摘要
番茄是一种重要蔬菜作物,在世界各地均有栽培,但在生产过程中,经常遭受低温
冷害,尤其是在保护地条件下,更容易造成落花落果、果实畸形、品质下降,因而降低
了经济效益,影响番茄生产,本试验选用了抗冷性不同的番茄品种,分别在种子萌发期、
苗期、开花结果期采用生理、生化、解剖、遗传等方法对低温条件下番茄种子萌发特性,
苗期各项理化指标,开花结果期的花粉形成、授粉及激素含量变化和各时期抗冷性的相
关关系进行了深入研究,以期获得低温下番茄耐冷特性及遗传和鉴定方法,并寻求生产
中存在问题的解决途径,为耐低温育种和低温条件下番茄生产提供理论依据。本试验得
出如下结论:
1.番茄种子萌发期抗冷性鉴定指标为15℃条件下萌发的发芽指数,低温萌发遗传符
合加性—显性—上位性模型,显性效应、上位性效应显著,h~2(B)=93.34%,h~2(N)=48.96%,
芽期耐低温育种应以优势育种为主,野生番茄具有较强的低温发芽潜力。
2.随着温度降低,番茄叶片POD活性里倒“V”字型变化,CAT活性呈“V”字型变
化,SOD活性亦是先增加后降低,饱和脂肪酸含量下降,不饱和脂肪含量升高,不饱和脂
肪酸指数上升,可溶性糖含量增加,可溶性蛋白质含量下降,叶绿素含量变化较小,脯
氨酸含量增加,丙二醛含量变化呈倒“V”字型,相对电导率升高。提高膜保护酶系活性,
增加能量低谢物质,有利于提高耐低温能力。
3.低温使开花期延迟,花粉生活力和座果率下降,花粉萌发速度减慢,花粉管伸长
迟缓,减数分裂期是花粉形成对低温最敏感时期,花粉生活力和座果率呈明显正相关。
4.低温增加了IAA含量,但降低了花器官与生长点的比值,细胞分裂素含量变化表
现与IAA相似,赤霉素含量变化复杂,ABA含量增加;单性结实品种其ABA、细胞分裂素
含量在低温下具有较高的花器官和生长点比值且大于1,赤霉素和生长素含量该比值也高
于其他品种。
5.苗期抗冷性与芽期相关显著,但与花期相关不显著,相对电导率可以做为快速、
准确的抗冷性鉴定指标。
6.低温锻炼温度应在10℃以上,单性结实品种利用有可能成为解决番茄低温冷害的
一条有效途径。
Tomato was an important vegetable crop, it was cultivated everywhere on the world, but chilling injury occurred in production frequently, especially in protected field. It caused flower drop, abscission of fruits, fruit abnormality, quality drop and so on. In the experiment, some cultivar which had different cold tolerance were selected, physiological, biochemical, anatomical and genetic methods were adopted, the seed germination characters, physio. and bioch. items of seedling, pollen formation, pollination, changes of plant hormone at flower stage and relationship between different stage under low temperature were studied. The main results are as follows:
?The appraised index at seed germination stage was germination index at 15 C. The inheritance of low temperature germination was in accordance with additive, dominance and epistatic model. The dominance and epistatic effects were predominance. h2(B)=93 .34%, h2(N)=48.96%, so the breeding to resistant cold at germination stage should adopted heterosis breeding primarily. The wild tomato types had a potential to germinate under low temperature.
?With the temperature decreasing, change of POD activity and MDA content showed inverse ?letter; activity of CAT showed ?letter, activity of SOD increased first and then decreased; SFA decreased, USFA increased and so IUFA increased; The soluble sugar content, pro-aa and relatively conductivity rate increased; The soluble protein content decreased.
?Low temperature postponed blooming date, decreased pollen viability and percentage of fertile fruit, slowed pollen germination and pollen elongation; Pollen viability was correlated with percentage of fertile fruit significantly. The meiosis was susceptible period to low temperature.
?Low temperature increased IAA content, but decreased the ratio of flower to apical point,
ZR was similar to IAA. The change of GA was complicate, ABA content increased;
Parthenocarpical cultivar had a higher ratio of flower to apical point which more than one at
ABA and ZR, the ratio was the highest among cultivars at GA and IAA.
?The cold tolerance at seedling stage was correlated with that at germination stage significantly, but not correlated with flowering stage. Relatively conductivity rate can be used as a rapid and accurate appraisal index for cold tolerance.
?Cold acclimation temperature should be above 10 C, To utilize parthenocarpical cultivar would be a solution for cold injury in tomato production.
Doctorate student: Wang Pu
Major: Genetics and breeding of crops
Tuter: Professor Li Jingfu
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