastic zone near a crack and fracture toughness[J]. Sagamore Research 1960,(4):63~73.
[82] Irwin G R. Onset of fast crack propagation in high strength steel and aluminum alloys[C]. Sagamore Research Conference Proceedings,1956,(2):289~305.
[83] Irwin G R. Analysis of stresses and strains near the end of a crack transversing a plate[J]. Journal of Applied Mechnics,1957,(24):361~364.
[84] Sneddon I N.Application of Integral Transforms in the Theory of Elasticity[J]. International Centre for Mecbanical Sciences. Printed in Italy.1975.
[85] Sih G C.Interface Cracks in bimaterial Systems.In Sih G C.ed[M]. Mechanics of Fracture.Vol.3.Leyden:Noordhoff.1979.
[86] Orowan E.Fracture and strength of solids[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics,1948,(12):185~232.
[87] Dugdale D S. Yielding in steel sheets containing slits[J].Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1960,(8):100~108.
[88] Muskhelishvili N I. Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity[M].Leyden:Noordhoff.1975.
[89] Wells A A. Application of fracture mechanics at and beyond general yielding[J]. British Welding Journal,1963,(10):563~570.
[90] Cottrell A H. Mechanism of Fracture[M]. In Tewksbury Symposium on Fracture, University of Melbourne,1963,1~27.
[91] Rice J R. A path in dependent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968,(35):379~383.
[92] Hutchinson J W. Singular behavior at the end of a tensile crack tip in a hardening material[J].Members, Especially of Metal.EPO,EP0467198,1992-01-22.
[69]杨慎华,寇淑清,郑祺峰等.发动机连杆裂解制造工艺及设备[J].汽车技术,2005,(2):29～32.
[70]周昌林.粉末锻造连杆裂断技术的特点[J].汽车工艺与材料,1996,(11):44.
[71] Kanninen M F, Popelar C H. Advanced Fracture Mechanics[M],Oxford: Oxford University Pr.1985.
[72] Sih G C,ed. Mechanics of Fracture[M].vpl.1.Leyden:Noordhoff.1973.
[73] Sneddon I N,Lowengrub M. Crack Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity[M]. New York:Wiley.1969.
[74]范天佑,断裂动力学进展[J],力学进展,1986(2):1-13..
[75] F.M.Burdekin:Conf.on Pract.Appl.of Fract[M].Mech. to pressure Tech., 1971.
[76]李灏,陈树坚编著.断裂理论基础[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1983.
[77]王铎主编.断裂力学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[78]范天佑编著.断裂力学基础[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1978.
[79]杨广里等编著.断裂力学及应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[80] Griffth A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society[J],1921,(A221):163~197.
[81] Irwin G R. Plastic zone near a crack and fracture toughness[J]. Sagamore Research 1960,(4):63~73.
[82] Irwin G R. Onset of fast crack propagation in high strength steel and aluminum alloys[C]. Sagamore Research Conference Proceedings,1956,(2):289~305.
[83] Irwin G R. Analysis of stresses and strains near the end of a crack transversing a plate[J]. Journal of Applied Mechnics,1957,(24):361~364.
[84] Sneddon I N.Application of Integral Transforms in the Theory of Elasticity[J]. International Centre for Mecbanical Sciences. Printed in Italy.1975.
[85] Sih G C.Interface Cracks in bimaterial Systems.In Sih G C.ed[M]. Mechanics of Fracture.Vol.3.Leyden:Noordhoff.1979.
[86] Orowan E.Fracture and strength of solids[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics,1948,(12):185~232.
[87] Dugdale D S. Yielding in steel sheets containing slits[J].Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1960,(8):100~108.
[88] Muskhelishvili N I. Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity[M].Leyden:Noordhoff.1975.
[89] Wells A A. Application of fracture mechanics at and beyond general yielding[J]. British Welding Journal,1963,(10):563~570.
[90] Cottrell A H. Mechanism of Fracture[M]. In Tewksbury Symposium on Fracture, University of Melbourne,1963,1~27.
[91] Rice J R. A path in dependent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968,(35):379~383.
[92] Hutchinson J W. Singular behavior at the end of a tensile crack tip in a hardening material[J].
[120] Klepaczko J.R. Int.J.Impact Engng, 1985(3):191~210.
[121]赵亚浦.裂纹动态起始问题的研究进展[J].力学进展,1996(3):362～373.
[122]刘再华,解德,王元汉,李连常.工程断裂力学[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1996年11月第一版:2-7.
[123]史巨元.钢的动态断裂力学性能及应用[M].冶金工业出版社,1993:18-19,53-57.
[124] A.S.Kabayashi,Seo K K.,Jou J Y., et al. A Dynamic Analysis of Modified Compact-Tension Specimen Using Homolite-100 and Polycarbonate plates[M]. Experimental Mechnics.1980,20:73-79.
[125] W.Bohme and J.F.Kalthoff. The Behavior of Notched Bend Specimen in Impact Testing[J].International Journal of Fracture.1982,20(1):139-143.
[126] J.F.Kalthoff. On The Measurement of Dynamic Fracture Toughness-a Review of Recent Work[J]. Int.J.of Fract.1985,27:277-298.
[127] W.L.Server,J. of Testing and Evaluation.1978,6,29-34.
[128] Kolsky H. An investigation of the mechanical properties of material at very high rates of loading[C]. Proc Phys Soc,1949:676~700.
[129]张晓欣,刘瑞堂.某船用钢动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验测试[J].实验力学,Vol.17,No.2,2002(6):153~159.
[130]刘瑞堂,姜风春,张晓欣等.用于材料动态力学性能研究的试验装置[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,1999,20(1):13~18.
[131]邹广平.金属材料动态断裂韧性的表征与测试[D],哈尔滨工程大学,2005.
[132] Rice, J.R. and Rosengren, G.F.. Plane Strain Deformation Near a Crack Tip in a Power-Law Hardening Material[M],JMPS16,1~12,1968.
[133] Kuang Zheng-Bang. The Stress Field Near the Blunt Crack Tip and the Fracture Criterion[M], Eng. Fract. Mech., 16, 19~33,1982.
[134] Owen D.R.J. Engineering fracture mechanics numerical methods and Applications[M]. Pineridge Press,1984.
[135] Henshell R D,Shaw K G. Crack tip finite elements are unnecessary[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1975,(9):495~507.
[136] Barsoum R S. On the use of isoperimetric finite elements in linear fracture mechanics[J].International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,1976,(10):25~37.
[137] Koers R.Use of modified standard 20-node isoperimetric brick elements or representing stress field at a crack tip for elastic and perfectly plastic material[J]. International Journal of Fracture,1989,(40):79~110.
[138] Henshell R D and Shaw K G, Crack tip finite elements are unnecessary[J], Int, J. Num. Mech. Eng. , 1975(9):195~507.
[139] Barsoum R S. Triangular quarter-point elements elastic and perfectly-plastic crack tip elements[J], Int. J. Num. Eng., 1977,11, 85~98.
[140]陈火红、于军泉、席源山. MSC.Marc/ Mentat 2003基础与应用实例[M].北京:科学出版社(第1版),2004
[141]陈火红.Marc有限元实例分析教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[142]倪尔有.裂纹尖端的塑性区分析[J].鞍山钢铁学院学报1994,17(2):41-44.
[143]杨道明,朱勋,李紫桐.金属力学性能与失效分析[M].冶金工业出版社(第1版),1991.
[144]吴承建.金属材料学[M].冶金工业出版社(第1版),2000.
[145] Chen Zhi-da. Energy principle of three-dimensional J integral[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.No5, Vol.5, Sep., 1984.
[146]苏月.三维裂纹J积分数值求解方法的研究.[D]中国石油大学硕士学位论文,2007
[147] [日]宫本博著.弹塑性断裂力学[M].杨秉宪等译.太原:山西人民出版社,1983:225-241.S.N.
[148] Atluri.Path-independent integrals in finite elasticity and inelasticity, with body forces, inertia, and arbrtrary crack-face conditions[M].Eng.Fract.Mech,1982:16(3):341-365.
[149] W.S.Blackburn. Path independent integrals to predict onset of crack instability in an elastic plastic material[J]. Int Journal of Fracture Mechnics, 1972:8:345-346.
[150] [日]宫本博、菊池正纪等.日本机械学会论文集(A编)[M].第50卷456号(1984),1525-1530.
[151] [日]岸本喜久雄、青木繁、坂田胜.日本机械学会论文集(A编)[C].第46卷410号(1980):539-575.
[152] Hans C.Strifors. A generalized force measure of conditions at crack tips[J]. Int.Journal Solids Structures, 1974:10:1389-1405.
[153] D.M.Parks. A stiffness derivative finite element technique for determination of crack tip stress intensity factors[J]. Int.J.of Fract, 1974,10(4):487-502.
[154] T.K.Hellen. On the method of virtual crack extensions[J],Int.J.Num. Method.Eng,1975,9:187-207.
[155] H.G.Delorenzi. Energy Release Rate Calculations Bay The Finite Element Method[M],Eng.Fracture Mechanics Volume21,NO.1(1985):129-143.
[156] Pardoen T, Marchal Y, Delannay F. Thickness dependence of cracking resistance in thin aluminium plates[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1999,47(10):2093～2123)
[157] Folias E S. Failure correlation between cylindrical pressurized vessels and flat plates[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1999,76(11):803～811
[158] Nageswara Rao B, Acharya A R. Failure assessment on M300 grade maraging steel cylindrical pressure vessels with an internal surface crack[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1998,75(7):537～543.
[159]萧纪美.金属的韧性与韧化[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1980.
[160]黎振慈.工程断裂力学基础[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1990.
[161]褚武扬,等.断裂与环境断裂[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[162] Kumar R, et al. Accurate Evaluation of Strain-energy Release Rate in Unidirectional FRP Compact-tension Specimen Toughness[M].Eng Fract Mech, 1997,58(3):163
[163] Lai M O, Ferfuson W G.. Effect of Speciman Thickness on Fracture Toughness[M]. Eng Fract Mech, 1986, 23(4):649.
[164]匡震邦,马法尚.裂纹端部场[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002.
[165]杨新岐,秦红珊,霍立兴等.非匹配焊接接头中裂纹尖端三维约束状态分析[J].机械强度,2001,23(3): 336～340.
[166]闫洪,周天瑞.塑性成形原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[167]赵世琴,颜炳祥.涨断连杆爆口原因分析[J].上海汽车,2003,9