建设领域技术性贸易保护措施研究
摘要
经济全球化是当今世界经济发展的客观趋势，是一个无可争辩的事实。加入世界贸易组织(WTO)是中国融入全球化和世界经济主流的一个重要渠道和重大战略步骤。随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快，关税逐渐降低，进出口数量配额、许可证制度、外汇管制等非关税措施日益受到约束和限制。相反，以技术法规、技术标准、认证制度、检验制度为主要内容的技术性贸易措施突出出来，影响和作用越来越大。中国加入WTO对建筑业既是机遇，也是挑战。本文在对WTO关于建筑服务贸易的基本原则、中国建筑业的现状和发达国家实施贸易保护现状进行深入分析的基础上，探索中国加入WTO后建设领域贸易保护的切入点，研究中国建设领域贸易保护应采取的对策和措施。
本文通过对WTO关于技术性贸易壁垒协议、当代国际贸易中技术性贸易措施的实施和发展的现状以及建筑服务领域贸易壁垒进行分析，认清我国对外贸易中遇到的技术性贸易措施，研究和运用技术性手段，制定有效的政策措施，引导和帮助国内企业积极应对国外的技术性贸易措施，开拓国际市场；通过对技术性贸易壁垒形式和内容的了解，研究如何建立和完善我国的建设领域技术性贸易保护体系，充分利用WTO给予发展中国家的差别待遇和优惠待遇，采取合理的技术性贸易措施，建立建设领域技术贸易壁垒，保护国内市场和产业发展。
通过研究，我们发现技术壁垒有三种表现形式，即：技术标准、技术法规和合格评定。而我国工程建设强制性标准是从现行工程建设标准规范中形成的强制性条文，强制性条文就是技术法规，而标准规范本身就是技术标准，合格评定即对是否符合标准规范的认定。因此技术贸易壁垒的三个方面，工程建设规范中都涉及了。为此，建立建设领域技术壁垒必须从完善我国工程建设标准规范开始，进一步健全我国建筑业管理法规体系。建筑业加入WTO属于服务贸易领域，为了更好地建立我国建筑业的贸易保护体系，除了加强技术性措施的研究以外，加强对服务贸易壁垒的研究也必不可少。本文针对如何完善我国工程建设标准规范和健全我国建筑业管理法规体系提出了自己的思路，对服务贸易壁垒的建立作了初步的探讨。
The economic globalization is an objective trend of the economic development of the contemporary world and is an incontestable fact. It is an important channel and great strategic measure that China incorporates globalization and international economy mainstream to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). With the quickening of economic globalization and liberalization of trade process, the tariff is reduced gradually, Non-tariff measures, such as quota of quantity of imports and exports, system of the license , exchange control and etc. are retrained and limited day by day. On the contrary, the technical trade measure taking technological regulation, technical standard, authentication system, system of examining as main content is getting outstanding, influencing and function become greater. For Chinese construction industry, China's WTO entry is not only an opportunity but also a challenge. Based on study of the basic principles of service trade, trade protection of developed country and the current situat
ions of Chinese construction, this thesis probe the cutting points of trade protection after the accession to the WTO, and find countermeasure and measure which trade protection take.
Though the study of technical trade barrier agreements, the implementation and the current situation of development and trade barrier of construction, this thesis see clearly the technical trade measure met in the foreign trade of our country, study and use the technical means, guide and help domestic enterprises reply the technical trade measures of foreign countries actively, explore world market. Through the understanding to technical barrier trade situation and content, study how to set up and perfect the construction neck technical trade protection system of our country. Fully utilize WTO to offer differential treatment of the developing country and preferential treatment, adopt the rational technical trade measure, set up and build the field technological trade barrier, protect the domestic market and developing of the industry.
Study show there are three kinds of technical barrier: technical standard, technological regulation and quality assessment. Chinese mandatory standard of construction is derived from the current mandatory clause that is formed from construction cord, the mandatory clause is a technical regulation, the standard
code is technical standard and the standard is standardized itself, quality assessment is to evaluate whether it confirms to standard code. So three respects of the technological trade barrier have all been involved in the engineering construction standard. For this reason, set up and build technological barriers must have been from perfecting of Chinese construction standard. Perfect the construction of our country and manage the regulation system further. The accession to the WTO of the construction belongs to the service trade field. In order to set up the trade protection system of construction of our country better, besides strengthening the research of the technical measure, it is essential too to the research which serves the trade barrier to strengthen. How to perfect of our country engineering construction standardize and perfect of our country constructions manage regulation proposed own train of thought by system by standard, this thesis have done the preliminary discussion to the foundation which
served the trade barrier.
本文通过对WTO关于技术性贸易壁垒协议、当代国际贸易中技术性贸易措施的实施和发展的现状以及建筑服务领域贸易壁垒进行分析，认清我国对外贸易中遇到的技术性贸易措施，研究和运用技术性手段，制定有效的政策措施，引导和帮助国内企业积极应对国外的技术性贸易措施，开拓国际市场；通过对技术性贸易壁垒形式和内容的了解，研究如何建立和完善我国的建设领域技术性贸易保护体系，充分利用WTO给予发展中国家的差别待遇和优惠待遇，采取合理的技术性贸易措施，建立建设领域技术贸易壁垒，保护国内市场和产业发展。
通过研究，我们发现技术壁垒有三种表现形式，即：技术标准、技术法规和合格评定。而我国工程建设强制性标准是从现行工程建设标准规范中形成的强制性条文，强制性条文就是技术法规，而标准规范本身就是技术标准，合格评定即对是否符合标准规范的认定。因此技术贸易壁垒的三个方面，工程建设规范中都涉及了。为此，建立建设领域技术壁垒必须从完善我国工程建设标准规范开始，进一步健全我国建筑业管理法规体系。建筑业加入WTO属于服务贸易领域，为了更好地建立我国建筑业的贸易保护体系，除了加强技术性措施的研究以外，加强对服务贸易壁垒的研究也必不可少。本文针对如何完善我国工程建设标准规范和健全我国建筑业管理法规体系提出了自己的思路，对服务贸易壁垒的建立作了初步的探讨。
The economic globalization is an objective trend of the economic development of the contemporary world and is an incontestable fact. It is an important channel and great strategic measure that China incorporates globalization and international economy mainstream to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). With the quickening of economic globalization and liberalization of trade process, the tariff is reduced gradually, Non-tariff measures, such as quota of quantity of imports and exports, system of the license , exchange control and etc. are retrained and limited day by day. On the contrary, the technical trade measure taking technological regulation, technical standard, authentication system, system of examining as main content is getting outstanding, influencing and function become greater. For Chinese construction industry, China's WTO entry is not only an opportunity but also a challenge. Based on study of the basic principles of service trade, trade protection of developed country and the current situat
ions of Chinese construction, this thesis probe the cutting points of trade protection after the accession to the WTO, and find countermeasure and measure which trade protection take.
Though the study of technical trade barrier agreements, the implementation and the current situation of development and trade barrier of construction, this thesis see clearly the technical trade measure met in the foreign trade of our country, study and use the technical means, guide and help domestic enterprises reply the technical trade measures of foreign countries actively, explore world market. Through the understanding to technical barrier trade situation and content, study how to set up and perfect the construction neck technical trade protection system of our country. Fully utilize WTO to offer differential treatment of the developing country and preferential treatment, adopt the rational technical trade measure, set up and build the field technological trade barrier, protect the domestic market and developing of the industry.
Study show there are three kinds of technical barrier: technical standard, technological regulation and quality assessment. Chinese mandatory standard of construction is derived from the current mandatory clause that is formed from construction cord, the mandatory clause is a technical regulation, the standard
code is technical standard and the standard is standardized itself, quality assessment is to evaluate whether it confirms to standard code. So three respects of the technological trade barrier have all been involved in the engineering construction standard. For this reason, set up and build technological barriers must have been from perfecting of Chinese construction standard. Perfect the construction of our country and manage the regulation system further. The accession to the WTO of the construction belongs to the service trade field. In order to set up the trade protection system of construction of our country better, besides strengthening the research of the technical measure, it is essential too to the research which serves the trade barrier to strengthen. How to perfect of our country engineering construction standardize and perfect of our country constructions manage regulation proposed own train of thought by system by standard, this thesis have done the preliminary discussion to the foundation which
served the trade barrier.
引文
[1] 王孟钧等．WTO与中国建筑业．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2002．60～64
[2] 周汉民．中国走进WTO．上海：文匯出版社，2001．
[3] 赵春明等．非关税壁垒的应对与及运用．北京：人民出版社，2001．
[4] 李志军．怎样打造“技术壁垒”的矛与盾．北京：经济日报出版社，2002．
[5] 冯宗宪等．开放经济下的国际贸易壁垒．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[6] 石广生．中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(三卷本)．北京：人民出版，2002．
[7] 王海峰等．WTO法律规则与非关税壁垒约束机制．上海：财经大学出版社，2000．
[8] 朱彤．发展中国家在WTO中的地位和利益．北京：经济科学出版社，2000
[9] 沈瑶．倾销与反倾销的经济分析．浙江：浙江大学出版社，1999．
[10] 大卫．格林纳韦主编．国际贸易前沿问题．北京：腾图电子出版社，2000．
[11] 罗丙志．国际贸易政府管理．立信会计出版社，1999
[12] 刘耀威．竞争优势新要素—国际贸易标准化规范与实施．中国经济出版社，1997．
[13] 王曦．国际环境法．法律出版社，1998．
[14] 朱揽叶．世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析．法律出版社，2000．
[15] 余先予．世界贸易组织法律规则与中国．中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[16] 王传丽．国际贸易法．法律出版社，1998．
[17] 曹建明，贺小勇．世界贸易组织．法律出版社，1999．
[18] 贾继锋．加入WTO以后的新问题—与企业家，领导者对话．上海社会科学院出版社，2000．
[19] 王怀宁，高成兴．入世：世界上没有免费的午餐—机遇，挑战与对策．中国审计出版社，2000．
[20] 蒋珠燕．入世焦点—新世纪的中国服务贸易．经济科学出版社，1999．
[21] 陈玉明．加入WTO各行业前景分析．经济日报出版社，2000．
[22] 唐文琳．应对WTO—中国九大行业的危机与对策．广西人民出版社，2000．
[23] 陆燕，柏东海，阎会书．走进WTO中国企业入世必备．企业管理出版社，2000．
[24] 陈虹编译．世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协定(WTO／TBT协定)．中国标准出版社，2000．
[25] 蒋德恩编著．世界贸易组织中的争端解决．对外经济贸易大学出版社，1999．
[26] 郑志海编．入世与服务市场开放．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社，2001．
[27] 石广生编．加入世界贸易组织法规汇编．北京：人民出版社，2002．
[28] 王粤编．服务贸易：自由化与竞争力．北京：中国人民出版社，2002．
[29] 张汉林．世贸组织与未来中国．中国物价出版社，1999．
[30] 李广良主编．WTO与中国政府管理．吉林人民出版社，2003．
[31] 徐兆宏等编著．WTO案例对中国的启示．汉语大词典出版社，2003．
[32] 吕世平等编著．WTO与中国产业发展．郑州大学出版社，2003．
[33] 宋明顺著．WTO《贸易技术壁垒协议》规则实践及对策．中国计量出版社，2002．
[34] 马红 金香梅主编．世界建筑业管理惯例与中国建筑业应对WTO的对策．中国建筑工业出版社，2002．
[35] 刘光溪主编．入世：政策与实务．上海书店出版社，2002．
[36] 王允贵主编．中国加入WTO后的外经贸发展战略．中国计划出版社，2002．
[37] 沈振闻 叶游屯主编．入世后建筑施工企业经营管理实务．中国物价出版社，2002．
[38] 陈宪主编．国际服务贸易．立信会计出版社，2000．
[39] 罗余才 严俊著．国际服务贸易操作技巧．广东经济出版社，2002．
[40] 陈宇红：入世对我国建筑市场的影响分析．建筑经济，2000，12
[41] 吴国华．2003年我国对外经贸发展趋势展望．上海投资，2003，3
[42] 张青林．面对WTO的中国建筑业．建筑经济，2002，1
[43] 刘长滨，吴增玉．加入WTO与中国建筑业．建筑经济，2002，1
[44] 陈浩．中国建筑业的WTO情结．建筑经济，2000，5
[45] 成虎．中国建筑业国际竞争力的比较分析．建筑经济，2000，1
[46] J. Heskett: Managing in the Service Economy, Harvard Business School Press, 1986
[47] B. Hoekman and M. Kostecki: The Political Economy of the World Trading System from GATT to WTO, Oxford Uni. Press, 1995
[48] Aaditya MATTOO: National Treatment in the GATS-Corner-stone or Paradora' s Box?, Journal of World Trade ,Vol. 31, No.1, Feb. 1997
[49] Hertel, Thomas W. eds. Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
[50] Pomfret, Richard, is China a "Large Country" ? - China' s Influence on World Markets, OECD Development Centre, Paris, 1997
[51] Naughton, Barry, China' s Emergence and Prospects as a Trading Nation, Brookings Paper on Economic Activity 2, 1996
[52] Martin, Will and Alan Winters eds. The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies. World Bank Discussion Paper 307, Washington D. C, 1995
[2] 周汉民．中国走进WTO．上海：文匯出版社，2001．
[3] 赵春明等．非关税壁垒的应对与及运用．北京：人民出版社，2001．
[4] 李志军．怎样打造“技术壁垒”的矛与盾．北京：经济日报出版社，2002．
[5] 冯宗宪等．开放经济下的国际贸易壁垒．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[6] 石广生．中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(三卷本)．北京：人民出版，2002．
[7] 王海峰等．WTO法律规则与非关税壁垒约束机制．上海：财经大学出版社，2000．
[8] 朱彤．发展中国家在WTO中的地位和利益．北京：经济科学出版社，2000
[9] 沈瑶．倾销与反倾销的经济分析．浙江：浙江大学出版社，1999．
[10] 大卫．格林纳韦主编．国际贸易前沿问题．北京：腾图电子出版社，2000．
[11] 罗丙志．国际贸易政府管理．立信会计出版社，1999
[12] 刘耀威．竞争优势新要素—国际贸易标准化规范与实施．中国经济出版社，1997．
[13] 王曦．国际环境法．法律出版社，1998．
[14] 朱揽叶．世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析．法律出版社，2000．
[15] 余先予．世界贸易组织法律规则与中国．中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[16] 王传丽．国际贸易法．法律出版社，1998．
[17] 曹建明，贺小勇．世界贸易组织．法律出版社，1999．
[18] 贾继锋．加入WTO以后的新问题—与企业家，领导者对话．上海社会科学院出版社，2000．
[19] 王怀宁，高成兴．入世：世界上没有免费的午餐—机遇，挑战与对策．中国审计出版社，2000．
[20] 蒋珠燕．入世焦点—新世纪的中国服务贸易．经济科学出版社，1999．
[21] 陈玉明．加入WTO各行业前景分析．经济日报出版社，2000．
[22] 唐文琳．应对WTO—中国九大行业的危机与对策．广西人民出版社，2000．
[23] 陆燕，柏东海，阎会书．走进WTO中国企业入世必备．企业管理出版社，2000．
[24] 陈虹编译．世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协定(WTO／TBT协定)．中国标准出版社，2000．
[25] 蒋德恩编著．世界贸易组织中的争端解决．对外经济贸易大学出版社，1999．
[26] 郑志海编．入世与服务市场开放．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社，2001．
[27] 石广生编．加入世界贸易组织法规汇编．北京：人民出版社，2002．
[28] 王粤编．服务贸易：自由化与竞争力．北京：中国人民出版社，2002．
[29] 张汉林．世贸组织与未来中国．中国物价出版社，1999．
[30] 李广良主编．WTO与中国政府管理．吉林人民出版社，2003．
[31] 徐兆宏等编著．WTO案例对中国的启示．汉语大词典出版社，2003．
[32] 吕世平等编著．WTO与中国产业发展．郑州大学出版社，2003．
[33] 宋明顺著．WTO《贸易技术壁垒协议》规则实践及对策．中国计量出版社，2002．
[34] 马红 金香梅主编．世界建筑业管理惯例与中国建筑业应对WTO的对策．中国建筑工业出版社，2002．
[35] 刘光溪主编．入世：政策与实务．上海书店出版社，2002．
[36] 王允贵主编．中国加入WTO后的外经贸发展战略．中国计划出版社，2002．
[37] 沈振闻 叶游屯主编．入世后建筑施工企业经营管理实务．中国物价出版社，2002．
[38] 陈宪主编．国际服务贸易．立信会计出版社，2000．
[39] 罗余才 严俊著．国际服务贸易操作技巧．广东经济出版社，2002．
[40] 陈宇红：入世对我国建筑市场的影响分析．建筑经济，2000，12
[41] 吴国华．2003年我国对外经贸发展趋势展望．上海投资，2003，3
[42] 张青林．面对WTO的中国建筑业．建筑经济，2002，1
[43] 刘长滨，吴增玉．加入WTO与中国建筑业．建筑经济，2002，1
[44] 陈浩．中国建筑业的WTO情结．建筑经济，2000，5
[45] 成虎．中国建筑业国际竞争力的比较分析．建筑经济，2000，1
[46] J. Heskett: Managing in the Service Economy, Harvard Business School Press, 1986
[47] B. Hoekman and M. Kostecki: The Political Economy of the World Trading System from GATT to WTO, Oxford Uni. Press, 1995
[48] Aaditya MATTOO: National Treatment in the GATS-Corner-stone or Paradora' s Box?, Journal of World Trade ,Vol. 31, No.1, Feb. 1997
[49] Hertel, Thomas W. eds. Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
[50] Pomfret, Richard, is China a "Large Country" ? - China' s Influence on World Markets, OECD Development Centre, Paris, 1997
[51] Naughton, Barry, China' s Emergence and Prospects as a Trading Nation, Brookings Paper on Economic Activity 2, 1996
[52] Martin, Will and Alan Winters eds. The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies. World Bank Discussion Paper 307, Washington D. C, 1995