益生菌制剂对家畜免疫促进作用的研究
摘要
本实验通过在断奶仔猪日粮中添加复合益生菌制剂（双歧杆菌B8101+嗜酸乳酸菌L8603+贝氏酵母菌S9308+粪链球菌SF9301）饲喂10日发现，各实验组的IgG含量均比空白对照组高,差异显著（p<0.05）,粉状复合菌组的IgG比抗菌素对照组高，差异显著（p<0.05），粉状复合菌组、146菌组、液态复合菌组均比空白对照组IgM高，差异显著(p<0.05),146菌组IgA的含量也高于空白对照组，差异显著（p<0.05），中枢免疫器官和外周免疫器官淋巴细胞数量增加，血液淋巴细胞百分含量比粉料对照组高（p<0.01），RBC比对照组高（p<0.05），各实验组均比空白对照组增重快，差异极显著（p<0.01），小肠粘膜皱壁明显增多，肠绒毛长度增加，肠腺明显加深，柱状细胞的微绒毛明显加粗，仔猪发育好，增重快，各免疫器官的发育迅速，明显提高了仔猪特异性免疫和非特异性免疫功能。
应用复合菌制剂治疗仔猪腹泻的结果，复合菌组成活率最高99.59%，其次是抗生素组66.09%，空白对照组最低51%。用复合菌制剂治疗大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌混合感染的蛋鸡结果，死亡率仅为2.33%，比抗生素组的8.06%下降了5.73%，复合菌制剂能极好的预防和治疗仔猪腹泻，对蛋鸡的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌混合感染也有很好的抵抗作用。
体外抑菌试验表明四株菌双歧杆菌B8101、嗜酸乳酸菌L8603、贝氏酵母菌S9308、粪链球菌SF9301之间无相互抑制作用，它们能够互利共生。而且这几株菌对强毒大肠杆菌，沙门氏菌有很强的抑制作用。抑菌环明显。这给我们应用复合益生菌制剂提供了可靠的依据。
In this study, the different probiotics 146(Candida S9308)、L10(streptococcus SF9301)、184(lactobacilli L8603)、124(bifidobacterium B8101) on feeding efficiency of animal was studied.
The healthy baby pigs were fed on the diets containing 146、 L10、 184、 124,after several days, the treatment baby pigs were heavier than the experimental groups（p<0.05）, blood samples were taken from the treatment pigs. Spleens were separated from above killed pigs for examining their immune organs indexes. The results showed that the treatment baby pigs had significantly higher serum IgA、IgG、IgM 、RBC than the control baby pigs（p<0.05）. The mucous membrane of small intestine Zhou wall、Intestines gland、Intestines fine hair were more richful.
The different probiotics S9308、 SF9301、L8603、 B8101 not only can protected baby pigs from Have Diarrhoea , but also S9308、 SF9301、L8603、 B8101can protected animals from Sramana bacterium.
The different probiotics can mutually beneficial metergrowth.
The study indicated that this probiotics could enhance the immune competence the development of the immune organs, and modulate the immunization ability in animals.
应用复合菌制剂治疗仔猪腹泻的结果，复合菌组成活率最高99.59%，其次是抗生素组66.09%，空白对照组最低51%。用复合菌制剂治疗大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌混合感染的蛋鸡结果，死亡率仅为2.33%，比抗生素组的8.06%下降了5.73%，复合菌制剂能极好的预防和治疗仔猪腹泻，对蛋鸡的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌混合感染也有很好的抵抗作用。
体外抑菌试验表明四株菌双歧杆菌B8101、嗜酸乳酸菌L8603、贝氏酵母菌S9308、粪链球菌SF9301之间无相互抑制作用，它们能够互利共生。而且这几株菌对强毒大肠杆菌，沙门氏菌有很强的抑制作用。抑菌环明显。这给我们应用复合益生菌制剂提供了可靠的依据。
In this study, the different probiotics 146(Candida S9308)、L10(streptococcus SF9301)、184(lactobacilli L8603)、124(bifidobacterium B8101) on feeding efficiency of animal was studied.
The healthy baby pigs were fed on the diets containing 146、 L10、 184、 124,after several days, the treatment baby pigs were heavier than the experimental groups（p<0.05）, blood samples were taken from the treatment pigs. Spleens were separated from above killed pigs for examining their immune organs indexes. The results showed that the treatment baby pigs had significantly higher serum IgA、IgG、IgM 、RBC than the control baby pigs（p<0.05）. The mucous membrane of small intestine Zhou wall、Intestines gland、Intestines fine hair were more richful.
The different probiotics S9308、 SF9301、L8603、 B8101 not only can protected baby pigs from Have Diarrhoea , but also S9308、 SF9301、L8603、 B8101can protected animals from Sramana bacterium.
The different probiotics can mutually beneficial metergrowth.
The study indicated that this probiotics could enhance the immune competence the development of the immune organs, and modulate the immunization ability in animals.
引文
1.依安·迪萨.兽医免疫学入门第二版.北京：中国农业大学出版社.1986.31.
2.何明清主编.动物微生态学（m）.北京：中国农业出版社1994：109
3．Sneath,P. H. A. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2,1986
4．Stanley, J. T. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 3,1989
5. Williams,S. T. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4,1989
6 .R. fuller. A review--Probiotics in man and animals, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1989 (66) :365- 878.
7. Annika Mayra-Makinen, Merja Manninen, Gdllenherg H. The adherence of lactic acid bacteria to the columnar epithelial cells of pigs and calves. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1983,55,241-245
8. Marie Francoise Bernet, Dominique Brassart, Jean-Richard Neerer, and Alain L. Servin. Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen--cell interactions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998,59(12):4 121-4 128
9. G. R. Gibson and X. Wang. Regulatory effects of hifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria . Journal of applied bacteriology,1994, 77: 412-420.
10.H.S.Gill, K.J. Rutherfurd, M.L. cross. Dietary probiotic supplementation Enhances Natural killer Cell Actility in the Elderly:An Investigation of Age-Related Immunologieal changes.Jaurnal of clinical Immunology.2001.21(4).264-271.
11.Kailasapathy K.;chin J.Sunival anel therapeutie potential of prdiotic organisms with reference to Lactobaeillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium Spp.Immundogy and cell Biology/The Australian Society for Immunology.2000.78(1).80-88.
12.Fang He et al.compatison of mucosal adhesion and species identification of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy and allergie infans.FEMS immunology and medical Microbiology.2001.30(1)43-47.
13.Matsuzaki T.;Chin J.Modulating Immune responses with probiotie bacteria.Immunology and cell Biology/the Ausstralian Society for Immunology.2000.78(1).67-73.
14.Minja Miettinen,Anne Lehtonen.I Lkka Tulkunen and Sampsa Matilkainen.Lactobacilliand streptococci Activate NF-KB and STAT Sigaling pathways In human Macrophages. J. Immunology. 2000. 164
(7).3733-3740.
15.R.Doug WAGNER,CAREY PIERSON, Probiotic Effects of Feeding Heat—killeel Laetobaeillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus easel to candida alb.cans-colonizeel immunodefieient Mice.J food proteetion.2000.63（5）.638-644.
16.Shaw D.M.; Gaerthe B. Engineering the Miero flora to vaccinate the mucosa: Serum immunoglobulin G responses and aetivateel draining cervical Lymph nodes follouing mucosal
applicatlon of tetanus toxin Fragment C—expressing Laeto bacilli.Immunology.2000.100(4)510-518.
17.L.Stepuniak, B.Wroblewska, L.Jedrychowski.T.S.Immunorebtedness of oligpeptdases from Lactobacillus and Laetococcas and proline Imino peptidase form propinibacterium using Double Immunodiffusion Assay.Food ancl Agricultural Immunology. 2001.13(3).183-187.
18.PhanT-N, kirsch A.M.;Marquis R.E.Selective sensitization of baeteria to peroxide damage assozeteel with Fluoride inhibition of catalase and pseudocata lase.oral Microbiology and immunology.2001.16(1):28-33.
19.ALM Stahl A.,Wikstromm.,Groenink J.Lactofewin. anylase and mucin Mus5B and their relation to the oral Microflora in hyposalivation of different origins.oral Microbiology and immunology.2001.16(6).345-352.
20.Tetsupi Hari,Junkokiyoshima,kan shida.Effect of Intrunasal Administration of lactobacillus casei shiroto on Influenza virus Infeetion of upper Respiratory Tract in mice.Chlinical and diagnostie Laboratory immunology.2001.8(3).593-597.
21.Laura plant and Patricia Conuay.Asso ciation of Lactobacillus spp.with Peyer’s Patches in Mice.clinical and cliagnostic Laboratory immunology. 2001.8(2).320-324.
22.M.Tuntunen, P.V.KirJavainen,A.C.ouwehand. Adherence of probiotic.Bacteria to human Intestinal mucus In healthy Infants and during Rotavirus Infeatien. clinical and diagnostic Laboratory immunology.2001.8(2).293-296.
23.Tokan Mukai et al.Inhibition of binding of Hercobaetev pylori to the glycolipiel receptors by probiotie Laetobaeillus reateri.FOEMS immunology and medieal microbiology.2002.32（2）.105-110.
24 Apgar,G. A. et al. 1993. The effect of feeding various levels of Bifidobaeterium globosum A on the performance and carcass measurement and immunity of weanling pigs and on the performance and carcass measurement of growing finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 71 - 9 173
E30 Alvarez,S. et al. 1998. Influence of the oral administration of Lactic Acid Bacteria on IgA production cells associated to bronchus. J. Anim. 76
25Bogut, l. Et al. 1998. Influence of probiotic (Streptococcus faecium M-74) on growth and content of intestinal microflora in carp(Cypinus carpio). Zivocisna Vyroba. 43(6): 231-235
26Egoroun, O. G. et al. 1998. The efficiency of growing suckling piglets when adding the preparation Frodo to the mixeded food. Russian Agr. Sci. 4;23-24
27 Inooka,S. et al. 1986. The effect of Bacillus natto feed on the T and B lyphocytes from spleen of feeding chikens. Poutry Sci. 65-1 217
28 Jin,L. Z. et al. 1997. Probiotics in poutry:modes of action. World's Poutry Sci. J. 53:351~ 368
29 Lee,S. Y. et al. 1990 Esterolytic and lipolytic activities of Lactobacillus casei-subsp-caseiLLG. J. Food Sci. 147:747-748
30 Lessard,M. And G. Brisson. 1987. Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth,immune response and enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Can. Anita. Sci. 67: 509 E373 Kumprecht,1. Et al. 1998. Study of the effect of a combined preparation containing Enterococcus faecium M 74(Streptococcus Faecium) and mannan-oligosaccharides in diets for weaning piglets. Czecb J. Anim. Sci. 43(10) ;477-481
31Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1992. Effect of direct Fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of laying pullets. Poutry Sci. 71(Suppl. l):lll
32 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1993. Effect of direct-fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comd White Leghorn pullets. Poutry Sci. 72(Suppl. 2);87
33 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Phytase activity,phosphorus and calcium retention,and performance of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed diets containing two levels available phosphorus and supplemented with direct-fed mierohials. Poutry Sci. 73:1552-1962
34Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Production var able and nutrient rentention in Single Comd White Leghornay ng pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Poutry Sci. 73:1 699-1 711
35 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Performance of Single Comd Whlte Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barler-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with direct-fed mierohials. Poutry Sci. 73:1 712- 1723
36Nabashon,S. N. et al. 1996. Performance of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed with a diets with a live microbial during the growth and egg laying phases. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 57:25-38
37 Nahashon, S. N. et al. 1996. Nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed with varying crude protein levels and supplemented with direct fed microbials. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 61:17-26
38Onifade,A. A. et al. 1999. Assessment of the effects of sipplementing rabbit diets with a culture of Saccharomyces eerevisiae us ng groth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities. Anim.Feed Sci, And Tech. 77(1/2) :25-32
39.Gill,B.R,Brooks,P.H.And Carpenter,J.L. (1987)Voluntary water use by growing pigs offered a liquid feed of differing water to meal rations. In Pig Housing and the enviromment. Edited by A.T. Smith and T.L.J.Lawrence. British Society of Animal Pruduction. Edinburgh,U.K.Occasional Publication No. 1 l .ed. 1-2.
40.Hansen, l. D. And Mortensen, B.(1989)Pipe-cleaners beware. Pig International, 901~ 910
41.Harrell, R.J.,M.J.Thomas and R.D.Boyyd. 1993.Limitations of sow milk yield on baby pig growth.Proc.Conf, lthzca,NY, pp 156-164.
42.Heo, K. N.,J.Odle,W. Oliver,J.H. Kim,I.K. Han and E.Jones. 1999.Effects of milk replacer and ambient temperature on growth performance bf 14-day-old early-weaned pigs. Asian Aus. J.Anim. Sci.
12.
43.Jenson, B. B. And Mikkelsen, L. L. (1998) Feeding liquid diets to pigs In recent Advances in Animal
44.Nutrition 1998.Edited by P. C. Garnsworthy and J.Wiseman.Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.pp 107- 126.
45.Kim. JiHoom. 1999.Liquid feeding for pigs impact on growth, protein deposition and days to market weight.
46.His dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, pp36-37
47.Mikkelsen, L.L.and Jensen.B.B. (1997)Effect of fermented liquid feed(FLF)on growth performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets. In Digestive Physioiogy in Pigs.
48. Eedited by J.P Laplace, C.Fevrier and A.Barbeau. EAAP Publication No.88, INRA,Paris:63-42.Peter. Best. Talking Pork. Pig Intemational.2001b, 2:4.
49.Smith, L. (1976)A comparison of dry ,wet and socked meal for fattening bacon pigs. Experimental Husbandry, 30, 87-94.
50.Tielen, M.J.M.,van Schie,E.W., van der Wolf, P.J., Elbem,A.R.W, Koppens,J.M.C.C. and Wolbers,W.B(1997)Risk factors and control measures for subclinical salmonella infection in pig herds. In Proceedings of the second international symposium on Epidemiology and Comtrol of Salmonella in Pork. Copenhagen, Denmark,August 20-22.Edited by S.Bech-Nielsen. Federation of Danish pig Producers and Slaughterhouses, Copenhagen. 32-35.
51.van Winsen,R.L., Urlings,H.A.p. And Snijders,J.M.A. (1997) Feed as a vehiculum of salmonella in pigs. In Proceedings of the Second international Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella in Pok. Copenhagen,Denmark, August 20-22.Editd by S.Bech-Nielen and J.P. Nielsen. Federation of Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses, Copenhagen, Demark. 157-159.
52.Zijkstua, R.T,K.Y. Whang, R.A. Easter and J.Odle. 1996. Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, compared with suckled littermates. J.Anim. Sci.74:2948.
2.何明清主编.动物微生态学（m）.北京：中国农业出版社1994：109
3．Sneath,P. H. A. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2,1986
4．Stanley, J. T. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 3,1989
5. Williams,S. T. et al. Bergey'S Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4,1989
6 .R. fuller. A review--Probiotics in man and animals, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1989 (66) :365- 878.
7. Annika Mayra-Makinen, Merja Manninen, Gdllenherg H. The adherence of lactic acid bacteria to the columnar epithelial cells of pigs and calves. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1983,55,241-245
8. Marie Francoise Bernet, Dominique Brassart, Jean-Richard Neerer, and Alain L. Servin. Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen--cell interactions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998,59(12):4 121-4 128
9. G. R. Gibson and X. Wang. Regulatory effects of hifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria . Journal of applied bacteriology,1994, 77: 412-420.
10.H.S.Gill, K.J. Rutherfurd, M.L. cross. Dietary probiotic supplementation Enhances Natural killer Cell Actility in the Elderly:An Investigation of Age-Related Immunologieal changes.Jaurnal of clinical Immunology.2001.21(4).264-271.
11.Kailasapathy K.;chin J.Sunival anel therapeutie potential of prdiotic organisms with reference to Lactobaeillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium Spp.Immundogy and cell Biology/The Australian Society for Immunology.2000.78(1).80-88.
12.Fang He et al.compatison of mucosal adhesion and species identification of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy and allergie infans.FEMS immunology and medical Microbiology.2001.30(1)43-47.
13.Matsuzaki T.;Chin J.Modulating Immune responses with probiotie bacteria.Immunology and cell Biology/the Ausstralian Society for Immunology.2000.78(1).67-73.
14.Minja Miettinen,Anne Lehtonen.I Lkka Tulkunen and Sampsa Matilkainen.Lactobacilliand streptococci Activate NF-KB and STAT Sigaling pathways In human Macrophages. J. Immunology. 2000. 164
(7).3733-3740.
15.R.Doug WAGNER,CAREY PIERSON, Probiotic Effects of Feeding Heat—killeel Laetobaeillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus easel to candida alb.cans-colonizeel immunodefieient Mice.J food proteetion.2000.63（5）.638-644.
16.Shaw D.M.; Gaerthe B. Engineering the Miero flora to vaccinate the mucosa: Serum immunoglobulin G responses and aetivateel draining cervical Lymph nodes follouing mucosal
applicatlon of tetanus toxin Fragment C—expressing Laeto bacilli.Immunology.2000.100(4)510-518.
17.L.Stepuniak, B.Wroblewska, L.Jedrychowski.T.S.Immunorebtedness of oligpeptdases from Lactobacillus and Laetococcas and proline Imino peptidase form propinibacterium using Double Immunodiffusion Assay.Food ancl Agricultural Immunology. 2001.13(3).183-187.
18.PhanT-N, kirsch A.M.;Marquis R.E.Selective sensitization of baeteria to peroxide damage assozeteel with Fluoride inhibition of catalase and pseudocata lase.oral Microbiology and immunology.2001.16(1):28-33.
19.ALM Stahl A.,Wikstromm.,Groenink J.Lactofewin. anylase and mucin Mus5B and their relation to the oral Microflora in hyposalivation of different origins.oral Microbiology and immunology.2001.16(6).345-352.
20.Tetsupi Hari,Junkokiyoshima,kan shida.Effect of Intrunasal Administration of lactobacillus casei shiroto on Influenza virus Infeetion of upper Respiratory Tract in mice.Chlinical and diagnostie Laboratory immunology.2001.8(3).593-597.
21.Laura plant and Patricia Conuay.Asso ciation of Lactobacillus spp.with Peyer’s Patches in Mice.clinical and cliagnostic Laboratory immunology. 2001.8(2).320-324.
22.M.Tuntunen, P.V.KirJavainen,A.C.ouwehand. Adherence of probiotic.Bacteria to human Intestinal mucus In healthy Infants and during Rotavirus Infeatien. clinical and diagnostic Laboratory immunology.2001.8(2).293-296.
23.Tokan Mukai et al.Inhibition of binding of Hercobaetev pylori to the glycolipiel receptors by probiotie Laetobaeillus reateri.FOEMS immunology and medieal microbiology.2002.32（2）.105-110.
24 Apgar,G. A. et al. 1993. The effect of feeding various levels of Bifidobaeterium globosum A on the performance and carcass measurement and immunity of weanling pigs and on the performance and carcass measurement of growing finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 71 - 9 173
E30 Alvarez,S. et al. 1998. Influence of the oral administration of Lactic Acid Bacteria on IgA production cells associated to bronchus. J. Anim. 76
25Bogut, l. Et al. 1998. Influence of probiotic (Streptococcus faecium M-74) on growth and content of intestinal microflora in carp(Cypinus carpio). Zivocisna Vyroba. 43(6): 231-235
26Egoroun, O. G. et al. 1998. The efficiency of growing suckling piglets when adding the preparation Frodo to the mixeded food. Russian Agr. Sci. 4;23-24
27 Inooka,S. et al. 1986. The effect of Bacillus natto feed on the T and B lyphocytes from spleen of feeding chikens. Poutry Sci. 65-1 217
28 Jin,L. Z. et al. 1997. Probiotics in poutry:modes of action. World's Poutry Sci. J. 53:351~ 368
29 Lee,S. Y. et al. 1990 Esterolytic and lipolytic activities of Lactobacillus casei-subsp-caseiLLG. J. Food Sci. 147:747-748
30 Lessard,M. And G. Brisson. 1987. Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth,immune response and enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Can. Anita. Sci. 67: 509 E373 Kumprecht,1. Et al. 1998. Study of the effect of a combined preparation containing Enterococcus faecium M 74(Streptococcus Faecium) and mannan-oligosaccharides in diets for weaning piglets. Czecb J. Anim. Sci. 43(10) ;477-481
31Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1992. Effect of direct Fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of laying pullets. Poutry Sci. 71(Suppl. l):lll
32 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1993. Effect of direct-fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comd White Leghorn pullets. Poutry Sci. 72(Suppl. 2);87
33 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Phytase activity,phosphorus and calcium retention,and performance of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed diets containing two levels available phosphorus and supplemented with direct-fed mierohials. Poutry Sci. 73:1552-1962
34Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Production var able and nutrient rentention in Single Comd White Leghornay ng pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Poutry Sci. 73:1 699-1 711
35 Nahashon,S. N. et al. 1994. Performance of Single Comd Whlte Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barler-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with direct-fed mierohials. Poutry Sci. 73:1 712- 1723
36Nabashon,S. N. et al. 1996. Performance of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed with a diets with a live microbial during the growth and egg laying phases. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 57:25-38
37 Nahashon, S. N. et al. 1996. Nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comd White Leghorn layers fed with varying crude protein levels and supplemented with direct fed microbials. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 61:17-26
38Onifade,A. A. et al. 1999. Assessment of the effects of sipplementing rabbit diets with a culture of Saccharomyces eerevisiae us ng groth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities. Anim.Feed Sci, And Tech. 77(1/2) :25-32
39.Gill,B.R,Brooks,P.H.And Carpenter,J.L. (1987)Voluntary water use by growing pigs offered a liquid feed of differing water to meal rations. In Pig Housing and the enviromment. Edited by A.T. Smith and T.L.J.Lawrence. British Society of Animal Pruduction. Edinburgh,U.K.Occasional Publication No. 1 l .ed. 1-2.
40.Hansen, l. D. And Mortensen, B.(1989)Pipe-cleaners beware. Pig International, 901~ 910
41.Harrell, R.J.,M.J.Thomas and R.D.Boyyd. 1993.Limitations of sow milk yield on baby pig growth.Proc.Conf, lthzca,NY, pp 156-164.
42.Heo, K. N.,J.Odle,W. Oliver,J.H. Kim,I.K. Han and E.Jones. 1999.Effects of milk replacer and ambient temperature on growth performance bf 14-day-old early-weaned pigs. Asian Aus. J.Anim. Sci.
12.
43.Jenson, B. B. And Mikkelsen, L. L. (1998) Feeding liquid diets to pigs In recent Advances in Animal
44.Nutrition 1998.Edited by P. C. Garnsworthy and J.Wiseman.Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.pp 107- 126.
45.Kim. JiHoom. 1999.Liquid feeding for pigs impact on growth, protein deposition and days to market weight.
46.His dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, pp36-37
47.Mikkelsen, L.L.and Jensen.B.B. (1997)Effect of fermented liquid feed(FLF)on growth performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets. In Digestive Physioiogy in Pigs.
48. Eedited by J.P Laplace, C.Fevrier and A.Barbeau. EAAP Publication No.88, INRA,Paris:63-42.Peter. Best. Talking Pork. Pig Intemational.2001b, 2:4.
49.Smith, L. (1976)A comparison of dry ,wet and socked meal for fattening bacon pigs. Experimental Husbandry, 30, 87-94.
50.Tielen, M.J.M.,van Schie,E.W., van der Wolf, P.J., Elbem,A.R.W, Koppens,J.M.C.C. and Wolbers,W.B(1997)Risk factors and control measures for subclinical salmonella infection in pig herds. In Proceedings of the second international symposium on Epidemiology and Comtrol of Salmonella in Pork. Copenhagen, Denmark,August 20-22.Edited by S.Bech-Nielsen. Federation of Danish pig Producers and Slaughterhouses, Copenhagen. 32-35.
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