基于超声导波的金属杆围堰系统质量检测技术研究
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摘要
目前围堰金属缓冲杆质量的检测方法主要是拉拔法和取岩芯法,但是这两种方法都属于有损检测,已不能满足工程实践的要求。本文通过分析超声导波在围堰体系中的传播特性,运用理论计算、有限元模拟仿真以及试验相结合的方法,研究了基于超声导波检测技术的金属杆围堰系统的粘结质量。
文中阐述了导波的形成原因、导波的相速度、群速度、频散曲线和截止频率；论述了导波的频散性和多模态特性,提出了选用模态单一的且频散性较弱的超声导波对结构进行无损检测为最佳的观点。
文中推导出自由金属杆和围堰金属杆的理论模型,给出了顶端自由和底端自由、固定三种不同边界条件下的动态响应方程,并进行了有限元仿真,表明理论模型很好地解释了超声导波在金属杆和围堰金属杆中的传播机理和规律。
在超声导波理论的基础上,分析了影响围堰金属杆检测的因素及围堰金属杆粘结质量的影响因素。对不同粘结面积的围堰金属杆进行了高低频仿真,低频部分存在频率75KHz时可清晰识别出固定端上界面反射波从而计算出有效粘结长度；高频部分存在频率2MHz时可清晰识别出底端反射波从而计算出全长衰减系数,根据该系数可以量化围堰金属杆的粘结质量。
基于金属杆的内阻尼使材料具有蠕变和松弛行为的现象,分析了自由金属杆内阻尼与超声导波振幅衰减之间的关系,内阻尼越大振幅衰减越大；分析了围堰金属杆粘结段内阻尼大小与围堰金属杆粘结的好坏程度,内阻尼越大粘结越好且超声导波振幅衰减越大。得出了在低频范围内,内阻尼是导致超声导波在围堰金属杆中传播时能量衰减的主要原因。
分析了以水泥砂浆为粘结介质的围堰金属杆中,特定频率的L(0,1)和L(0,2)导波在杆截面的轴向、径向位移,轴向能量流分布情况以及衰减情况；分析了以树脂为粘结介质的围堰金属杆中,特定频率的L(0,1)导波在杆截面的轴向、径向位移,轴向能量流分布情况以及衰减情况。得出了特定频率的导波对围堰金属杆的表面缺陷和内部缺陷是敏感的。
分析了超声导波在围堰交界面处的传播机理,分析了超声导波波速减小与时域响应波形曲线增宽的原因,提出了围堰交界面处主要由界面波与Love波耦合而成的耦合波群(低频脉冲)传播的思想。
根据同一频率超声导波在自由金属杆与围堰金属杆中传播时的衰减幅度差,定性地分析了围堰金属杆的粘结质量；提出了利用固段上界面反射回波与激励波的时间差变化确定以树脂为粘结介质的围堰金属杆作用载荷的方法；提出了通过测试围堰金属杆底端反射回波和固段上界面反射回波的时间差的变化确定以水泥砂浆为粘结介质的围堰金属杆粘结密实度的方法；提出了通过脱粘缺陷反射回波的时间和最优检测频率的纵向导波在围堰金属杆中的传播速度能够对杆体脱粘缺陷进行定位；验证了伴随混凝土凝固期增加,金属杆围堰系统上界面反射波的幅值增大,反映了围堰金属杆的粘结质量逐渐变好,提出了通过上界面反射波的幅值大小能够对杆的粘结质量进行判断和评价。
现场检测表明,质量检测仪能比较准确的采集到超声导波在围堰体系上界面反射回波,能够测出围堰金属杆的有效粘结长度。根据介质的粘结强度,能够得到围堰金属杆的固化握力,体现质量检测的有效性与可行性。
Currently, the primary methods of detecting the quality of cofferdam metal buffer rod are the drawing method and coring method, but these two methods all belong to damage detection, which can't meet the requirements of Engineering practice. This paper, through analyzing the conducting characteristics of guided waves, by applying, the combination of theoretical calculation and finite element simulation test, analyzes the application of detective technique based on ultrasonic guided wave in metal buffer rod bonding quality of cofferdam system.
The thesis explains how guided waves are formed, introduces the phase velocity, group velocity dispersion curves and cutoff frequency of it, discusses the dispersion and multi-modal properties of guided wave, and puts forward that it is best to choose single modal and weaker dispersion of ultrasonic guided wave to detect the structure.
Then the thesis deduces the theoretical model of free metal rod and cofferdam metal rod, brings forward three different boundary conditions of the response equations such as the top free, bottom free and fixed. Validated by finite element simulation conduction results, it is clear that the theoretical model well explains the conducting principles and rules of the guided waves in the metal rod and the cofferdam metal rod.
Based on ultrasonic guided wave theory, the thesis analyses the factors influencing the cofferdam metal rod and its bonding quality, conducts high and low frequency simulation experiments with different bonding areas. It shows that the low-frequency of75KHz can clearly identify the interface reflection wave in fixed end, so the length of effective bond can be worked out; High-frequency of2MHz can clearly identify the bottom reflection wave, therefore, the attenuation coefficient of overall length can be worked out, according to which the bonding quality of the cofferdam metal rod can be quantified.
Internal damping of the metal rod makes the material creep and relax, so the numerical value of free metal rod damping x reflects the value of internal damping, that is, the larger the numerical value of τ is, the larger internal damping is and the worse amplitude attenuation will be. The figure of cofferdam metal rod bonded segment τ1reflects the degree of metal rods and cofferdam bonded, that is, the larger τ1, the better bonded and the worse amplitude attenuation, which signifies that damping results in the energy decay of the cofferdam metal rod within the low frequency.
This paper also analyses axial flow distribution and attenuation of the specific frequency guided waves L (0,1) and L (0,2) of cement mortar metal rod in rod section. Studies axial, radial displacement, axial How of energy distribution and attenuation of the specific frequency guided wave I,(0,1) of the resin cofferdam metal rod in rod section; It can be concluded that the specific frequency guided wave is sensitive to surface defects and inner defects.
Besides, the paper analyses principles of the guided wave when conducting in the cofferdam interface, states the causes of guided wave velocity change(decrease) and the widened waveform in time domain response curve, makes an idea clear that in the cofferdam interface, it is the coupled wave group(low-frequency) that conducts most, which consists of interface wave and Love wave.
According to the attenuation amplitude's difference of the same frequency guided wave conducting in free metal rod and cofferdam metal rod, the bonding quality of cofferdam metal rod has been qualitatively analyzed. Using the time's difference in reflection waves and excitation waves in solid upper interface, the way of resin metal buffer rod ioad has been put forward. Through the testing of time difference of the reflection waves of metal rod low side and solid upper interface, a way to determine the bonding density of cement mortar cofferdam metal rod has been proposed. According to the debond delect echo time and the velocity of longitudinal guided wave, which is the best to test frequency, when conducting in the cofferdam metal bumper bar, the rod body debond delect has been located. With the increasing of concrete solidification period, the quality of cofferdam metal rod's bonding gradually gets better, and the amplitude value of reflection wave in upper interlace becomes bigger, by which the rod's bonding quality can be assessed and judged.
Field test shows that the quality of detection instrument can accurately collect the ultrasonic guided wave's reflection wave in the cofferdam system and detect the effective bonding length of cofferdam metal rod. According to the bond strength of medium, the cofferdam metal rod's curing grip can be obtained, so it is an effective and feasible way to detect the quality.
文中阐述了导波的形成原因、导波的相速度、群速度、频散曲线和截止频率；论述了导波的频散性和多模态特性,提出了选用模态单一的且频散性较弱的超声导波对结构进行无损检测为最佳的观点。
文中推导出自由金属杆和围堰金属杆的理论模型,给出了顶端自由和底端自由、固定三种不同边界条件下的动态响应方程,并进行了有限元仿真,表明理论模型很好地解释了超声导波在金属杆和围堰金属杆中的传播机理和规律。
在超声导波理论的基础上,分析了影响围堰金属杆检测的因素及围堰金属杆粘结质量的影响因素。对不同粘结面积的围堰金属杆进行了高低频仿真,低频部分存在频率75KHz时可清晰识别出固定端上界面反射波从而计算出有效粘结长度；高频部分存在频率2MHz时可清晰识别出底端反射波从而计算出全长衰减系数,根据该系数可以量化围堰金属杆的粘结质量。
基于金属杆的内阻尼使材料具有蠕变和松弛行为的现象,分析了自由金属杆内阻尼与超声导波振幅衰减之间的关系,内阻尼越大振幅衰减越大；分析了围堰金属杆粘结段内阻尼大小与围堰金属杆粘结的好坏程度,内阻尼越大粘结越好且超声导波振幅衰减越大。得出了在低频范围内,内阻尼是导致超声导波在围堰金属杆中传播时能量衰减的主要原因。
分析了以水泥砂浆为粘结介质的围堰金属杆中,特定频率的L(0,1)和L(0,2)导波在杆截面的轴向、径向位移,轴向能量流分布情况以及衰减情况；分析了以树脂为粘结介质的围堰金属杆中,特定频率的L(0,1)导波在杆截面的轴向、径向位移,轴向能量流分布情况以及衰减情况。得出了特定频率的导波对围堰金属杆的表面缺陷和内部缺陷是敏感的。
分析了超声导波在围堰交界面处的传播机理,分析了超声导波波速减小与时域响应波形曲线增宽的原因,提出了围堰交界面处主要由界面波与Love波耦合而成的耦合波群(低频脉冲)传播的思想。
根据同一频率超声导波在自由金属杆与围堰金属杆中传播时的衰减幅度差,定性地分析了围堰金属杆的粘结质量；提出了利用固段上界面反射回波与激励波的时间差变化确定以树脂为粘结介质的围堰金属杆作用载荷的方法；提出了通过测试围堰金属杆底端反射回波和固段上界面反射回波的时间差的变化确定以水泥砂浆为粘结介质的围堰金属杆粘结密实度的方法；提出了通过脱粘缺陷反射回波的时间和最优检测频率的纵向导波在围堰金属杆中的传播速度能够对杆体脱粘缺陷进行定位；验证了伴随混凝土凝固期增加,金属杆围堰系统上界面反射波的幅值增大,反映了围堰金属杆的粘结质量逐渐变好,提出了通过上界面反射波的幅值大小能够对杆的粘结质量进行判断和评价。
现场检测表明,质量检测仪能比较准确的采集到超声导波在围堰体系上界面反射回波,能够测出围堰金属杆的有效粘结长度。根据介质的粘结强度,能够得到围堰金属杆的固化握力,体现质量检测的有效性与可行性。
Currently, the primary methods of detecting the quality of cofferdam metal buffer rod are the drawing method and coring method, but these two methods all belong to damage detection, which can't meet the requirements of Engineering practice. This paper, through analyzing the conducting characteristics of guided waves, by applying, the combination of theoretical calculation and finite element simulation test, analyzes the application of detective technique based on ultrasonic guided wave in metal buffer rod bonding quality of cofferdam system.
The thesis explains how guided waves are formed, introduces the phase velocity, group velocity dispersion curves and cutoff frequency of it, discusses the dispersion and multi-modal properties of guided wave, and puts forward that it is best to choose single modal and weaker dispersion of ultrasonic guided wave to detect the structure.
Then the thesis deduces the theoretical model of free metal rod and cofferdam metal rod, brings forward three different boundary conditions of the response equations such as the top free, bottom free and fixed. Validated by finite element simulation conduction results, it is clear that the theoretical model well explains the conducting principles and rules of the guided waves in the metal rod and the cofferdam metal rod.
Based on ultrasonic guided wave theory, the thesis analyses the factors influencing the cofferdam metal rod and its bonding quality, conducts high and low frequency simulation experiments with different bonding areas. It shows that the low-frequency of75KHz can clearly identify the interface reflection wave in fixed end, so the length of effective bond can be worked out; High-frequency of2MHz can clearly identify the bottom reflection wave, therefore, the attenuation coefficient of overall length can be worked out, according to which the bonding quality of the cofferdam metal rod can be quantified.
Internal damping of the metal rod makes the material creep and relax, so the numerical value of free metal rod damping x reflects the value of internal damping, that is, the larger the numerical value of τ is, the larger internal damping is and the worse amplitude attenuation will be. The figure of cofferdam metal rod bonded segment τ1reflects the degree of metal rods and cofferdam bonded, that is, the larger τ1, the better bonded and the worse amplitude attenuation, which signifies that damping results in the energy decay of the cofferdam metal rod within the low frequency.
This paper also analyses axial flow distribution and attenuation of the specific frequency guided waves L (0,1) and L (0,2) of cement mortar metal rod in rod section. Studies axial, radial displacement, axial How of energy distribution and attenuation of the specific frequency guided wave I,(0,1) of the resin cofferdam metal rod in rod section; It can be concluded that the specific frequency guided wave is sensitive to surface defects and inner defects.
Besides, the paper analyses principles of the guided wave when conducting in the cofferdam interface, states the causes of guided wave velocity change(decrease) and the widened waveform in time domain response curve, makes an idea clear that in the cofferdam interface, it is the coupled wave group(low-frequency) that conducts most, which consists of interface wave and Love wave.
According to the attenuation amplitude's difference of the same frequency guided wave conducting in free metal rod and cofferdam metal rod, the bonding quality of cofferdam metal rod has been qualitatively analyzed. Using the time's difference in reflection waves and excitation waves in solid upper interface, the way of resin metal buffer rod ioad has been put forward. Through the testing of time difference of the reflection waves of metal rod low side and solid upper interface, a way to determine the bonding density of cement mortar cofferdam metal rod has been proposed. According to the debond delect echo time and the velocity of longitudinal guided wave, which is the best to test frequency, when conducting in the cofferdam metal bumper bar, the rod body debond delect has been located. With the increasing of concrete solidification period, the quality of cofferdam metal rod's bonding gradually gets better, and the amplitude value of reflection wave in upper interlace becomes bigger, by which the rod's bonding quality can be assessed and judged.
Field test shows that the quality of detection instrument can accurately collect the ultrasonic guided wave's reflection wave in the cofferdam system and detect the effective bonding length of cofferdam metal rod. According to the bond strength of medium, the cofferdam metal rod's curing grip can be obtained, so it is an effective and feasible way to detect the quality.
引文
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