高静水压诱导水稻变异的光合生理特性的研究
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摘要
本文研究了高静水压对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及处理当代的生理特性的影响，比较了经高压处理诱导的几个突变株系和对照(未经高压处理的品种)在大田生长条件下光合作用、农艺性状和产量性状的差异。主要的研究结果如下：
1 高静水压处理的水稻种子发芽率和成苗率都显著下降，叶绿素合成受阻。成活的幼苗在播种后25d之前生长明显受到抑制，其叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力也明显低于其对照(未处理)，但大约35d左右幼苗生长赶上并超过对照，此时叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力也超过对照。
2 经高静水压处理的水稻当代，其生物量和经济产量都有不同程度的提高。生物量和经济产量提高的主要生理原因可能是：剑叶的光合色素如叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等含量较对照增加，光合速率和表观量子效率也有所增加，固定CO_2能力增强；叶片光合功能衰老延缓，即叶片PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光合放氧在衰老后期保持在较高水平，光合色素含量快速降解出现较迟。
3 通过对已经筛选到的突变株系粤压一号、突变1、突变2及其对照粤香占的比较研究，结果表明，突变株系的株高、有效穗数、收获指数等性状与对照相比都存在明显差异，空秕粒率降低，理论产量提高。孕穗-灌浆期的净光合速率和表观量子效率的急剧增加可能成为突变株系增产的主要原因。
4 高静水压处理后水稻所受光抑制减小，且在弱光下恢复较快，另外，也增强了水稻受热胁迫时的耐热性，提高了水稻对自然界冬季低温的抵抗能力。
5 通过我们近几年的处理、筛选水稻突变株的连续试验和实践表明，高静水压诱导产生变异的方法简单易行，可操作性强，能够作为一种获得高产优质水稻新品种的育种途径。
The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics were studied in this paper. The differences of photosynthesis, agronomic traits and yield traits between mutated strains induced by high hydrostatic pressure and the control (untreated) were compared. The results suggested that mutation induced by high hydrostatic pressure was possible to be a new method for breeding. The main results are as follows:
1. The germination and seedling rate of rice seeds treated by high hydrostatic pressure was decreased remarkably. Synthesis of chlorophyll was restrained. The growth of survival seedlings was inhibited during 25 days after sowing and their chlorophyll content, protein content and antioxidant ability were lower than the control but after sowing 35 days the seedling growth could excess that of the control and their chlorophyll content, protein content and antioxidant ability were higher than their control as well.
2. The total biomass and grain yield were increased to different extent in rice treated by high hydrostatic pressure. Photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) in flag leaves of treated rice plants were increased in comparison with the control. The content of photosynthetic pigments, PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic O2 evolution maintained higher value in flag leaves of treated plants than that of the control.
3. The agronomic traits and photosynthetic characteristics of three mutated strains, Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Yueya I , were compared with the control variety (Yuexiangzhan). The results indicated that some agronomic traits including plant height, effective panicles, harvest index, and empty and shrink grain rate changed obviously. As compared with the control, the theoretical grain yield of the mutated strains was increased. The higher grain yield in mutated strains was mainly due to increasing the net photosynthetic rate and apparent quantum yield considerably at the stage from booting to filling.
4. Photoinhibition at noon was decreased and could be recovered rapidly at evening in rice plant treated by high hydrostatic pressure. In addition, high hydrostatic pressure might improve the resistance to heat under heat stress and the resistance to low temperature (0 -5 ) in Winter.
5. The effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment was studied for several years and we have found this method is simple and easy to be operated, so it will be a possible new method serving breeding in the future.
1 高静水压处理的水稻种子发芽率和成苗率都显著下降，叶绿素合成受阻。成活的幼苗在播种后25d之前生长明显受到抑制，其叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力也明显低于其对照(未处理)，但大约35d左右幼苗生长赶上并超过对照，此时叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力也超过对照。
2 经高静水压处理的水稻当代，其生物量和经济产量都有不同程度的提高。生物量和经济产量提高的主要生理原因可能是：剑叶的光合色素如叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等含量较对照增加，光合速率和表观量子效率也有所增加，固定CO_2能力增强；叶片光合功能衰老延缓，即叶片PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光合放氧在衰老后期保持在较高水平，光合色素含量快速降解出现较迟。
3 通过对已经筛选到的突变株系粤压一号、突变1、突变2及其对照粤香占的比较研究，结果表明，突变株系的株高、有效穗数、收获指数等性状与对照相比都存在明显差异，空秕粒率降低，理论产量提高。孕穗-灌浆期的净光合速率和表观量子效率的急剧增加可能成为突变株系增产的主要原因。
4 高静水压处理后水稻所受光抑制减小，且在弱光下恢复较快，另外，也增强了水稻受热胁迫时的耐热性，提高了水稻对自然界冬季低温的抵抗能力。
5 通过我们近几年的处理、筛选水稻突变株的连续试验和实践表明，高静水压诱导产生变异的方法简单易行，可操作性强，能够作为一种获得高产优质水稻新品种的育种途径。
The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics were studied in this paper. The differences of photosynthesis, agronomic traits and yield traits between mutated strains induced by high hydrostatic pressure and the control (untreated) were compared. The results suggested that mutation induced by high hydrostatic pressure was possible to be a new method for breeding. The main results are as follows:
1. The germination and seedling rate of rice seeds treated by high hydrostatic pressure was decreased remarkably. Synthesis of chlorophyll was restrained. The growth of survival seedlings was inhibited during 25 days after sowing and their chlorophyll content, protein content and antioxidant ability were lower than the control but after sowing 35 days the seedling growth could excess that of the control and their chlorophyll content, protein content and antioxidant ability were higher than their control as well.
2. The total biomass and grain yield were increased to different extent in rice treated by high hydrostatic pressure. Photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) in flag leaves of treated rice plants were increased in comparison with the control. The content of photosynthetic pigments, PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic O2 evolution maintained higher value in flag leaves of treated plants than that of the control.
3. The agronomic traits and photosynthetic characteristics of three mutated strains, Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Yueya I , were compared with the control variety (Yuexiangzhan). The results indicated that some agronomic traits including plant height, effective panicles, harvest index, and empty and shrink grain rate changed obviously. As compared with the control, the theoretical grain yield of the mutated strains was increased. The higher grain yield in mutated strains was mainly due to increasing the net photosynthetic rate and apparent quantum yield considerably at the stage from booting to filling.
4. Photoinhibition at noon was decreased and could be recovered rapidly at evening in rice plant treated by high hydrostatic pressure. In addition, high hydrostatic pressure might improve the resistance to heat under heat stress and the resistance to low temperature (0 -5 ) in Winter.
5. The effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment was studied for several years and we have found this method is simple and easy to be operated, so it will be a possible new method serving breeding in the future.
引文
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