面向复杂产品开发过程中供应商协同管理研究
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摘要
进入21世纪以来，随着全球产业界的宏观及微观环境所面临的变化越来越剧烈并难以预测，以及产品的竞争愈发白热化，企业通过复杂产品的开发来强化自己的核心竞争力已成为一种普遍的共识。由于复杂产品的零部件众多，系统结构复杂，将复杂产品模块化分解，由不同领域的设计者相互协作，共同完成设计和制造任务正在成为复杂产品开发的大趋势。事实上，许多已经实施了制造外包的企业非常渴望得到有效、专门而系统的供应商协同管理理论的指导，从而使它们能在工作实践中不断改善外包绩效，控制外包风险。从已有的文献来看，复杂产品生产企业如何与供应商协同管理的研究非常有限。因此，本文认为加强复杂产品开发过程中的供应商管理，进一步展开对其理论研究，对于复杂产品开发具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本文在对复杂产品开发过程中一系列管理问题深入分析的基础上，系统研究了复杂产品开发过程中供应商协同管理的问题。首先分析了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程，其次探讨了供应商评价指标体系与选择方法，接着详细论述了供应商协同关系模型与协同配置模型，然后研究了供应商协同过程管理的主要任务及供应商协同能力提升策略，最后通过轿车整车产品开发的供应商选择案例阐述了复杂产品开发过程中的供应商管理实践。
本文的主要研究内容和创新点如下：
（1）研究了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程。首先从分析产品协同开发中供应商关系的动态演变过程入手，详细描述了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程，对供应商参与复杂产品开发的这一协同过程进行建模。该模型是后期进行供应商评价与选择、供应商协同关系构建和供应商协同过程管理的基础。
（2）研究了供应商评价与选择的方法。首先结合复杂产品开发过程的特点，构建供应商评价指标体系，应用基于BOCR评价指标体系和证据推理方法建立多准则供应商评价模型，对供应商进行评价。然后考虑多方面因素和目标的折衷，设计了基于模糊折衷规划算法的供应商选择模型，对供应商进行选择。
（3）研究了供应商协同关系的构建。从供应商协同配置模型构建和配置方法两方面研究了供应商协同关系构建问题。从管理的角度分析了战略层、策略层和技术层等三个层次上的供应商协同关系，并按照中心协同和层次协同两种模式构建了供应商协同关系模型；考虑复杂产品开发过程的特点和协同关系的演变，从不同层次建立了供应商协同配置模型；设计了一种考虑专家与属性相关性的群决策方法对不同时间节点上的供应商协同配置方案进行选择，给出了具体的配置方案选择流程，并结合案例论证了选择方法和选择过程的合理性。
（4）研究了供应商协同过程的管理。着重研究供应商协同过程中的质量管理和成本控制问题。在质量管理方面，运用APQP方法对供应商质量管理进行风险评估。在成本控制方面，建立供应商协同成本管理系统，应用VE理论和ABC成本法对复杂产品开发过程中供应商成本进行控制并估算。进一步，从供应商评价与改进角度探讨供应商与企业协同过程中绩效评估的能力提升策略与方法。
（5）以某轿车整车开发企业为背景，进行了轿车整车开发过程中的供应商管理的案例研究。从供应商绩效考核与能力提升等方面实现了供应商供应平台的建设及优化；从零部件OTS程序和PPAP程序等方面的流程实现了供应商协同过程的管理。
Since entering the21st century, with the immense changes in the macroµ environmentsof the global industry and the intense competition of products, it has become a general consensusthat enterprises reinforce their competition abilities through the development of complex products.Due to huge amounts of components and complicated system architectures, modularizing complexproducts and completing the design and manufacture tasks coordinately by the designers fromdifferent domains has become the main stream of complex product development. Actually, manyenterprises with manufacture outsourcing have a strong desire to be guided by theory of suppliercollaborative management, so that they can improve outsourcing performances and controloutsourcing risks in practice. From existing literatures, there is very limited research oncollaborative management between suppliers and complex products enterprises. Therefore,enhancing the supplier collaborative management in the development process of complex productsand investigating related theories is of great importance in both theory and practice to complexproduct development.
Based on the deep analysis of a series of management problems in the development process ofcomplex products, this dissertation systematically investigates the problems of suppliercollaborative. First of all, the collaborative process of supplier involvement in the development ofcomplex products is analyzed. Next, the evaluation system and the selection method of suppliersare explored. Then, the relational model and the allocation model of supplier collaboration areintroduced and elaborated in detail. After that, the main tasks of the supplier collaborativemanagement and the tactics of the promotion of the supplier collaborative ability are studied.Finally, the supplier management practices in the process of complex products development areexplained according to the case study of the supplier selection for the development of a whole-car.
The main works and the original points of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The collaborative process of supplier involvement in the development of complex productsis studied. According to the analysis of the dynamic evolution process of the supplier relationshipsin the process of products collaborative development, the collaborative process of supplierinvolvement in the development of complex products is elaborated and modeled. This modelprovides a basis for the evaluation and the selection of suppliers, the construction of the suppliercollaborative relationships, and the management of supplier collaboration.
(2) The evaluation and the selection methods of suppliers are introduced. Firstly, the supplier evaluation system is constructed, which combines with the features of the development process ofcomplex products. The multi-attribute model based on the BOCR evaluation system and D-S(Dempster-Shafer) theory is used to evaluate suppliers. The supplier selection model based on thefuzzy compromise programming algorithm is then devised which considers the balance ofnumerous factors and targets.
(3) The construction of supplier collaborative relationships is studied. The problem of theconstruction of supplier collaborative relationships is researched form two aspects, which are theallocation model construction and the allocation method of supplier collaboration. Suppliercollaborative relationships are analyzed in three levels (strategy, tactics and skill) from the angle ofmanagement. The supplier collaborative relationship models are constructed according to the twopatterns of center-collaboration and level-collaboration. The supplier allocation models areconstructed in different levels with the consideration of the features of complex productdevelopment and the evolution of collaborative relationships. A group decision-making methodconsidering the relevance of experts and attributes is devised to select the allocation scheme ofsupplier collaboration. The selection process is provided and the rationalities of the selectionmethod and the selection process are verified with cases.
(4) The management of supplier collaborative process is researched with the focus on thequality management and the cost control in the process of supplier collaboration. In the respect ofquality management, the risk of supplier quality management is evaluated with the method ofAdvance Product Quality Planning (APQP). In the respect of cost control, the cost managementsystem of supplier collaboration is developed, which uses the methods of Value Engineering andActivity-Based Cost to control and estimate the costs in the process of the development of complexproducts. Moreover, the tactics and methods for promoting the performances of collaborationbetween suppliers and enterprises are offered form the perspective of supplier evaluation andinprovement.
(5) The case of supplier management in the process of the development of a whole-car isstudied based on a real enterprise. The construction and optimization of the supply-platform areachieved from the aspects of supplier performance evaluation and ability promotion. Themanagement in the process of supplier collaboration is realized through the approval proceduressuch as OTS (Off Tooling Sample) and PPAP (Production Part Approval Process).
本文在对复杂产品开发过程中一系列管理问题深入分析的基础上，系统研究了复杂产品开发过程中供应商协同管理的问题。首先分析了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程，其次探讨了供应商评价指标体系与选择方法，接着详细论述了供应商协同关系模型与协同配置模型，然后研究了供应商协同过程管理的主要任务及供应商协同能力提升策略，最后通过轿车整车产品开发的供应商选择案例阐述了复杂产品开发过程中的供应商管理实践。
本文的主要研究内容和创新点如下：
（1）研究了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程。首先从分析产品协同开发中供应商关系的动态演变过程入手，详细描述了供应商参与复杂产品开发的协同过程，对供应商参与复杂产品开发的这一协同过程进行建模。该模型是后期进行供应商评价与选择、供应商协同关系构建和供应商协同过程管理的基础。
（2）研究了供应商评价与选择的方法。首先结合复杂产品开发过程的特点，构建供应商评价指标体系，应用基于BOCR评价指标体系和证据推理方法建立多准则供应商评价模型，对供应商进行评价。然后考虑多方面因素和目标的折衷，设计了基于模糊折衷规划算法的供应商选择模型，对供应商进行选择。
（3）研究了供应商协同关系的构建。从供应商协同配置模型构建和配置方法两方面研究了供应商协同关系构建问题。从管理的角度分析了战略层、策略层和技术层等三个层次上的供应商协同关系，并按照中心协同和层次协同两种模式构建了供应商协同关系模型；考虑复杂产品开发过程的特点和协同关系的演变，从不同层次建立了供应商协同配置模型；设计了一种考虑专家与属性相关性的群决策方法对不同时间节点上的供应商协同配置方案进行选择，给出了具体的配置方案选择流程，并结合案例论证了选择方法和选择过程的合理性。
（4）研究了供应商协同过程的管理。着重研究供应商协同过程中的质量管理和成本控制问题。在质量管理方面，运用APQP方法对供应商质量管理进行风险评估。在成本控制方面，建立供应商协同成本管理系统，应用VE理论和ABC成本法对复杂产品开发过程中供应商成本进行控制并估算。进一步，从供应商评价与改进角度探讨供应商与企业协同过程中绩效评估的能力提升策略与方法。
（5）以某轿车整车开发企业为背景，进行了轿车整车开发过程中的供应商管理的案例研究。从供应商绩效考核与能力提升等方面实现了供应商供应平台的建设及优化；从零部件OTS程序和PPAP程序等方面的流程实现了供应商协同过程的管理。
Since entering the21st century, with the immense changes in the macroµ environmentsof the global industry and the intense competition of products, it has become a general consensusthat enterprises reinforce their competition abilities through the development of complex products.Due to huge amounts of components and complicated system architectures, modularizing complexproducts and completing the design and manufacture tasks coordinately by the designers fromdifferent domains has become the main stream of complex product development. Actually, manyenterprises with manufacture outsourcing have a strong desire to be guided by theory of suppliercollaborative management, so that they can improve outsourcing performances and controloutsourcing risks in practice. From existing literatures, there is very limited research oncollaborative management between suppliers and complex products enterprises. Therefore,enhancing the supplier collaborative management in the development process of complex productsand investigating related theories is of great importance in both theory and practice to complexproduct development.
Based on the deep analysis of a series of management problems in the development process ofcomplex products, this dissertation systematically investigates the problems of suppliercollaborative. First of all, the collaborative process of supplier involvement in the development ofcomplex products is analyzed. Next, the evaluation system and the selection method of suppliersare explored. Then, the relational model and the allocation model of supplier collaboration areintroduced and elaborated in detail. After that, the main tasks of the supplier collaborativemanagement and the tactics of the promotion of the supplier collaborative ability are studied.Finally, the supplier management practices in the process of complex products development areexplained according to the case study of the supplier selection for the development of a whole-car.
The main works and the original points of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The collaborative process of supplier involvement in the development of complex productsis studied. According to the analysis of the dynamic evolution process of the supplier relationshipsin the process of products collaborative development, the collaborative process of supplierinvolvement in the development of complex products is elaborated and modeled. This modelprovides a basis for the evaluation and the selection of suppliers, the construction of the suppliercollaborative relationships, and the management of supplier collaboration.
(2) The evaluation and the selection methods of suppliers are introduced. Firstly, the supplier evaluation system is constructed, which combines with the features of the development process ofcomplex products. The multi-attribute model based on the BOCR evaluation system and D-S(Dempster-Shafer) theory is used to evaluate suppliers. The supplier selection model based on thefuzzy compromise programming algorithm is then devised which considers the balance ofnumerous factors and targets.
(3) The construction of supplier collaborative relationships is studied. The problem of theconstruction of supplier collaborative relationships is researched form two aspects, which are theallocation model construction and the allocation method of supplier collaboration. Suppliercollaborative relationships are analyzed in three levels (strategy, tactics and skill) from the angle ofmanagement. The supplier collaborative relationship models are constructed according to the twopatterns of center-collaboration and level-collaboration. The supplier allocation models areconstructed in different levels with the consideration of the features of complex productdevelopment and the evolution of collaborative relationships. A group decision-making methodconsidering the relevance of experts and attributes is devised to select the allocation scheme ofsupplier collaboration. The selection process is provided and the rationalities of the selectionmethod and the selection process are verified with cases.
(4) The management of supplier collaborative process is researched with the focus on thequality management and the cost control in the process of supplier collaboration. In the respect ofquality management, the risk of supplier quality management is evaluated with the method ofAdvance Product Quality Planning (APQP). In the respect of cost control, the cost managementsystem of supplier collaboration is developed, which uses the methods of Value Engineering andActivity-Based Cost to control and estimate the costs in the process of the development of complexproducts. Moreover, the tactics and methods for promoting the performances of collaborationbetween suppliers and enterprises are offered form the perspective of supplier evaluation andinprovement.
(5) The case of supplier management in the process of the development of a whole-car isstudied based on a real enterprise. The construction and optimization of the supply-platform areachieved from the aspects of supplier performance evaluation and ability promotion. Themanagement in the process of supplier collaboration is realized through the approval proceduressuch as OTS (Off Tooling Sample) and PPAP (Production Part Approval Process).
引文
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