积极人格特质个体的社会应激反应及其自主神经调节机制研究
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摘要
人格特质对个体的社会适应和身心健康具有重要意义,是解释应激身心反应个体差异的重要基础。以往受消极心理学的影响,大量的研究关注了功能不良人格特质的应激身心反应特点及其致病机理,近年来,随着积极心理学的兴起,人格研究逐渐转向关注良性功能人格特质,并揭示了良性功能人格特质的适应性意义及对身心健康的促进效应,但有关良性功能人格特质对个体社会适应与身心健康促进作用的神经生理基础,目前还缺乏实证研究的探讨。本研究以大五人格理论为基础,根据人格特质的良性功能,提出积极人格特质这一概念,将积极人格特质理解为更具适应性和健康保护功能的人格特征,并将大五人格模型中的高外倾性、低神经质、高开放性、高尽责性、高宜人性界定为积极人格特质。结合以往研究现状,本研究采用心理生理学研究方法,以大学生为研究对象,通过5个研究,系统深入地考察了积极人格特质特点个体在社会应激中的心理生理反应特点、在应激后的心理生理恢复性特点、重复应激暴露中的心理生理反应适应性特点,以及在整个应激过程中的自主神经调节特点。
研究一表明,在社会应激中,与一般组和低外倾组相比,高外倾组有相对较少的应激焦虑情绪、心率和收缩压反应性,在应激后有相对较快的应激焦虑情绪、心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高外倾组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,高外倾组与一般组和低外倾组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究二表明,在社会应激中,与一般组和高神经质组相比,低神经质组有相对较少的应激心率和收缩压反应性,在应激后有相对较快的心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,低神经质组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,低神经质组与一般组和高神经质组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究三表明,在社会应激中,与低开放性组相比,高开放性组有相对较少的应激心率和收缩压反应性,应激后有相对较快的心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高开放性组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,高开放性组与一般组和低开放性组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究四表明,在社会应激中,与低尽责性组相比,高尽责性组有相对较少的应激心率反应性,应激后有相对较快的心率反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高尽责性组与一般组和低尽责性组的迷走神经变化没有显著差异。重复应激暴露中,高尽责性组与一般组和低尽责性组的应激心理生理反应适应性也没有显著差异。
研究五表明,在社会应激中,高宜人性组与一般组和低宜人性组的心理生理反应性、应激后的心理生理反应恢复性、重复应激暴露中的心理生理反应适应性,以及整个应激过程中的自主神经调节特点均不存在显著差异,说明高宜人性个体不存在典型的应激心理生理反应模式。
总之,本文通过5个研究揭示了,积极人格特质个体(高外倾性、低神经质、高开放性)在社会应激中具有独特的心理生理变化特点。具有相对较少的应激生理反应性,相对较快的应激生理反应恢复性,其自主神经调节机制主要表现为有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性,相对快速的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。这说明,积极人格特质个体在社会应激中具有更好的生理反应灵活性和维持机体动态平衡的能力,这种灵活的生理变化模式和良好的自主神经调节力,可能是积极人格特质个体社会应激健康保护作用的重要内部神经生理机制。而重复暴露在社会应激中,积极人格特质个体与其他组别的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异,这说明,重复应激暴露中的心理生理反应适应性可能不是积极人格特质个体应激身心健康保护机制的重要方面。
Personality trait is important to individuals' social adaptation, mental and physical health. It is the important basis in explaining individual difference in psychophysiological response to stress, In the past, influenced by negative psychology, a lot of research focused on dysfunctional personality trait' psychophysiological response characteristics to stress and its pathogenesis. Recently, with the rise of positive psychology, personality research has gradually turned to the benign function of personality. Studies have found the promoting effect of benign function of personality to adaption and physical and mental health. However, it remains lack of studies to explore what is the neurophysiological mechanism of benign functioned personality in promoting individual social adaptation and in protecting physical and mental health. Based on the theory of big five personality, the present study proposed "positive personality trait" concept according to benign function of personality. Positive personality trait refers to the more adaptively and health protection personality characteristics, and high extroversion, low neuroticism, high openness, high conscientiousness, and high agreeableness of big five personality model were defined as positive personality traits. Based on previous studies, the present study adopted psychophysiological research method, with college students as participants, through five studies to systematically examine positive personality trait individuals' psychophysiological response to social stress, psychophysiological recovery after stress, psychophysiological habituation in facing repeated stress, and the autonomic nervous regulation mechanism throughout the stress stages.
Study1showed that in social stress, compared with neutral group and low extraversion group, high extraversion group had relatively lower anxiety, heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster anxiety, heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, high extraversion group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high extraversion, neutral and low extraversion.
Study2showed that in social stress, compared with neutral group and high neuroticism group, low neuroticism group had relatively lower heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, low neuroticism group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with low neuroticism, neutral and high neuroticism.
Study3showed that in social stress, compared with low openness group, high openness group had relatively lower heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, high openness group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high openness, neutral and low openness.
Study4showed that in social stress, compared with low conscientiousness group, high conscientiousness group had relatively lower heart rate reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate response recovery. During the whole stress stages, there were no significant differences of vagal changes among groups with high conscientiousness, neutral and low conscientiousness. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high conscientiousness, neutral and low conscientiousness.
Study5showed that in social stress, there were no significant differences among high agreeableness group, neutral group, and low agreeableness group in psychological and physiological response to stress, psychological and physiological response recovery after stress, psychological and physiological response adaptation to repeated social stress or autonomic nervous regulation changes throughout the stress stages. It indicated that there were no typical psychological and physiological stress response patterns of individuals with high agreeableness.
Taken together, all the five studies reveals that individuals with positive personality trait (high extraversion, low neuroticism, or high openness) have unique psychophysiological changing characteristics in social stress. They had relatively lower physiological stress reactivity in facing social stress and relatively faster physiological response recovery after the stress, their autonomic nervous regulation mechanism were relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. It indicates that individuals with positive personality trait have better physiological flexibility and better ability to maintain homeostasis during social stress. The flexible model of physiological changes and better autonomic nervous regulation might be the internal neurophysiological mechanisms that positive personality trait protects health under stress. There were no significant differences between positive personality group and other personality groups in psychological and physiological stress response adaptation in the repeated social stress. It indicates that the psychological and physiological stress response adaption in repeated social stress might not be the important aspect of the mechanisms that positive personality trait protects physical and mental health under stress.
研究一表明,在社会应激中,与一般组和低外倾组相比,高外倾组有相对较少的应激焦虑情绪、心率和收缩压反应性,在应激后有相对较快的应激焦虑情绪、心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高外倾组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,高外倾组与一般组和低外倾组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究二表明,在社会应激中,与一般组和高神经质组相比,低神经质组有相对较少的应激心率和收缩压反应性,在应激后有相对较快的心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,低神经质组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,低神经质组与一般组和高神经质组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究三表明,在社会应激中,与低开放性组相比,高开放性组有相对较少的应激心率和收缩压反应性,应激后有相对较快的心率和收缩压反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高开放性组有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性和相对较快的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。重复应激暴露中,高开放性组与一般组和低开放性组的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异。
研究四表明,在社会应激中,与低尽责性组相比,高尽责性组有相对较少的应激心率反应性,应激后有相对较快的心率反应恢复性。在整个应激过程中,高尽责性组与一般组和低尽责性组的迷走神经变化没有显著差异。重复应激暴露中,高尽责性组与一般组和低尽责性组的应激心理生理反应适应性也没有显著差异。
研究五表明,在社会应激中,高宜人性组与一般组和低宜人性组的心理生理反应性、应激后的心理生理反应恢复性、重复应激暴露中的心理生理反应适应性,以及整个应激过程中的自主神经调节特点均不存在显著差异,说明高宜人性个体不存在典型的应激心理生理反应模式。
总之,本文通过5个研究揭示了,积极人格特质个体(高外倾性、低神经质、高开放性)在社会应激中具有独特的心理生理变化特点。具有相对较少的应激生理反应性,相对较快的应激生理反应恢复性,其自主神经调节机制主要表现为有相对较少的迷走神经撤出反应性,相对快速的迷走神经撤出反应恢复性。这说明,积极人格特质个体在社会应激中具有更好的生理反应灵活性和维持机体动态平衡的能力,这种灵活的生理变化模式和良好的自主神经调节力,可能是积极人格特质个体社会应激健康保护作用的重要内部神经生理机制。而重复暴露在社会应激中,积极人格特质个体与其他组别的应激心理生理反应适应性没有显著差异,这说明,重复应激暴露中的心理生理反应适应性可能不是积极人格特质个体应激身心健康保护机制的重要方面。
Personality trait is important to individuals' social adaptation, mental and physical health. It is the important basis in explaining individual difference in psychophysiological response to stress, In the past, influenced by negative psychology, a lot of research focused on dysfunctional personality trait' psychophysiological response characteristics to stress and its pathogenesis. Recently, with the rise of positive psychology, personality research has gradually turned to the benign function of personality. Studies have found the promoting effect of benign function of personality to adaption and physical and mental health. However, it remains lack of studies to explore what is the neurophysiological mechanism of benign functioned personality in promoting individual social adaptation and in protecting physical and mental health. Based on the theory of big five personality, the present study proposed "positive personality trait" concept according to benign function of personality. Positive personality trait refers to the more adaptively and health protection personality characteristics, and high extroversion, low neuroticism, high openness, high conscientiousness, and high agreeableness of big five personality model were defined as positive personality traits. Based on previous studies, the present study adopted psychophysiological research method, with college students as participants, through five studies to systematically examine positive personality trait individuals' psychophysiological response to social stress, psychophysiological recovery after stress, psychophysiological habituation in facing repeated stress, and the autonomic nervous regulation mechanism throughout the stress stages.
Study1showed that in social stress, compared with neutral group and low extraversion group, high extraversion group had relatively lower anxiety, heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster anxiety, heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, high extraversion group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high extraversion, neutral and low extraversion.
Study2showed that in social stress, compared with neutral group and high neuroticism group, low neuroticism group had relatively lower heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, low neuroticism group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with low neuroticism, neutral and high neuroticism.
Study3showed that in social stress, compared with low openness group, high openness group had relatively lower heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate and systolic blood pressure response recovery. During the whole stress stages, high openness group had relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high openness, neutral and low openness.
Study4showed that in social stress, compared with low conscientiousness group, high conscientiousness group had relatively lower heart rate reactivity, and relatively faster heart rate response recovery. During the whole stress stages, there were no significant differences of vagal changes among groups with high conscientiousness, neutral and low conscientiousness. When repeatedly exposed to social stress, there were no significant differences of psychological and physiological response adaptation among groups with high conscientiousness, neutral and low conscientiousness.
Study5showed that in social stress, there were no significant differences among high agreeableness group, neutral group, and low agreeableness group in psychological and physiological response to stress, psychological and physiological response recovery after stress, psychological and physiological response adaptation to repeated social stress or autonomic nervous regulation changes throughout the stress stages. It indicated that there were no typical psychological and physiological stress response patterns of individuals with high agreeableness.
Taken together, all the five studies reveals that individuals with positive personality trait (high extraversion, low neuroticism, or high openness) have unique psychophysiological changing characteristics in social stress. They had relatively lower physiological stress reactivity in facing social stress and relatively faster physiological response recovery after the stress, their autonomic nervous regulation mechanism were relatively lower vagal withdrawal reactivity and relatively faster vagal response recovery. It indicates that individuals with positive personality trait have better physiological flexibility and better ability to maintain homeostasis during social stress. The flexible model of physiological changes and better autonomic nervous regulation might be the internal neurophysiological mechanisms that positive personality trait protects health under stress. There were no significant differences between positive personality group and other personality groups in psychological and physiological stress response adaptation in the repeated social stress. It indicates that the psychological and physiological stress response adaption in repeated social stress might not be the important aspect of the mechanisms that positive personality trait protects physical and mental health under stress.
引文
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