中庭式高层住宅建筑的热压通风特性及预测模型研究
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摘要
中庭式高层住宅建筑是现代民用建筑的一种特殊形式。其一方面使住宅建筑能够充分利用烟囱效应实现热压自然通风,提高住户室内的热舒适性,有效减少空调能耗；另一方面,由于中庭空间具有明显的对外开放性,以及与各住户之间的联系性,其热环境容易受到外界大气环境及建筑内部诸多因素的耦合影响,呈现出复杂的流场及温度场变化规律。
本文首先总结了中庭式高层住宅建筑的历史发展、作用与研究现状。针对中庭式高层住宅建筑提出了一个具有代表性的“通用原型”。一方面根据相似理论,以阿基米德数为主要准则数进行相似关系计算,并对其进行比例为1／25的热浮力模型实验；另一方面采用雷诺应力方程模型(RSM),对热压作用下的中庭式高层住宅建筑通风现象进行数值模拟,研究中庭式住宅建筑热压通风的共性规律。然后建立住宅内部热压通风气流环路的数学预测模型,并利用模型实验和数值模拟的结果验证。最后利用数学预测模型,计算与评估多条件耦合下的建筑热环境,分析主要的影响因素,得到中庭式住宅建筑的热压通风特性。研究结果表明：
(1)数学预测模型计算值与模型实验、数值模拟数据吻合良好,说明基于网络模型和多区域模型结合的宏观描述数学模型能够较精确地预测中庭式住宅建筑的流场与温度场分布,尤其对于中庭空间内部。
(2)住户室内热压通风现象的产生主要受自身和上游住户的室内热源强度影响,从而发生室内热环境的变化。而中庭空间则相反,受下游住户的室内热源强度和通风量的影响。
(3)热压通风气流总是沿着“室外大气环境-住户室内-中庭空间”的方向流动,且流入中庭空间时引起气流扰动。中庭空间内垂直方向上的热压通风量、热量大小及温度值分布具有明显的累积效应,与所处的水平高度位置呈正相关,而相邻两层住户间的热压通风量差值则与自身和上游住户的热量总和呈负相关。
(4)室内热源强度和中庭空间横截面积是影响中庭式住宅建筑热环境及热压通风特性最主要的两个因素。而内、外窗面积则只对中庭空间下部区域、建筑底层及顶层住户的热环境改善现象较为明显。
High-rise residential building with atrium is a special type of modern residential buildings.On the one hand,it enhances the effect of natural ventilation by taken full advantage of stack effect, which causes better thermal comfort and less cooling energy consumption. On the other hand, flow field and temperature field are hard to be predicted accurately because the thermal environment in this building is affect by outdoor or indoor factors.
At first, the development, application and research status of high-rise residential building with atrium are summerized.A "general prototype" which can represent this kind of building is conducted. Model experiment and CFD methods are used to investigate the common regularity in atrium and inhabitant's rooms.The reduce-scale model of 1/25 is established by the similarity criterion mainly with Archimedes number and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used to enhance the precision in CFD.Also the prediction model is established in this paper, which validated by the above two methods.It can calculate the thermal environment caused by various conditions and analyses the major factors.The results are as follows:
(1)Results among prediction model,experiment and CFD agree with each other well,which shows the prediction model based on multizone and zonal methods is considered appropriate to calculate the fields of temperature and airflow in high-rise residential building with atrium accurately and rapidly, especially the field distribution in atrium.
(2)Appearance of indoor thermal natural ventilation phenomena is affected by indoor heat intensity of all the upper apartments and itself, which is contrary to the one in atrium, the latter is affected by indoor heat intensity and ventilation rate of all the lower apartments.
(3)The buoyancy-driven flow always crosses apartments from outdoor environment and mix with the air warmed by heat source,then flows into atrium with disturbance.Vertical ventilation rate,heat and temperature appear obvious accumulation in atrium,so that they are positive correlation with the height.Moreover, ventilation rate differences between apartments in upstairs and downstairs are negative correlation with the heat summation of all the upper apartments and itself.
(4)Indoor heat intensity and cross section area of atrium are the most important factors to influence characters of thermal natural ventilation and thermal environment in high-rise residential building with atrium.Moreover, areas of windows in apartment only have an obvious act on the lower district of atrium, bottom and top apartments.
本文首先总结了中庭式高层住宅建筑的历史发展、作用与研究现状。针对中庭式高层住宅建筑提出了一个具有代表性的“通用原型”。一方面根据相似理论,以阿基米德数为主要准则数进行相似关系计算,并对其进行比例为1／25的热浮力模型实验；另一方面采用雷诺应力方程模型(RSM),对热压作用下的中庭式高层住宅建筑通风现象进行数值模拟,研究中庭式住宅建筑热压通风的共性规律。然后建立住宅内部热压通风气流环路的数学预测模型,并利用模型实验和数值模拟的结果验证。最后利用数学预测模型,计算与评估多条件耦合下的建筑热环境,分析主要的影响因素,得到中庭式住宅建筑的热压通风特性。研究结果表明：
(1)数学预测模型计算值与模型实验、数值模拟数据吻合良好,说明基于网络模型和多区域模型结合的宏观描述数学模型能够较精确地预测中庭式住宅建筑的流场与温度场分布,尤其对于中庭空间内部。
(2)住户室内热压通风现象的产生主要受自身和上游住户的室内热源强度影响,从而发生室内热环境的变化。而中庭空间则相反,受下游住户的室内热源强度和通风量的影响。
(3)热压通风气流总是沿着“室外大气环境-住户室内-中庭空间”的方向流动,且流入中庭空间时引起气流扰动。中庭空间内垂直方向上的热压通风量、热量大小及温度值分布具有明显的累积效应,与所处的水平高度位置呈正相关,而相邻两层住户间的热压通风量差值则与自身和上游住户的热量总和呈负相关。
(4)室内热源强度和中庭空间横截面积是影响中庭式住宅建筑热环境及热压通风特性最主要的两个因素。而内、外窗面积则只对中庭空间下部区域、建筑底层及顶层住户的热环境改善现象较为明显。
High-rise residential building with atrium is a special type of modern residential buildings.On the one hand,it enhances the effect of natural ventilation by taken full advantage of stack effect, which causes better thermal comfort and less cooling energy consumption. On the other hand, flow field and temperature field are hard to be predicted accurately because the thermal environment in this building is affect by outdoor or indoor factors.
At first, the development, application and research status of high-rise residential building with atrium are summerized.A "general prototype" which can represent this kind of building is conducted. Model experiment and CFD methods are used to investigate the common regularity in atrium and inhabitant's rooms.The reduce-scale model of 1/25 is established by the similarity criterion mainly with Archimedes number and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used to enhance the precision in CFD.Also the prediction model is established in this paper, which validated by the above two methods.It can calculate the thermal environment caused by various conditions and analyses the major factors.The results are as follows:
(1)Results among prediction model,experiment and CFD agree with each other well,which shows the prediction model based on multizone and zonal methods is considered appropriate to calculate the fields of temperature and airflow in high-rise residential building with atrium accurately and rapidly, especially the field distribution in atrium.
(2)Appearance of indoor thermal natural ventilation phenomena is affected by indoor heat intensity of all the upper apartments and itself, which is contrary to the one in atrium, the latter is affected by indoor heat intensity and ventilation rate of all the lower apartments.
(3)The buoyancy-driven flow always crosses apartments from outdoor environment and mix with the air warmed by heat source,then flows into atrium with disturbance.Vertical ventilation rate,heat and temperature appear obvious accumulation in atrium,so that they are positive correlation with the height.Moreover, ventilation rate differences between apartments in upstairs and downstairs are negative correlation with the heat summation of all the upper apartments and itself.
(4)Indoor heat intensity and cross section area of atrium are the most important factors to influence characters of thermal natural ventilation and thermal environment in high-rise residential building with atrium.Moreover, areas of windows in apartment only have an obvious act on the lower district of atrium, bottom and top apartments.
引文
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[3]龚光彩,李红祥,李玉国.自然通风的应用与研究.建筑热能通风空调,2003,22(4)：4-6
[4]曾维虎.建筑中庭的设计运用探讨.甘肃水利水电技术,2005,41(2)：121-125
[5]Tuve G L.Air velocities in ventilating jets. ASHRAE Transactions,1953,59(2): 261-282
[6]Schaub E G. Characteristics of diffuser air jets and airflow in the occupied regions of mechanically ventilated rooms-a literature review. ASHRAE Transactions,1993,99(2):1119-1127
[7]武岳,段忠东,林志兴.我国建筑风洞建设的现状与思考.工业建筑,2007,37(7)：73-77
[8]Chen Z D,Li Y, Mahoney J.Experimental modeling of buoyancy-driven flows in buildings using a fine-bubble technique.Building and Environment,2001, 36(4):447-455
[9]王怡,刘加平.居住建筑自然通风房间热环境模拟方法分析.建筑热能通风空调,2004,23(3)：1-4
[10]赵彬,林波荣,李先庭等.室内空气分布的预测方法及比较.暖通空调,2001,31(4)：82-86
[11]崔允华.高层中庭住宅建筑环境及混合通风的实测与分析研究：[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学,2005,1-82
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[13]Kotani H,Narasaki M, Sato R, et al.Environmental assessment of light well in high-rise apartment building.Building and Environment,2003,38(2):283-289
[14]Walker R R,Shao L,Woolliscroft M.Natural ventilation via courtyards:theory and measurements.In:The 14th AIVC Conference.Copenhagen,1993,235-250
[15]Sharples S,Bensalem R.Airflow in courtyard and atrium buildings in the urban environment:a wind tunnel study. Solar Energy,2001,70(1):237-244
[16]Wong N H,Feriadi H, Tham K W, et al.Natural ventilation characteristics of courtyard buildings in, Singapore.In:Proceedings of ROOMVENT 2000. Reading,2000,1213-1218
[17]Hayakawa S.Wind tunnel experiment on the natural ventilation of the court of a high rise residential building.In:Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting AIJ.Japan,1988,891-892
[18]Kobayashi N.Wind runnel experiments on the air change rate of the court space of a tall building.In:Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting AIJ. Japan,1989,511-512
[19]Kotani H,Satoh R, Yamanaka T, et al.Stack effect in light well of high rise apartment building.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Conditioning in High Rise Buildings'97.Shanghai,1997,628-633
[20]Kotani H,Satoh R, Yamanaka T,et al.Wind-induced ventilation of light well in high-rise apartment building-influence of bottom opening condition on airflow rate.In:Proceedings of ROOMVENT 2000.Reading,2000,1111-1122
[21]Kotani H, Satoh R, Yamanaka T, et al.Natural ventilation of light well in high-rise apartment building.Energy and Buildings,2003,35(4):427-434
[22]Ohira N, Omori T.Ventilation behavior in a void space furnished with gas water-heaters.In:Proceedings of ROOMVENT'96.Yokohama,1996,255-262
[23]Chow T T, Lin Z,Wang Q W.Effect of building re-trant shape on performance of air-cooled condensing units.Energy and Buildings,2000,32(2):143-152
[24]Chow T T, Lin Z, Wang Q W.Effect of condensing unit layout at building re-entrant shape on split-type air-conditioner performance.Energy and Buildings,2002,34(3):237-244
[25]Holford M J,Gary R H.Fundamental atrium design for natural ventilation. Building and Environment,2003,38(3):409-426
[26]Kotani H,Sato R, Yamanaka T. Zonal model for natural ventilation of light well in high-rise apartment building.In:Proceedings of ROOMVENT'98.Stockholm, 1998,423-428
[27]Chow T T, Lin Z,Wang Q W.Flow analysis of condenser cooling air delivery via building light well.Applied Thermal Engineering,2001,21(8):831-843
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