半干旱区蒸散发对地下水变化响应机制研究
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摘要
由于气候变化和人类活动，导致地下水水位频繁、快速的波动甚至是长时段下降，进而诱发依赖地下水植被（Phreatophytes）蒸腾量变化，是全球半干旱地区广泛存在的一种现象。在依赖地下水植被广泛分布的地区，植被蒸腾同蒸发一样，是地下水排泄不可忽略的水均衡要素。同时，植被蒸腾也是判断植被水分胁迫响应及植被对地下水依赖程度的重要指标。可见，研究半干旱区植被蒸腾及潜水蒸发对地下水变化的响应机制，对水均衡分析、生态需水量计算、植物水分胁迫程度判别等多个方面都具有十分重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。以鄂尔多斯盆地为例，该盆地地处干旱—半干旱地区，降水稀少、蒸发强烈、地表水资源匮乏，地下水是植被和人类生存的重要水源，有时甚至是唯一水源。同时，该区矿产资源丰富，能源开发同样需要大量的水资源。在“保护中开发水资源”及“在开发中保护水与生态”是亟待解决的科学问题与生产实践问题。
本论文在广泛整理归纳国内外研究文献的基础上，深入分析了饱和-非饱和带水汽热及植被蒸腾的水分传输机制基本理论。进而在鄂尔多斯盆地海流兔河流域开展了饱和-非饱和带水汽热耦合传输及地下水影响下的植被蒸腾实验研究。对获取的实验数据进行统计及数值模拟分析，初步认识到：
1.饱和-非饱和带水汽热耦合规律为：（1）土壤温度对降水发生的时间及降水量大小响应表现出不同的特征。总体规律为夜间降水加速了土壤温度的下降，白天降水量较大时对土壤温度产生显著的影响；（2）统计分析表明，土壤温度与气温、净辐射呈正相关关系，与气压呈负相关关系。多元线性回归分析表明气象因子基本解释了不同深度的土壤温度变化：2、5、8、15、40、70、100cm及地下水温度与气温、净辐射、相对湿度、风速和气压的拟合度分别为86%、84%、67%、59%、59%、58%和57%；（3）压力梯度和温度梯度控制了饱和-非饱和带的水汽热传输过程，且日动态和年动态呈现不同的特征；（4）次降水量为62.0mm（平均4.43mm/hr）、42.8mm（平均0.73mm/hr），有效入渗补给地下水的降水量分别为21.9mm、34.4mm；（5）水流对温度穿透深度有影响，水流方向向下时，温度穿透深度增大，反之，温度穿透深度减少。
2.饱和-非饱和带植被蒸腾规律为：（1）沙柳蒸腾与降水的关系为：①降水过程中沙柳蒸腾迅速减少，甚至停止；②降水后沙柳蒸腾较降水前蒸腾量有所增加，但是出现最大蒸腾量距降水开始的天数不同，且蒸腾量与降水量非线性关系；③潜在蒸散发与沙柳蒸腾量的拟合度为65%；④受潜在蒸散发量和水分来源共同作用，沙柳蒸腾量并未由于降水量的增加呈增加趋势，暗示实验沙柳未受到明显的水分胁迫。（2）沙柳与其他气象因子的关系为：沙柳蒸腾量的变化主要受净辐射驱动，但同时依赖于空气温度、相对湿度和风速。沙柳蒸腾的峰值与净辐射的峰值同时出现，但是提前于空气温度的最大值和相对湿度的最小值。蒸腾量基本上与净辐射、温度、相对湿度呈线性正相关，但与相对湿度呈负相关关系。多元线性回归分析表明，沙柳蒸腾量与气象因子的拟合度达80%以上。（3）沙柳的水分来源为：沙柳能够同时利用土壤水和地下水。干旱时沙柳可以使用更多的地下水导致地下水水位快速下降。相对湿润时，土壤水和地下水开始下降，但降速较低。相关分析和回归分析表明地下水水位变化受累积蒸腾的影响,即沙柳蒸腾依赖地下水。（4）数值分析表明，实验期间，蒸散发对地下水的利用率为20-40%；（5）地下水水位对蒸腾影响分析表明，当地下水埋深为215cm时，沙柳不能够利用地下水。此时，沙柳实际蒸腾与潜在蒸腾的比例为0.5；（6）蒸发与潜在蒸发、蒸腾与潜在蒸腾的比值随地下水水位埋深变化为非线性，可以分别用指数函数和幂函数表达。
上述认识对指导生产实际应用的意义在于：1.大气-土壤-地下水温度梯度的变化（包括量值和方向）将深刻影响土壤蒸发、地下水蒸发的模式，并在小时、天、季节、年内的时间尺度上非定值；2.植被实际蒸腾与潜在蒸腾随地下水水位变化呈倒“S”曲线形状，并非传统地下水模拟软件的线性关系。
It is a worldwide phenomena that the changes of phreatophytic transpiration response tofast, frequent or long time decline of groundwater levels caused by climate change andanthropic activity. In the phreatophytes live area, the transpiration along with evaporation is avery important water balance items. The ratio between actual transpiration and potentialtranspiration is also a virtual criterion to plant water stress. So, to make clear the dynamicresponses of phreatophytic transpiration to groundwater level changes will be benefited toanalysis of water balance, calculation of ecosystems water demands, criterion of plant waterstress degree.
In the northwest of China, the spare rainfall and strong evaporation ascribe this area to aridand semi-arid area. And the rare surface water resources expose the importance of thegroundwater resources do what human and plants rely on. At the same time, to exploit mineresources also need groundwater. Allocating scarce water resources for the socio-economicdevelopment at the same time maintaining ecosystem healthy is a primary challenge,especially in the semi-arid areas.
Considering the importance all mentioned as above, the objectives of this paper is to:(1) tounderstand the dynamic of coupling water, heat and vapor movements in the variablysaturated zone under the effects of groundwater;(2) to study the responses of transpiration tothe groundwater level changes. The organization of this paper is that analysis the advances ofevaporation and transpiration at chapter1; description the basic theory of air, vapor, water andheat in soil at chapter2; introduction basic information of Hailiutu river catchment to implythe research background at chapter3; Introduction the field experiments and data analysisabout water, heat and plant water use at chapter4and5.
Systematic field measurements were conducted to investigate the dynamic of couplingwater, vapor and heat movement and plant water use in variably-saturated zone under theeffects of groundwater. Bowen ratio system was used to monitored weather variables. Sapflows32were installed to measure the transpiration of a selected Salix psammophila bush.Soil water contents were measured at different depths in soil base on TDR technology. Soiltemperatures were measured using HOBO temperature logger. Groundwater levels andtemperatures were monitored using Mini-diver.
The analysis methods include the statistic and numerical analysis. The results show that the temperatures in soil are affected by weather varialbes and soil physical characters. Both thetemperature and soil matrix potential gradients control the movements of water, vapor andheat in variably-saturated zone. Further, the temperature characters of amounts and directionschanged in different time scales. Consequently the coupling of water and heat has effect onrecharge and penetration depth of temperature.
The statistical analysis identified controls of climatic factors on sap flow and the water usestrategy of Salix bush in periods that are characterized by different wetness. Correlationanalyses show strong positive correlations between diurnal sap flow and net radiation, airtemperature and wind speed, but a negative correlation with relative humidity. The peak ofsap flow occurs at the same time as the peak of net radiation, but a few hours ahead of thepeak of temperature and the minimum of relative humidity. Multiple regression equationsbetween diurnal sap flow and climatic factors (i.e. net radiation, temperature, relativehumidity and wind speed) can account for more than80%of the variations in sap flow. Theanalysis of soil water contents and groundwater levels indicates that Salix bush can use bothsoil water and groundwater for transpiration. In the dry periods, the cumulative transpirationof Salix caused the continuous decline of soil water contents and shallow groundwater levels.During rain events, sap flow was very low; but immediately after the rain, the peak value ofsap flow increased significantly due to better soil water availability. The correlation andregression analysis indentified a strong relationship between the sap flow and groundwaterlevels that fluctuated at depths of145.5to180.7cm. Therefore, Salix bush can be consideredas a groundwater dependent plant in the Hailiutu River catchment, which has effects ongroundwater recharge and discharge, and consequences on groundwater resourcesmanagement. Numerical model analysis results shows that the groundwater contributes toevapotranspiration about20to40percentage.
The experimental and analysis results indicate that the temperature gradient in air, soil andgroundwater continuums has an important effect on soil and groundwater evaporation andintroduce the different values in hourly, daily, season, annual time scales. Interestingly, theratio between actual transpiration and potential transpiration change along with differentgroundwater depth shows the inverse‘s’ shape curve not but a linear type as some numericalmodel.
本论文在广泛整理归纳国内外研究文献的基础上，深入分析了饱和-非饱和带水汽热及植被蒸腾的水分传输机制基本理论。进而在鄂尔多斯盆地海流兔河流域开展了饱和-非饱和带水汽热耦合传输及地下水影响下的植被蒸腾实验研究。对获取的实验数据进行统计及数值模拟分析，初步认识到：
1.饱和-非饱和带水汽热耦合规律为：（1）土壤温度对降水发生的时间及降水量大小响应表现出不同的特征。总体规律为夜间降水加速了土壤温度的下降，白天降水量较大时对土壤温度产生显著的影响；（2）统计分析表明，土壤温度与气温、净辐射呈正相关关系，与气压呈负相关关系。多元线性回归分析表明气象因子基本解释了不同深度的土壤温度变化：2、5、8、15、40、70、100cm及地下水温度与气温、净辐射、相对湿度、风速和气压的拟合度分别为86%、84%、67%、59%、59%、58%和57%；（3）压力梯度和温度梯度控制了饱和-非饱和带的水汽热传输过程，且日动态和年动态呈现不同的特征；（4）次降水量为62.0mm（平均4.43mm/hr）、42.8mm（平均0.73mm/hr），有效入渗补给地下水的降水量分别为21.9mm、34.4mm；（5）水流对温度穿透深度有影响，水流方向向下时，温度穿透深度增大，反之，温度穿透深度减少。
2.饱和-非饱和带植被蒸腾规律为：（1）沙柳蒸腾与降水的关系为：①降水过程中沙柳蒸腾迅速减少，甚至停止；②降水后沙柳蒸腾较降水前蒸腾量有所增加，但是出现最大蒸腾量距降水开始的天数不同，且蒸腾量与降水量非线性关系；③潜在蒸散发与沙柳蒸腾量的拟合度为65%；④受潜在蒸散发量和水分来源共同作用，沙柳蒸腾量并未由于降水量的增加呈增加趋势，暗示实验沙柳未受到明显的水分胁迫。（2）沙柳与其他气象因子的关系为：沙柳蒸腾量的变化主要受净辐射驱动，但同时依赖于空气温度、相对湿度和风速。沙柳蒸腾的峰值与净辐射的峰值同时出现，但是提前于空气温度的最大值和相对湿度的最小值。蒸腾量基本上与净辐射、温度、相对湿度呈线性正相关，但与相对湿度呈负相关关系。多元线性回归分析表明，沙柳蒸腾量与气象因子的拟合度达80%以上。（3）沙柳的水分来源为：沙柳能够同时利用土壤水和地下水。干旱时沙柳可以使用更多的地下水导致地下水水位快速下降。相对湿润时，土壤水和地下水开始下降，但降速较低。相关分析和回归分析表明地下水水位变化受累积蒸腾的影响,即沙柳蒸腾依赖地下水。（4）数值分析表明，实验期间，蒸散发对地下水的利用率为20-40%；（5）地下水水位对蒸腾影响分析表明，当地下水埋深为215cm时，沙柳不能够利用地下水。此时，沙柳实际蒸腾与潜在蒸腾的比例为0.5；（6）蒸发与潜在蒸发、蒸腾与潜在蒸腾的比值随地下水水位埋深变化为非线性，可以分别用指数函数和幂函数表达。
上述认识对指导生产实际应用的意义在于：1.大气-土壤-地下水温度梯度的变化（包括量值和方向）将深刻影响土壤蒸发、地下水蒸发的模式，并在小时、天、季节、年内的时间尺度上非定值；2.植被实际蒸腾与潜在蒸腾随地下水水位变化呈倒“S”曲线形状，并非传统地下水模拟软件的线性关系。
It is a worldwide phenomena that the changes of phreatophytic transpiration response tofast, frequent or long time decline of groundwater levels caused by climate change andanthropic activity. In the phreatophytes live area, the transpiration along with evaporation is avery important water balance items. The ratio between actual transpiration and potentialtranspiration is also a virtual criterion to plant water stress. So, to make clear the dynamicresponses of phreatophytic transpiration to groundwater level changes will be benefited toanalysis of water balance, calculation of ecosystems water demands, criterion of plant waterstress degree.
In the northwest of China, the spare rainfall and strong evaporation ascribe this area to aridand semi-arid area. And the rare surface water resources expose the importance of thegroundwater resources do what human and plants rely on. At the same time, to exploit mineresources also need groundwater. Allocating scarce water resources for the socio-economicdevelopment at the same time maintaining ecosystem healthy is a primary challenge,especially in the semi-arid areas.
Considering the importance all mentioned as above, the objectives of this paper is to:(1) tounderstand the dynamic of coupling water, heat and vapor movements in the variablysaturated zone under the effects of groundwater;(2) to study the responses of transpiration tothe groundwater level changes. The organization of this paper is that analysis the advances ofevaporation and transpiration at chapter1; description the basic theory of air, vapor, water andheat in soil at chapter2; introduction basic information of Hailiutu river catchment to implythe research background at chapter3; Introduction the field experiments and data analysisabout water, heat and plant water use at chapter4and5.
Systematic field measurements were conducted to investigate the dynamic of couplingwater, vapor and heat movement and plant water use in variably-saturated zone under theeffects of groundwater. Bowen ratio system was used to monitored weather variables. Sapflows32were installed to measure the transpiration of a selected Salix psammophila bush.Soil water contents were measured at different depths in soil base on TDR technology. Soiltemperatures were measured using HOBO temperature logger. Groundwater levels andtemperatures were monitored using Mini-diver.
The analysis methods include the statistic and numerical analysis. The results show that the temperatures in soil are affected by weather varialbes and soil physical characters. Both thetemperature and soil matrix potential gradients control the movements of water, vapor andheat in variably-saturated zone. Further, the temperature characters of amounts and directionschanged in different time scales. Consequently the coupling of water and heat has effect onrecharge and penetration depth of temperature.
The statistical analysis identified controls of climatic factors on sap flow and the water usestrategy of Salix bush in periods that are characterized by different wetness. Correlationanalyses show strong positive correlations between diurnal sap flow and net radiation, airtemperature and wind speed, but a negative correlation with relative humidity. The peak ofsap flow occurs at the same time as the peak of net radiation, but a few hours ahead of thepeak of temperature and the minimum of relative humidity. Multiple regression equationsbetween diurnal sap flow and climatic factors (i.e. net radiation, temperature, relativehumidity and wind speed) can account for more than80%of the variations in sap flow. Theanalysis of soil water contents and groundwater levels indicates that Salix bush can use bothsoil water and groundwater for transpiration. In the dry periods, the cumulative transpirationof Salix caused the continuous decline of soil water contents and shallow groundwater levels.During rain events, sap flow was very low; but immediately after the rain, the peak value ofsap flow increased significantly due to better soil water availability. The correlation andregression analysis indentified a strong relationship between the sap flow and groundwaterlevels that fluctuated at depths of145.5to180.7cm. Therefore, Salix bush can be consideredas a groundwater dependent plant in the Hailiutu River catchment, which has effects ongroundwater recharge and discharge, and consequences on groundwater resourcesmanagement. Numerical model analysis results shows that the groundwater contributes toevapotranspiration about20to40percentage.
The experimental and analysis results indicate that the temperature gradient in air, soil andgroundwater continuums has an important effect on soil and groundwater evaporation andintroduce the different values in hourly, daily, season, annual time scales. Interestingly, theratio between actual transpiration and potential transpiration change along with differentgroundwater depth shows the inverse‘s’ shape curve not but a linear type as some numericalmodel.
引文
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