吉林西部草原区土壤地球化学特征及对牧草品质的影响
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摘要
吉林省西部地区草原面积锐减、草地“三化”面积逐年扩大、草质变差和土壤盐渍化等问题的出现是与全球气候变化分不开的,同时也与区域地质环境演化和人类活动密切相关的。研究西部草原土壤地球化学特征,查明土壤—植物系统中有益元素、有毒元素的富集规律、转移转化特征及其对牧草品质的影响,对草原区的土壤质量进行评价,有助于查明污染源的来源,为草原生态环境评价,改善当地人民身体健康,为吉林省西部生态屏障保护和当地农牧业发展等服务。
本文详细分析了不同类型土壤成土母质特征,表层土壤元素的富集和分异情况,指出不同类型土壤的盐碱化程度和污染物元素的类别。本文结合前人的资料,还分析统计了不同土壤类型肥力状况,微量元素含量的变化状况,根据养分划分了土壤的等级。
本文最后一章讨论了土壤影响牧草中元素含量的因素,阐明了土壤全量、有效态、土壤pH对牧草元素含量变化的影响,指出部分土壤全量对牧草影响强烈,土壤pH对牧草吸收重金属元素有重大影响。
In this paper,we chose chestnut soil,chernozem soil,meadow soil,sandy soil and saline-alkali soil as 5 major soil types to analyze and test.The purpose is to study element geochemistry characteristic of the soil in grassland and to study the enrichment and differentiation status of element on topsoil soil.Then,prove the geochemical composition of soil-forming rock and identified the relationship of effective state of the soil among soil pH,whole elements of soil,effective state of soil and Organic matter content.Last,study the impact of elements of grassland soil to fodder grass.Though this research,we recognized that:
1.Enrichment is different on diversity topsoil soil.Cl,C,N and Ca are enriched in chernozem soil;As,Cd,Se,N,Ca and C are enriched in chestnut soil; Cl,C,N and Ca are enriched in sandy soil;Na,Se,C,N,Ca and Cl are enriched meadow soil;N,Mg,Na,Ca and Cl are enriched in saline-alkali soil.Topsoil soil in the study area,with the exception of the district of chestnut soil,the other soil has a different degree of phenomenon of salinization.
2.R-type factor analysis showed that,soil-forming rock of various type topsoil soils are close to each other.It is positive that different degree of phenomenon of salinization is existed in topsoil soil.However,the major pollution factors in topsoil soil are different.The major pollution factors in chestnut soil are As-Pb-B-Cr,and the pollution of Cd is growing up as well as the enriching of N,C; the major pollution factors in chemozem soil are Pb-Cr-Zn;in sandy soil,the factors are F-Cr-As-Zn,and element of Hg is growing with the enrichment of C,N,P;it is showed that salinity level is not high in sandy soil for factor Cl is not important in the whole factors in sandy soil;the major pollution factors in meadow soil are Cd-Hg-Pb;the major pollution factors in saline-alkali soil are Cr-As,and harmful elements as such as Cd,Hg,Pb are increasing with the enrichment of C,N.
3.The fertility of different topsoil soil is huge different in the study area. Effective N and K as well as organic matter are rich in chestnut soil;meadow soil is after chestnut soil;composite index of chernozem soil is worse than chestnut soil and meadow soil;saline-alkali soil is worse than former;sandy soil is the worst of all.Specially,effective P is low in all types of topsoil soil.
4.The effective state of trace elements of all types' topsoil soil in study area is showed that,the means of effective Fe,Mo,Cu,Zn all lower than average levels of Jilin province,otherwise,effective B,Mn are higher than average levels of Jilin province.
5.The relevance of effective state and whole elements in topsoil is showed that,effective state of N,B and Mn are better correlation with their whole elements; effective state of Mo and Zn are general to their corresponding elements in topsoil; effective state of p,K,Fe are poor relevance with their corresponding elements in topsoil.The relevance of effective state and pH is showed that,only effective Mn is relevant to pH,effective state of N,B are general to pH.Other elements appeared poor relevance to pH.
6.Vertical profiles of soil analysis showed that the eastern part of the study area,soil salinization of the obvious trend,mainly for the central salinization.The eastern,central and western sections are there Se,Pb elements in surface soil enrichment,Zn,F elements in complex changes,reasons to be identified.
7.The impact of elements change in fodder grass is including soil and elements of all available content,soil pH,soil organic matter content,soil mineral composition,soil caption exchange capacity,and so on.
8.Heavy metals in the grass appeared good correlation with each other.It is showed that heavy metals mutual influence each other obviously when fodder grass is absorbing heavy metals.
9.Content of B,Cr,Hg,Na,Cu,Pb,Se,and Zn in fodder grass are significant correlation with the same element in whole elements of topsoil.
10.Content of Pb、Na、Ni、K、Zn、P、Ca、Hg and Fe in fodder grass are significant correlation with soil pH;yet Content of As、Cd、Co、Cr、F、Mg、Se、Cu、Mo and Mn are poor correlation with soil pH.Only content of B and Mo in fodder grass are significant correlation with corresponding elements effective status.
本文详细分析了不同类型土壤成土母质特征,表层土壤元素的富集和分异情况,指出不同类型土壤的盐碱化程度和污染物元素的类别。本文结合前人的资料,还分析统计了不同土壤类型肥力状况,微量元素含量的变化状况,根据养分划分了土壤的等级。
本文最后一章讨论了土壤影响牧草中元素含量的因素,阐明了土壤全量、有效态、土壤pH对牧草元素含量变化的影响,指出部分土壤全量对牧草影响强烈,土壤pH对牧草吸收重金属元素有重大影响。
In this paper,we chose chestnut soil,chernozem soil,meadow soil,sandy soil and saline-alkali soil as 5 major soil types to analyze and test.The purpose is to study element geochemistry characteristic of the soil in grassland and to study the enrichment and differentiation status of element on topsoil soil.Then,prove the geochemical composition of soil-forming rock and identified the relationship of effective state of the soil among soil pH,whole elements of soil,effective state of soil and Organic matter content.Last,study the impact of elements of grassland soil to fodder grass.Though this research,we recognized that:
1.Enrichment is different on diversity topsoil soil.Cl,C,N and Ca are enriched in chernozem soil;As,Cd,Se,N,Ca and C are enriched in chestnut soil; Cl,C,N and Ca are enriched in sandy soil;Na,Se,C,N,Ca and Cl are enriched meadow soil;N,Mg,Na,Ca and Cl are enriched in saline-alkali soil.Topsoil soil in the study area,with the exception of the district of chestnut soil,the other soil has a different degree of phenomenon of salinization.
2.R-type factor analysis showed that,soil-forming rock of various type topsoil soils are close to each other.It is positive that different degree of phenomenon of salinization is existed in topsoil soil.However,the major pollution factors in topsoil soil are different.The major pollution factors in chestnut soil are As-Pb-B-Cr,and the pollution of Cd is growing up as well as the enriching of N,C; the major pollution factors in chemozem soil are Pb-Cr-Zn;in sandy soil,the factors are F-Cr-As-Zn,and element of Hg is growing with the enrichment of C,N,P;it is showed that salinity level is not high in sandy soil for factor Cl is not important in the whole factors in sandy soil;the major pollution factors in meadow soil are Cd-Hg-Pb;the major pollution factors in saline-alkali soil are Cr-As,and harmful elements as such as Cd,Hg,Pb are increasing with the enrichment of C,N.
3.The fertility of different topsoil soil is huge different in the study area. Effective N and K as well as organic matter are rich in chestnut soil;meadow soil is after chestnut soil;composite index of chernozem soil is worse than chestnut soil and meadow soil;saline-alkali soil is worse than former;sandy soil is the worst of all.Specially,effective P is low in all types of topsoil soil.
4.The effective state of trace elements of all types' topsoil soil in study area is showed that,the means of effective Fe,Mo,Cu,Zn all lower than average levels of Jilin province,otherwise,effective B,Mn are higher than average levels of Jilin province.
5.The relevance of effective state and whole elements in topsoil is showed that,effective state of N,B and Mn are better correlation with their whole elements; effective state of Mo and Zn are general to their corresponding elements in topsoil; effective state of p,K,Fe are poor relevance with their corresponding elements in topsoil.The relevance of effective state and pH is showed that,only effective Mn is relevant to pH,effective state of N,B are general to pH.Other elements appeared poor relevance to pH.
6.Vertical profiles of soil analysis showed that the eastern part of the study area,soil salinization of the obvious trend,mainly for the central salinization.The eastern,central and western sections are there Se,Pb elements in surface soil enrichment,Zn,F elements in complex changes,reasons to be identified.
7.The impact of elements change in fodder grass is including soil and elements of all available content,soil pH,soil organic matter content,soil mineral composition,soil caption exchange capacity,and so on.
8.Heavy metals in the grass appeared good correlation with each other.It is showed that heavy metals mutual influence each other obviously when fodder grass is absorbing heavy metals.
9.Content of B,Cr,Hg,Na,Cu,Pb,Se,and Zn in fodder grass are significant correlation with the same element in whole elements of topsoil.
10.Content of Pb、Na、Ni、K、Zn、P、Ca、Hg and Fe in fodder grass are significant correlation with soil pH;yet Content of As、Cd、Co、Cr、F、Mg、Se、Cu、Mo and Mn are poor correlation with soil pH.Only content of B and Mo in fodder grass are significant correlation with corresponding elements effective status.
引文
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[3]C.N.R.Critchleya,B.J.Chambersb,J.A.Fowberta,et al..Association between lowland grassland plant communities and soil properties.Biological Conservation,105(2002)199-215.
[4]Davies B E.Water.Air and Soil Pollut.,1992,63:331-342.
[5]Davenport,P.H.,Chrisopher,T.K.,et al..Geochemical mapping in Newfoundland and Labrador:its role in establishing geochemical baselines for the measurement of environmental change.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1993,49:177-200.
[6]Elly P.H.Best,F.H.H.Jacobs.Production,nutrient availability,and elemental balances of two meadows affected by different fertilization and water table regimes in The Netherlands.Plant Ecology 155:61-73,2001.
[7]Jay F.Martin,K.R.Reddy.Interaction and spatial distribution of wetland nirtrogen processes.Ecological Modelling 105(1997)1-21.
[8]KAREN C RICE.Trace-Element Concentration in Streambed Sediment Across the Conterminous United States Environ[J].Sci.Technol.1993,33,2499-2504
[9]McBride M,et al.,Soil Sci.,Soe.Am.J.,1998,62:1542-1548
[10]M.J.Wilson,N.Bell.Acid deposition and heavy metal mobilization[J].Applied Geochemistry,1996,11:133-137.
[11]Sauve S,et al.Water,Air,and Soil Pollut.1997,100:133-149.
[12]Siegel F.R.Environmental Geochemistry of Potentially Toxic metal.Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2002,pp218.
[13]Spark K M,et al.Australian Journal of Soil Research.1997,35(1):113-112.
[14]陈玲,阿里穆斯等.草原植物种群营养元素生殖分配规律研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),第28卷第4期,1997年7月.
[15]邓朝生,尚金城,陈鹏.我国环境污染的因子分析[J].内蒙古环境保护,2003,15(3):6-8.
[16]关世英,常金宝等.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究.中国草地.1997,No.3,pp.39-43.
[17]葛滢,李建东等.东北羊草草地锰铜锌含量特征的研究.植物生态学报,1994,18(4)388-346.
[18]郭继勋,张为政等.羊草草原的植被退化与土壤的盐碱化.
[19]何真毅.四川仁寿优产粮棉区土壤地球化学研究.地质与勘探,第35卷第3期,2000年5月.
[20]何忠俊,梁社往等.土壤环境质量标准研究现状及展望.云南农业大学学报,第19卷第6期,2004年12月.
[21]黄文娟,于海多等.松嫩羊草草原植被与土壤的耦合关系.ACTA AGRESTIA SINACA,Vol.14 No.1,March 2006.
[22]胡伟,魏复盛.中国4城市空气颗粒物元素的因子分析[J].中国环境监测,2003,19(3):39-42.
[23]吉林省土壤普查办公室.吉林省土壤志,吉林科学出版社,1998.
[24]姜玲玲,林年丰等.吉林西部生态环境研究其质量评价.ARID ZONE RESEARCH,JUN.2005.
[25]荆旭慧.苏南某市不同环境下土壤.作物系统中重金属元素分布及其食品安全风险探讨.南京农业大学硕士学位论文,p35-38,2007年6月.
[26]荆旭慧,李恋卿等.不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点.生态环境,2007,16(3):812-817.
[27]赖启宏.珠江三角洲多目标区域地球化学生态环境评价.中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文.
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