轴流泵内流场的数值模拟与PIV实验研究
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摘要
轴流泵作为叶轮机械的一种,具有低扬程、大流量的特点,在国民经济各部门中占有非常重要的地位,随着国民经济和国防事业的迅速发展,对轴流泵的性能要求越来越高;然而轴流泵叶轮内流场十分复杂,各种三维复杂流动对轴流泵的工作效率和运行稳定性有很大影响。因此,对轴流泵内流场进行深入研究,进一步探索其内部的流动机理,丰富对内流场复杂流动现象的认识,为掌握轴流泵水动力性能及优化,积累关键的实验数据和提供重要的理论依据,对改善轴流泵叶轮乃至泵装置的性能提供有效的方法。
实验测量和数值模拟是研究叶轮机械内部流场的基本方法。随着科学技术的发展,各类先进的测量技术的不断出现,如粒子图像测速仪,为实验研究提供了新的测量工具;同时计算机性能的飞速提高和计算流体力学技术的日趋完善,基于求解三维粘性Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟方法为叶轮机械内部流场的研究提供了强大的手段。本文通过实验测量和数值模拟相结合的方法来研究轴流泵叶轮内流场区域的流动。
本文的主要工作如下:
1根据国家标准《水泵模型验收试验规程》SL140-97中的方法进行轴流泵性能实验,获得轴流泵的性能曲线,数据上和预期设计相符合。
2将粒子图像测速仪PIV系统应用于轴流泵旋转叶轮内部流场的测量,通过实践解决了激光测量旋转叶轮流场中存在的一些关键和特殊问题,如测量标定,测量位置相对于旋转叶轮的周向定位,示踪粒子的选择和添加等。PIV实验成功获得叶轮进口、出口以及不同叶高区域的二维速度场,观察得到了叶片尾缘边的分离流动和叶根位置的回流和漩涡的结构。分析了PIV实验的光学误差。
3基于Navier-Stokes方程组和标准k-ε模型,采用SIMPLEC算法对轴流泵叶轮内流场进行数值模拟。计算得到泵的性能曲线与性能实验的结果比较吻合;将计算得到进口、出口以及不同叶高区域的二维速度场和PIV测量结果进行了比较,两者能较好的符合,证明了数值计算的有效性和准确性,并分析了叶轮90%叶高和出口在不同流量工况下的流动结构及造成效率降低的原因。
4分析了轴流泵叶轮内流场的压力和速度的分布规律。由压力系数在不同叶高沿叶片表面的分布,得到叶型的做功能力是沿径向增加的。分析了通道涡的在流道中的形成和发展,认为压力面和吸力面的压力差是通道二次流动的主要动力。分析了在50%叶顶弦长处间隙的轴面位置的间隙流动结构,得到间隙的流动有一个分离向上然后再附着的趋势。分析了不同流量工况下汽泡相体积分数的分布,认为随着流量增大,汽蚀现象加剧,在进口和出口附近的低压区容易出现汽化;而在叶顶间隙区域,叶顶间隙流动产生的低压区也导致汽蚀现象。
Axial flow pump, a kind of turbomachine, is widely used in different aspects, and axial flow pump with high performance is needed for the development of civil economy and national defence. However, the flow field of axial flow pump is complex and various three-dimensional flows have a large impact on working performance and stability of axial flow pump. Therefore, the research and cognition on the flow field’s principle of axial flow pump will benefit for understanding hydro-dynamic of axial flow pump, accumulating key experimental data, offering theory and improving design and performance of axial flow pump and pump system.
Experimental measurement and numerical simulation are both basic ways for research on the flow field of turbomachine. With the development of science and technology, Laser velocimeters, such as particle image velocimeter, provide the powerful tools to measure the flow fields; and also the CFD codes provide the useful methods to simulate the flow field of turbomachine. In this thesis, the flow field of axial flow pump is investigated by both experimental measurement and numerical simulation.
Main contents of this thesis are described as the following:
1 Performance test is conducted according the national standard SL140-97, and the performance curves are obtained. The experimental data are coincident with expectant design.
2 PIV system is used for the flow field of rotational impeller in axial flow pump, and some practical problems in laser measurement are solved, such as demarcation in measurement, locating the measurement circumference position relative to the rotor, selecting the seeding particles and transmitting as well as receiving the laser light, et al.. Two dimensional flow field in the inlet, outlet and different blade span are obtained, and the separate flow near trailing edge of blade and the flow structure of backflow and vortex are investigated. And optical errors in PIV experiment are analyzed.
3 Based on the Navier-Stokes equation set, the standard k-εturbulence model and with the use of SIMPLEC method, the numerical simulation of the flow field in axial flow pump is conducted. The pump performance curves resulted from numerical simulation is verified with the experimental results; and furthermore, the computational distribution of relative velocity and streamline in inlet, the discharge region and different blade span is compared with the results measured by PIV in the same positions, and they are in a good agreement, which indicated the validity and correctness of the numerical simulation.
4 The distribution of pressure and velocity in the flow field of axial flow pump is analyzed. The work of blade increases along radial direction according to the distribution of pressure coefficient. The generation and development of passage vortex are predicted, and the difference between pressure surface and suction surface is the main cause to passage secondary flow. The structure of blade tip flow in 50% chord is analyzed. The distribution of water vapour volume fraction in different flow rate is investigated.
实验测量和数值模拟是研究叶轮机械内部流场的基本方法。随着科学技术的发展,各类先进的测量技术的不断出现,如粒子图像测速仪,为实验研究提供了新的测量工具;同时计算机性能的飞速提高和计算流体力学技术的日趋完善,基于求解三维粘性Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟方法为叶轮机械内部流场的研究提供了强大的手段。本文通过实验测量和数值模拟相结合的方法来研究轴流泵叶轮内流场区域的流动。
本文的主要工作如下:
1根据国家标准《水泵模型验收试验规程》SL140-97中的方法进行轴流泵性能实验,获得轴流泵的性能曲线,数据上和预期设计相符合。
2将粒子图像测速仪PIV系统应用于轴流泵旋转叶轮内部流场的测量,通过实践解决了激光测量旋转叶轮流场中存在的一些关键和特殊问题,如测量标定,测量位置相对于旋转叶轮的周向定位,示踪粒子的选择和添加等。PIV实验成功获得叶轮进口、出口以及不同叶高区域的二维速度场,观察得到了叶片尾缘边的分离流动和叶根位置的回流和漩涡的结构。分析了PIV实验的光学误差。
3基于Navier-Stokes方程组和标准k-ε模型,采用SIMPLEC算法对轴流泵叶轮内流场进行数值模拟。计算得到泵的性能曲线与性能实验的结果比较吻合;将计算得到进口、出口以及不同叶高区域的二维速度场和PIV测量结果进行了比较,两者能较好的符合,证明了数值计算的有效性和准确性,并分析了叶轮90%叶高和出口在不同流量工况下的流动结构及造成效率降低的原因。
4分析了轴流泵叶轮内流场的压力和速度的分布规律。由压力系数在不同叶高沿叶片表面的分布,得到叶型的做功能力是沿径向增加的。分析了通道涡的在流道中的形成和发展,认为压力面和吸力面的压力差是通道二次流动的主要动力。分析了在50%叶顶弦长处间隙的轴面位置的间隙流动结构,得到间隙的流动有一个分离向上然后再附着的趋势。分析了不同流量工况下汽泡相体积分数的分布,认为随着流量增大,汽蚀现象加剧,在进口和出口附近的低压区容易出现汽化;而在叶顶间隙区域,叶顶间隙流动产生的低压区也导致汽蚀现象。
Axial flow pump, a kind of turbomachine, is widely used in different aspects, and axial flow pump with high performance is needed for the development of civil economy and national defence. However, the flow field of axial flow pump is complex and various three-dimensional flows have a large impact on working performance and stability of axial flow pump. Therefore, the research and cognition on the flow field’s principle of axial flow pump will benefit for understanding hydro-dynamic of axial flow pump, accumulating key experimental data, offering theory and improving design and performance of axial flow pump and pump system.
Experimental measurement and numerical simulation are both basic ways for research on the flow field of turbomachine. With the development of science and technology, Laser velocimeters, such as particle image velocimeter, provide the powerful tools to measure the flow fields; and also the CFD codes provide the useful methods to simulate the flow field of turbomachine. In this thesis, the flow field of axial flow pump is investigated by both experimental measurement and numerical simulation.
Main contents of this thesis are described as the following:
1 Performance test is conducted according the national standard SL140-97, and the performance curves are obtained. The experimental data are coincident with expectant design.
2 PIV system is used for the flow field of rotational impeller in axial flow pump, and some practical problems in laser measurement are solved, such as demarcation in measurement, locating the measurement circumference position relative to the rotor, selecting the seeding particles and transmitting as well as receiving the laser light, et al.. Two dimensional flow field in the inlet, outlet and different blade span are obtained, and the separate flow near trailing edge of blade and the flow structure of backflow and vortex are investigated. And optical errors in PIV experiment are analyzed.
3 Based on the Navier-Stokes equation set, the standard k-εturbulence model and with the use of SIMPLEC method, the numerical simulation of the flow field in axial flow pump is conducted. The pump performance curves resulted from numerical simulation is verified with the experimental results; and furthermore, the computational distribution of relative velocity and streamline in inlet, the discharge region and different blade span is compared with the results measured by PIV in the same positions, and they are in a good agreement, which indicated the validity and correctness of the numerical simulation.
4 The distribution of pressure and velocity in the flow field of axial flow pump is analyzed. The work of blade increases along radial direction according to the distribution of pressure coefficient. The generation and development of passage vortex are predicted, and the difference between pressure surface and suction surface is the main cause to passage secondary flow. The structure of blade tip flow in 50% chord is analyzed. The distribution of water vapour volume fraction in different flow rate is investigated.
引文
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87 王仲奇,冯国泰,王松涛等. 透平叶片中的二次流旋涡结构的研究. 工程热物理学报,2002,23(5):553-556.
88 贾希诚,王正明. 叶轮机械中间隙流与通道二次流相互作用的数值研究. 航空动力学报,2002,17(4):399-403.
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90 贾希诚,王正明,王嘉炜. 叶轮机械中的泄漏流与泄漏涡. 工程热物理学报,2003,24(5):753-756.
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96 竺晓程,杜朝辉. 带叶顶间隙轴流转子三维流动的数值模拟. 上海交通大学学报,2003,37(9):1480-1483.
97 杨策,马朝臣,王延生等. 透平机械叶尖间隙流场研究的进展. 力学进展,2001,31(1):70-83.
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99 梁开洪,张克危,许 丽. 轴流泵叶顶间隙流动的计算流体动力分析. 华中科技大学学报,2004,32(9):36-38.