基于供应链的食品安全保障研究
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摘要
本文主要对基于供应链的食品安全保障进行研究。在对国内外食品安全保障现状分析基础上,从食品供应链角度构建了我国的食品安全保障体系,提出了实现食品安全保障的四项基本措施:建立预警体系、监控体系、追溯体系和信用管理体系。在预警体系研究中主要建立了单因素和综合因素的预警模型。在监控体系研究中提出了产前、产中、产后和全程监控的具体措施。在追溯体系研究中根据产品逆向追踪原理开发了产品追溯和召回软件。在信用管理体系研究中构建了基于供应链的食品安全信用管理系统。
In recent years significant food unsafe event frequency happens in the world, it has caused the serious harm and the threat for humanity's life and the health, had created the heavy economic loss to the country that come to being the event, and even has initiated the political disturbance. Along with the economic globalization and the international food trade growth, the food security problem has received the global attention. The guarantee food quality safety has become urgent need to solve problem that protects the humanity life and health, improves the people living quality, promotes food trade and maintains world peace and the development.
The modern food's safety production and the supply are not a department, a unit's responsibility, but involve all links’safety control from the farmland to the dinner table about food. If any link's food source has the pollution possibly to proliferate to the national and even whole world with the wide range circulation. Therefore, we must to consider problem from the entire supply chain's perspective if we want to safeguard the food security, and this is also the research subject on this paper.
The article first carried on the analysis to related basic theory based on supply chain’s food safety control , and has carried on the limits to the food supply chain, food security and so on related concept. In the theoretical analysis's foundation through contrast quality safety control present situation with the overseas developed country, has discovered our country existence disparity with the overseas. In view of the fact that food safety control aspect’s weakness in our country, the paper proposed the necessity that establishes food safety guarantte based on the food supply chain. The article has launched the research on food safety guarantte system’s establishment. Firstly, analyzed the mechanism of the food safety control system formed based on the supply chain, the primary cause was the accumulation of the food security risk, food belonged to the product after examined it, food have the public product attribute. Secondly, the article constructed food safety control system under the supply chain environment, and proposed food safety control mechanism that will be realized with emphasis, namely established food safe early warning system; established unification coordinated food safe supervision system; established the omni-directional food safe backward system; established food security credit system based on the moral range pole foundation, these four mechanisms are essential regarding realizes food safety control under the supply chain environment, therefore article further research these four mechanisms.
The early warning is playing prevents beforehand role in the food safety guarantee, The establishment key based on supplies chain's food safe early warning system is the establishment of the early warning index, but early warning index has the direct relation with each kind of risk factor that influences food supply chain security. Therefore the article has first analyzed main risk factor that influences food quality security, namely physical property risk factor, chemical properties risk factor and biological risk factor performance as well as origin. Then the paper has constructed the food safety control early warning indicator systems that covered food supply chain. food safety guarantee early warning indicator system includes raw material habitat environment quality, the production technical level, the production and processing technology situation, the packing, the storage and transportation technology, the sale commercial quality, the food safe integrated management and the food monitoring technical specification. These indicators have covered the food supply chain's all content, may be described with qualitative or quantitative parameter separately. After the indicator system determined, the article made the early warning limited, it is the early warning reference. The paper uses the Likert five criterion meter measurement method to divide and determine the essential threshold value to food various targets parameter early warning limit. In the fore-mentioned analysis foundation the article has established food safe early warning model based on supply chain. According to the early warning scope the article established the single factor early warning model and the multi-factor early warning model separately. The single factor early warning model is established with the artificial neural networks method. It mainly uses for analysis and predict single factor harm degree in the food, and then sends out the varying degree warning report according to the index value. The multi-factor early warning involves both the qualitative and quantitative index, therefore used the extension theory to establish the early warning model, could carry on the early warning safely from the overall angle to food, then sent out the caution signal, provide basis to food security decision-making people. Two kind of early warning models can realize the omni-directional early warning from microscopic to macroscopic, and early warning model is feasible and effective after actual case proved. It could provide well the prevent function in the food safety control.
We except must carry on prevent to food safety, the monitoring method is essential for grasp food security situation in supply chain circulation process. Therefore the article proposed food safe monitoring characteristic under the supply chain environment on the base of our country tradition monitoring present situation analysis, has established food safe monitoring system based on the supply chain, and proposed the food safe monitoring four basic measures for system's implementation under the supply chain environment. They was mainly the implementation of the monitoring measure from pre-natal to producing to post-natal the entire journey, which in this monitoring process supervised department be supposed to routine its matter, performed its own functions, achieved the supervision arriving, the measure is efficient.
Once the food security problem appeared, we can realize recognition question product origin from supply chain downstream to the upstream, recalled some question entity the origin, the use and the position, so the article has studied food security traceability. Given the overseas developed country backward empirical on the food safety, this article combining the Heilongjiang Province soybean fat example, has analyzed food safe backward process, used Delphi, Dreaweaver, ASP.NET, SQL Server language, and union network information technology, used the EAN-128 code as the code standard, used the B/S structure under the NET platform, has developed the soybean fat product software of the backward system and the recalls system. This method can realize the backward to the product originating, can provide the backward pattern“from the farmland to the dinner table”. It established food security information database through extraction the public backward essential factor of the production, processing, circulation, expense and so on in the supply chain link consumers cared. We depended on this database to be able to carry on the effective control and to recall if question products are found, assure consumer's legitimate rights and interests from the food source.
Food security's safeguard besides adopts the reasonable early warning method and the compulsion government and the profession monitoring measure, the credit system's establishment is also the key that guarantees food security outside the system. The article first has carried on the limit to food security credit's concept, has carried on the analysis to food security credit management system operation's patterns. Then it has carried on the analysis to between the government department and retail business's food security credit gambling, the result is that they can obtain the income maximization on the foundation of cooperating mutually. On the fore-mentioned analysis the article constructed food security credit administration system frame that has suited our country condition according to food security credit administration system establishment's goal and the principle. Considered that the food supply chain's participant affected area is broad, the geography scattered characteristic, as well as the economic cost, the system are advantageous for the implementation and the maintenance promotion and so on correlation factor, food security credit administration system was constructed for the structure which three levels is composed by the network level, the data level and the application layer. The network level is food security credit administration system's physical foundation. The system was built with the browser and the server pattern based on the internet technology, was convenient geography dispersion user and multi-user visit need. The data level is constituted by the database system, the model database system and the talk management system. The application layer is on the base of the data layer, carries on the processing to the data level saving data, then provides for the terminal user using and satisfies the user different level demand. Food security credit administration system construction is not only the technical question, but must establish a set of highly effective food security credit administration system, makes and unifies food production and the circuit related standard, the perfect related legal regime, therefore the author put forward several proposals.
In summary, the article analyzed food safety control mechanism thoroughly from the things develop logic sequence in the establishment food safety control system based on the supply chain, namely from the recognition food security's risk in the supply chain, to took the measure to carry on prevents ahead of time, to follows the development to carry on the entire process monitoring, to take the corresponding backward measure to recall the question product, to establish food safety credit system based on the immunity organization's when the social progress, the people realized enhancement, each measure both had the theory to explore and the practice instruction, therefore these measure reasonable implementation and the execution not only could provide the safety food shopping environment and the channel for the consumer, more importantly has strengthened the supply chain each link's food quality security management and control dynamics, was helpful to construct good faith and highly effective food quality safety guarantee system.
In recent years significant food unsafe event frequency happens in the world, it has caused the serious harm and the threat for humanity's life and the health, had created the heavy economic loss to the country that come to being the event, and even has initiated the political disturbance. Along with the economic globalization and the international food trade growth, the food security problem has received the global attention. The guarantee food quality safety has become urgent need to solve problem that protects the humanity life and health, improves the people living quality, promotes food trade and maintains world peace and the development.
The modern food's safety production and the supply are not a department, a unit's responsibility, but involve all links’safety control from the farmland to the dinner table about food. If any link's food source has the pollution possibly to proliferate to the national and even whole world with the wide range circulation. Therefore, we must to consider problem from the entire supply chain's perspective if we want to safeguard the food security, and this is also the research subject on this paper.
The article first carried on the analysis to related basic theory based on supply chain’s food safety control , and has carried on the limits to the food supply chain, food security and so on related concept. In the theoretical analysis's foundation through contrast quality safety control present situation with the overseas developed country, has discovered our country existence disparity with the overseas. In view of the fact that food safety control aspect’s weakness in our country, the paper proposed the necessity that establishes food safety guarantte based on the food supply chain. The article has launched the research on food safety guarantte system’s establishment. Firstly, analyzed the mechanism of the food safety control system formed based on the supply chain, the primary cause was the accumulation of the food security risk, food belonged to the product after examined it, food have the public product attribute. Secondly, the article constructed food safety control system under the supply chain environment, and proposed food safety control mechanism that will be realized with emphasis, namely established food safe early warning system; established unification coordinated food safe supervision system; established the omni-directional food safe backward system; established food security credit system based on the moral range pole foundation, these four mechanisms are essential regarding realizes food safety control under the supply chain environment, therefore article further research these four mechanisms.
The early warning is playing prevents beforehand role in the food safety guarantee, The establishment key based on supplies chain's food safe early warning system is the establishment of the early warning index, but early warning index has the direct relation with each kind of risk factor that influences food supply chain security. Therefore the article has first analyzed main risk factor that influences food quality security, namely physical property risk factor, chemical properties risk factor and biological risk factor performance as well as origin. Then the paper has constructed the food safety control early warning indicator systems that covered food supply chain. food safety guarantee early warning indicator system includes raw material habitat environment quality, the production technical level, the production and processing technology situation, the packing, the storage and transportation technology, the sale commercial quality, the food safe integrated management and the food monitoring technical specification. These indicators have covered the food supply chain's all content, may be described with qualitative or quantitative parameter separately. After the indicator system determined, the article made the early warning limited, it is the early warning reference. The paper uses the Likert five criterion meter measurement method to divide and determine the essential threshold value to food various targets parameter early warning limit. In the fore-mentioned analysis foundation the article has established food safe early warning model based on supply chain. According to the early warning scope the article established the single factor early warning model and the multi-factor early warning model separately. The single factor early warning model is established with the artificial neural networks method. It mainly uses for analysis and predict single factor harm degree in the food, and then sends out the varying degree warning report according to the index value. The multi-factor early warning involves both the qualitative and quantitative index, therefore used the extension theory to establish the early warning model, could carry on the early warning safely from the overall angle to food, then sent out the caution signal, provide basis to food security decision-making people. Two kind of early warning models can realize the omni-directional early warning from microscopic to macroscopic, and early warning model is feasible and effective after actual case proved. It could provide well the prevent function in the food safety control.
We except must carry on prevent to food safety, the monitoring method is essential for grasp food security situation in supply chain circulation process. Therefore the article proposed food safe monitoring characteristic under the supply chain environment on the base of our country tradition monitoring present situation analysis, has established food safe monitoring system based on the supply chain, and proposed the food safe monitoring four basic measures for system's implementation under the supply chain environment. They was mainly the implementation of the monitoring measure from pre-natal to producing to post-natal the entire journey, which in this monitoring process supervised department be supposed to routine its matter, performed its own functions, achieved the supervision arriving, the measure is efficient.
Once the food security problem appeared, we can realize recognition question product origin from supply chain downstream to the upstream, recalled some question entity the origin, the use and the position, so the article has studied food security traceability. Given the overseas developed country backward empirical on the food safety, this article combining the Heilongjiang Province soybean fat example, has analyzed food safe backward process, used Delphi, Dreaweaver, ASP.NET, SQL Server language, and union network information technology, used the EAN-128 code as the code standard, used the B/S structure under the NET platform, has developed the soybean fat product software of the backward system and the recalls system. This method can realize the backward to the product originating, can provide the backward pattern“from the farmland to the dinner table”. It established food security information database through extraction the public backward essential factor of the production, processing, circulation, expense and so on in the supply chain link consumers cared. We depended on this database to be able to carry on the effective control and to recall if question products are found, assure consumer's legitimate rights and interests from the food source.
Food security's safeguard besides adopts the reasonable early warning method and the compulsion government and the profession monitoring measure, the credit system's establishment is also the key that guarantees food security outside the system. The article first has carried on the limit to food security credit's concept, has carried on the analysis to food security credit management system operation's patterns. Then it has carried on the analysis to between the government department and retail business's food security credit gambling, the result is that they can obtain the income maximization on the foundation of cooperating mutually. On the fore-mentioned analysis the article constructed food security credit administration system frame that has suited our country condition according to food security credit administration system establishment's goal and the principle. Considered that the food supply chain's participant affected area is broad, the geography scattered characteristic, as well as the economic cost, the system are advantageous for the implementation and the maintenance promotion and so on correlation factor, food security credit administration system was constructed for the structure which three levels is composed by the network level, the data level and the application layer. The network level is food security credit administration system's physical foundation. The system was built with the browser and the server pattern based on the internet technology, was convenient geography dispersion user and multi-user visit need. The data level is constituted by the database system, the model database system and the talk management system. The application layer is on the base of the data layer, carries on the processing to the data level saving data, then provides for the terminal user using and satisfies the user different level demand. Food security credit administration system construction is not only the technical question, but must establish a set of highly effective food security credit administration system, makes and unifies food production and the circuit related standard, the perfect related legal regime, therefore the author put forward several proposals.
In summary, the article analyzed food safety control mechanism thoroughly from the things develop logic sequence in the establishment food safety control system based on the supply chain, namely from the recognition food security's risk in the supply chain, to took the measure to carry on prevents ahead of time, to follows the development to carry on the entire process monitoring, to take the corresponding backward measure to recall the question product, to establish food safety credit system based on the immunity organization's when the social progress, the people realized enhancement, each measure both had the theory to explore and the practice instruction, therefore these measure reasonable implementation and the execution not only could provide the safety food shopping environment and the channel for the consumer, more importantly has strengthened the supply chain each link's food quality security management and control dynamics, was helpful to construct good faith and highly effective food quality safety guarantee system.
引文
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