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矿浆管道极限承载能力和寿命预测研究
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摘要
包钢矿浆管线工程是目前国内第三条高压矿浆管线,是内蒙古自治区重点建设项目,也是目前为止国内压力最高、管径最大、双管线输送距离最长的矿浆管线,受到了国内外广泛的关注。整个项目的建设期历时六年,建成投产后每年为包钢集团创造12亿元的经济效益,社会效益和环境效益也十分可观。其中起始端的19公里采用的无缝管,是由包钢自行冶炼、自行轧制、自行施工的,对其进行运行的安全性风险评估和服役寿命的预测具有重要意义。
     本文首先系统分析了埋地管线所承受的各种荷载,分别计算了管道内压力、土压力、纵向推力、弯矩、地震荷载、水锤效应、横向推力、爆破压力等荷载,确定高压管线的各种工况条件下,管线内压力是决定性的因素,远大于其他荷载的影响。
     在分析材料的力学性能、缺陷的参数、管线失效模式的基础上,研究了管线的应力状态,引进了俞茂宏统一强度理论对极限承载能力进行研究,用解析的方法确定了弹性极限解和塑性极限解,揭示出壁厚、管径、缺陷尺寸、材料屈服极限之间的关系,对于决定管线应力状态的各个变量,包括缺陷深度、缺陷宽度、缺陷长度以及壁厚误差、失圆度等,分别分析了其对管道应力的影响。
     承受极高压力的矿浆管道,其破坏特征是短暂的塑性发展阶段后即迅速爆裂,失效模式应避免脆性断裂和弹塑性撕裂,为此根据失效的强度模型和寿命模型,以及许用应力准则和剩余强度系数准则,建立了管线的极限状态方程和失效准则,
     但是失效模式与评定参数都是模糊随机的,本文整理了大量的相关实验数据和施工现场实测数据,对这些数据的统计分析表明,包括缺陷尺寸、发展速率、材料强度等评定参数符合不同的概率分布规律,并且具有模糊随机的特性。
     试验和实测数据有一定的局限性,需要通过最小二乘法对古比尔分布、正态分布、均匀分布的参数进行估计,确定了分布的均值、期望、方差、变异系数等参数取值,之后采用蒙特卡洛方法,生成大量的随机数据,对于最关键的缺陷尺寸,按照古比尔分布的函数,将有限的数据扩展生成大样本的模拟数据,进而建立了模糊随机概率数据空间。
     缺陷的发展速率是另一个关键数据,依据磨损腐蚀试验所取得的42小时实验数据,为了预测任意时间的缺陷增加值,采用了灰色系统理论,以实验数据为原数列,采用累加生成,同样采用最小二乘法求解灰度向量,确定灰度参数,建立时间响应函数,从而预测出逐年的缺陷发展速率值。与初始缺陷尺寸相加,将模糊随机概率数据空间扩展到任意时间。
     根据俞茂宏统一强度理论的弹性极限和塑性极限解,校核数据空间中各数据的承载能力,判定其是否达到极限状态,以及失效模式,再计算数据的失效概率和再现时间,最终绘制出管线的寿命曲线。
     通过对寿命曲线的分析,确定包钢矿浆管线的安全服役期限,将管线的安全运行划分为安全运行期、监测运行期、有限安全期、超期服役期、加速失效期、失效破坏期、报废期等跨越60年的七个阶段,给出各个时期的失效概率,在管线的缺陷不断发展过程中,回答了的关于剩余强度、剩余寿命和超期服役可能性等三个基本的问题,为包钢的生产运行提供了科学决策的依据。
     本文的研究以统一强度理论为核心内容,以试验和实测数据为背景依据,以受力分析为基础,以古比尔分布和灰色系统为关键手段,解决了矿浆管道的寿命预测的问题。文章涉及到了矿业、油气储运、冶炼、化工、机械、腐蚀防护等多个行业,适用了模糊随机概率理论、可靠度理论、灰色系统理论、极值分布参数估计、化学腐蚀与机械磨损理论,引进了流体力学、土力学、结构力学、断裂力学、损伤力学、弹塑性力学、材料力学的最新研究成果,推导了统一强度理论的解析解。
     本文的研究成果可以直接用于矿浆管线、油气管线、化工管线、市政管网、煤浆管线等项目,对各类介质管线的承载能力极限状态、失效概率和寿命预测具有重要指导意义和实用价值。
The slurry pipeline project of Baotou Iron&Steel (Group) Co. Ltd., is a key projectof Inner Mongolia,and the third pulp pipeline in china,with highest pressure, maximumcaliber, farthest transportation distance, received extensive attention worldwide. Aftersix years of construction, the project brings economic benefits of12billion yuan RMBevery year, and very significant social benefits and environmental benefits. A19kilometer seamless tube of start was smelted, rolled and constructed by our companyown. Risk evaluation and life prediction is greatest importance to the safety.
     First, this paper systematically analyzed the buried pipeline under various loadcalculated pipe pressure, soil pressure, longitudinal thrust, bending, seismic load andwater hammer effect, horizontal thrust, blasting pressure load, etc. Identified in all kindsof conditions in the pipeline, high pressure pipeline pressure is the decisive factor, farbigger than other load effect.
     On the base of system analysis about force acting on the pipe, such as mechanicalproperties of material, parameters of defect, failure modes of line pipe. In this article,we’ll introducing Yu's Unified Strength Theory, studied the stress state of pipelines andthe ultimate load bearing capacity, Find out the elastic limit solutions and the plasticlimit solutions by an analytical method, reveals the relationship between the geometrydimension, defect size, and the yield limit of material. Determining the stress state ofdifferent variables of the pipeline, including defect depth and width, defect length anddefects of wall thickness error, loss of roundness etc, analyzed the influence of pipestress.
     Under extremely slurry pipeline internal pressure, the feature of failure is rapidlyblowout, after a brief period of plastic development stage, failure mode should avoid brittle fracture and elastoplastic torn damage. Therefore according to the strength of themodel and the life failure model, and the allowable stress criterion and the residualstrength coefficient criterion, established the limit state equation and pipeline failurecriterion,
     Considering the fuzzy stochastic characteristics of the defect size and strength ofmaterials, we review a number of related experimental data, and the measurement datafrom the construction site, The data through statistical analysis show that defect size,development rate, material strength assessment parameter matching different probabilitydistribution, and has the characteristics of fuzzy random.
     Test and the measured data are subject to some limitations. Need for parameterestimation, by the least squares method estimating the mean value and expectation,variance and coefficient of variation of Gumbel distribution, normal distribution,uniform distribution. Using the Monte-Carlo simulation method, generates largesample random data, the most critical defect size can be obtained according to thefunction of Gumbel distributions, then the limited data expanded into large samplesimulation data, a fuzzy random probability data space was established.
     Defect rate of development is another important data, we obtained according towear corrosion test experimental data of42hours,in order to predict defects added valueof any time, adopt the gray system theory, the experimental data combine the originalseries, use accumulation generation, also the least square method to determine thevector, solving gray gray-scale parameters, establishes the time response function, thuspredict the rate values of defect development year-to-year.
     Adding the initial value with the added value of defect size, can put the fuzzyrandom probability data space expands to any time. According to the Yu's UnifiedStrength Theory,checking elastic limit solution and the plastic limit solution,checkinganalysis the capacity of data space in each data,and determine their meets the limit stateand the failure mode, then calculate failure probability and recovery time, eventuallymapped the lifetime curves of pipelines.
     Through the analysis of life curve, to determine the safety of baotou slurry pipelineservice deadline, divided the safe operation of pipeline into the seven stages across60years, such as safety operation period, monitoring operation period, limited safety period, extended deploying, speeding up stage, failure destruction period, give allperiods of failure probability,the defects in the pipeline development process, answeredabout residual strength, residual life and overterm service three basic problems. Providescientific decision-making basis for the safety operation of Baotou iron and steel Group.
     This paper studies to unified strength theory as the core content to test andmeasurement data for background and based on analysis of stress as the basis, theGumbel distribution and grey system as the key method, solve the problems of lifeprediction. Research involving the mining, oil&gas storage and transportation,metallurgy, chemical, machinery, corrosion protection and etc, apply the fuzzy randomprobability theory and reliability theory, the gray system theory, extreme valuedistribution parameter estimation, chemical corrosion and abrasion theory, introducethe latest research results of the fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, structural mechanics,fracture mechanics, damage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics, mechanics ofmaterials, and so on.The analytical solution of the unified strength theory is derived out.
     The result of this paper can be applied directly to slurry pipeline, oil and gaspipelines, chemical pipeline, municipal pipeline, coal slurry pipeline projects,for allkinds of media pipes, the bearing capacity of the limit state, failure probability and lifeprediction has important guiding significance and practical value. and our method canresolve the problem more effectively.
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