基于RED算法改进策略的网络服务质量研究
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摘要
随着互联网规模的不断发展，人们对网络服务质量(QoS)的需求越来越高，当今高速网络中的多媒体应用不但对网络有很高的带宽要求，而且要求信息传输的低延迟和低抖动等，需要提供端到端的QoS控制和保证。而网络拥塞是影响网络服务质量的重要因素，实施拥塞控制也是其它QoS机制正常工作的必要前提。因此，拥塞控制机制及网络服务质量是当前的研究热点。
主动式队列管理机制AQM是IETF推荐的基于路由器拥塞控制的关键技术，它和TCP端到端的拥塞控制相结合，是解决目前Internet拥塞控制问题的一个主要途径。AQM通过评估网络状态、预测拥塞的出现，对分组进行有目的的丢弃，从而可以使发送端更及时地了解到网络状况并调整发送速率。但是现有算法在响应速度、稳定性及环境敏感性等方面仍有缺陷。对此，本文在对当前较流行的RED算法进行详细分析的基础上，总结出已有算法的优势和不足，提出了一种新的主动队列管理算法NMRED算法。
NMRED算法分别对原有RED算法的分组丢弃概率Pb的计算方法和参数maxp进行了改进。其一：利用模糊理论中的升半哥西分布的隶属函数代替原来的线性增加分组丢弃概率的函数。原RED算法根据平均队列长度线性地调整数据包的分组丢弃概率，而当平均队列长度超过最大阈值Qmax时是不连续的，直接由maxp变为1，这种跳变将加剧缓冲队列的抖动。改进RED的分组丢弃概率计算采用升半哥西分布函数，以平均队列长度为样本来获得，将控制范围扩展为最小阈值到最大缓冲之间，实现了分组丢弃概率变化的平滑化。其二：NMRED算法通过计算出路由器队列单位时间间隔内的平均队列长度，让它分别与最大阈值和最小阈值的比较，得出差值，根据差值的大小动态地调整maxp的大小，从而及时调整向源端发送拥塞通知的速率，维持队列长度的稳定，避免不必要的传输延时和抖动。
在NS2网络仿真器上对算法进行了验证，一系列仿真实验表明，NMRED能够有效地适应网络流量的变化，保持队列长度的稳定，减少了队列溢出和空闲现象的发生，在保持队列长度稳定以及提高链路利用率方面明显优于RED算法。
With the unceasing development of Internet scale, people have an ever-growing demand for the quality of service of computer networks (QoS). And nowadays, in the high-speed network multimedia's application not only has the very high bandwidth requirement to the network, but also requires intelligence transmission low delay and the low vibration and so on, needs to provide the end_to_end control and guarantee of QoS. The network congestion is a great factor to affect the network quality of service , so the implementation congestion control is prerequisite for other QoS mechanism normal work .At present, congestion control mechanism of Internet and quality of service are the central issues of the current research.
The active queue management mechanism( AQM) is, which the IETF recommends, the essential technology based on the router congestion control, which combines with the TCP end-to-end congestion control , being a main method to solve the congestion control question of the present Internet .By evaluation the state of network and foretelling the appearance of the congestion, AQM can drop the packet purposefully so that the sending end can be informed of the state of network and then adjust it's sending rate. But the current algorithms aren't still perfect in terms of response's time, stability and sensitivity to the environment and so forth. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the existent algorithms are concluded based on analysing the current prevalent congestion control algorithms RED in detail, an improved algorithm NMRED of active queue management (AQM) is proposed.
As a result, NMRED algorithm has made the modifications of original RED algorithm in the computational method of probability of packet drop -Pb and the adapting of the parameter -maxp. First, based on the fuzzy math, instead of the probability function of drop, we use the membership function of ascend half-cauchy distribution. Original RED algorithm based on the average queue size of the buffer
主动式队列管理机制AQM是IETF推荐的基于路由器拥塞控制的关键技术，它和TCP端到端的拥塞控制相结合，是解决目前Internet拥塞控制问题的一个主要途径。AQM通过评估网络状态、预测拥塞的出现，对分组进行有目的的丢弃，从而可以使发送端更及时地了解到网络状况并调整发送速率。但是现有算法在响应速度、稳定性及环境敏感性等方面仍有缺陷。对此，本文在对当前较流行的RED算法进行详细分析的基础上，总结出已有算法的优势和不足，提出了一种新的主动队列管理算法NMRED算法。
NMRED算法分别对原有RED算法的分组丢弃概率Pb的计算方法和参数maxp进行了改进。其一：利用模糊理论中的升半哥西分布的隶属函数代替原来的线性增加分组丢弃概率的函数。原RED算法根据平均队列长度线性地调整数据包的分组丢弃概率，而当平均队列长度超过最大阈值Qmax时是不连续的，直接由maxp变为1，这种跳变将加剧缓冲队列的抖动。改进RED的分组丢弃概率计算采用升半哥西分布函数，以平均队列长度为样本来获得，将控制范围扩展为最小阈值到最大缓冲之间，实现了分组丢弃概率变化的平滑化。其二：NMRED算法通过计算出路由器队列单位时间间隔内的平均队列长度，让它分别与最大阈值和最小阈值的比较，得出差值，根据差值的大小动态地调整maxp的大小，从而及时调整向源端发送拥塞通知的速率，维持队列长度的稳定，避免不必要的传输延时和抖动。
在NS2网络仿真器上对算法进行了验证，一系列仿真实验表明，NMRED能够有效地适应网络流量的变化，保持队列长度的稳定，减少了队列溢出和空闲现象的发生，在保持队列长度稳定以及提高链路利用率方面明显优于RED算法。
With the unceasing development of Internet scale, people have an ever-growing demand for the quality of service of computer networks (QoS). And nowadays, in the high-speed network multimedia's application not only has the very high bandwidth requirement to the network, but also requires intelligence transmission low delay and the low vibration and so on, needs to provide the end_to_end control and guarantee of QoS. The network congestion is a great factor to affect the network quality of service , so the implementation congestion control is prerequisite for other QoS mechanism normal work .At present, congestion control mechanism of Internet and quality of service are the central issues of the current research.
The active queue management mechanism( AQM) is, which the IETF recommends, the essential technology based on the router congestion control, which combines with the TCP end-to-end congestion control , being a main method to solve the congestion control question of the present Internet .By evaluation the state of network and foretelling the appearance of the congestion, AQM can drop the packet purposefully so that the sending end can be informed of the state of network and then adjust it's sending rate. But the current algorithms aren't still perfect in terms of response's time, stability and sensitivity to the environment and so forth. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the existent algorithms are concluded based on analysing the current prevalent congestion control algorithms RED in detail, an improved algorithm NMRED of active queue management (AQM) is proposed.
As a result, NMRED algorithm has made the modifications of original RED algorithm in the computational method of probability of packet drop -Pb and the adapting of the parameter -maxp. First, based on the fuzzy math, instead of the probability function of drop, we use the membership function of ascend half-cauchy distribution. Original RED algorithm based on the average queue size of the buffer
引文
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[2] 章淼，吴建平，林闯．互联网端到端拥塞控制研究综述，软件学报，2002，13(3)：354-363
[3] Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels.. Congestion Avoidance and Control. ACM Computer Communication Review, 1988, 18(4): 314-329
[4] Jain, R. Congestion Control in computer networks: issues and trends. IEEE Network Magazine, 1990, 4(3): 24-30
[5] Shenker, S. Fundamental design issues for the future Internet. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1995, 13(7): 1176-1188
[6] Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., et al. Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet. RFC 2309, 1998
[7] Crawley E, Nair R, Rajagopalan B, Sandick H. A framework for QoS-based routing in the internet. IETF Internet RFC 2386, 1998
[8] Brakmo, L., Peterson L. TCP vegas: end-to-end congestion avoidance on a global Internet. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 1995, 13(8): 1465-1480
[9] Floyd S. The addition of explicit congestion notification(ECN)to IP. 1996, http://www.aciri.org/floyd/papers.html
[10] Nagle, J. On packet switches with infinite storage. IEEE Transactions On Communications, 1987, 35(4): 435-438
[11] Sally Floyd, Ramakrishna Gummadi, and Scott Shenker. Adaptive RED: An A lgorithm for Increasing the Robustness of RED's Active Queue Management. http//www.cs.berkeley.edu
[12] Hashem, E. Analysis of random drop for gateway congestion control. Report MIT/LCSFFR-465, Laboratory for Computer Science, 1989
[13] Anjum F, Tassiulas L. Balanced-RED: An algorithm to achieve fairness in Internet. In: IEEE INFOCOM'99. New York, USA, 1999
[14] Kunniyur S, Srikant R. A time-scale decomposition approach to adaptive ECN marking. In: Proceedings of the INFOCOMM 2001. Alaska: IEEE Computer Society, 2001
[15] Kunniyur S, Srikant R. Analysis and design of an adaptive queue(AVQ) algorithm for active queue management. In: ACM SIGCOMM 2001. San Diego, 2001
[16] Braden R, Clark D, Shenker S. Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: An Overview. IETF Internet RFC 1633, 1994
[17] Braden R, Zhang L, Berson S, et al. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional Specification. IETF Internet RFC 2205, 1997
[18] Blake S, Black D, Carlson M, et al. An Architecture for Differentiated Services. IETF Internet RFC 2475, 1998
[19] Bernet Y. A Framework for Differentiated Services. http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/99jul/I-D/draft-ietf-diffserv-framework-02.txt, 1998
[20] S Brim, B Carpenter and F Le Faucheur. Per hop behavior identification codes. IETF Internet RFC 2836, 2000
[21] Shenker S, Wroclawski J. Network element service specification template. IETF Internet RFC 2216, 1997
[22] Shenker S, Wroclawski J. General characterization parameters for integrated service network elements. IETF Internet RFC 2215, 1997
[23] 林闯，单志广，盛立杰，吴建平．Internet区分服务及其几个热点问题的研究．计算机学报，2000，23(4)：419-431
[24] Braden R, Clark D, Shenker S. Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: An Overview. IETF Internet RFC 1633, 1994
[25] J Heinanen, F Baker, W Weiss, J Wroclawski. Assured Forwarding PHB Group. IETF Internet RFC 2597, 1999
[26] 陈彦萍，李增智，宋承谦等．基于IntServ和DiffServ的端到端QoS研究[J]．微电子学与计算机，2003，11：24-26
[27] Shenker S, Partridge C, Guerin R. Specification of guaranteed quality of service. IETF RFC 2212, September 1997
[28] Wroclawski J. Specification of the controlled-load network element service. IETF RFC 2212, September 1997
[29] Grossman D. New technology for DiffServ. IETF Internet, October 1999.
[30] Sally Floyd. TCP and explicit congestion notification. ACM Computer Communications Review, 1994. 24 (5): 10-23
[31] Jacobson V, Nichols K and K Poduri. An Expedited Forwarding PHB. IETF Internet RFC 2598, 1999
[32] Nichols K, Blake S, Baker F, et al. Definition of the differentiated services field (DS field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 header. IETF Internet RFC 2474, 1998
[33] Ramakrishan K, Floyd S. A proposal to add explicit congestion notification(ECN) to IP. IETF Internet RFC 2481, January 1999
[34] Sally Floyd. TCP and explicit congestion notification. ACM Computer Communications Review, 1994. 24 (5): 10～23
[35] S Brim, B Carpenter and F Le Faucheur. Per hop behavior identification codes. IETF Internet RFC 2836, 2000
[36] 罗万明，林闯，阎保平．TCP／IP拥塞控制研究，计算机学报，Vol．24，No．1，1-18，2001
[37] 任丰原，林闯，刘卫东．IP网络中的拥塞控制[J]．计算机学报，2003，29(9)：1025-1034
[38] Panos Gevros, Jon Crowcraft, Peter Kirstein, and: Saleem Bhatti, Congestion Control mechanisms ant the best effort service model, IEEE Network, 16-26, May 2001
[39] S. Savage et al., TCP Congestion Control with a Misbehaving Receiver. ACM Comp. Commun. Rev. 1999, vol(29): 71-78
[40] S. Floyd, K. Fall, Promoting the use of end-to-end congestion control in the Internet, IEEE/ACM Transactions Networking 7 (4), 458-472, 1999
[41] Floyd, 5., Jacobson, V. On traffic phase effects in packet-switched gateways. Internetworking: Research and Experience, 1992, 3(3): 115-156
[42] Raj Jain, K. K. Ramakrishnam, Dah-Ming Chiu. Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks with a connectionless Network Layer. DEC-TR-506, 1998
[43] Larry 1. Peterson and Bmce S. Davie. Computer Networks: A System Approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2000
[44] M. Jaffe. Bottleneck Flow Control. IEEE Transactions on Communication, Vol. 29, no. 7, July 1981, pp: 954-62
[45] R. Jain, A. Durresi, G. Babic. Throughput Fairness Index: An Explanation, ATM Forum/99-0045
[46] E P. Kelly. Charging and Rate Control for Elastic Traffic. Euro. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 8, 33-37, 1997
[47] Floyd, S., Jacobson, V. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1993, 1(4): 397-413
[48] Floyd, S. A report on some recent developments in TCP congestion control. IEEE Communication. Magazine, April 2001
[49] Floyd S. Recommendation on using the "gentle_" variant of RED algorithm. http://www.aciri.org/floyd/red/gentle.html
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