无线传感器网络信任管理关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来,作为物联网技术的重要组成之一,无线传感器网络相关研究得到了进一步的发展。然而,随着无线传感器网络应用领域的扩展,其安全性需求也越来越迫切。无线传感器网络具有信道开放、资源受限、分布式处理等特征,这些特征使其极易受到恶意攻击,因而难以保证系统的安全性和可靠性。传统的无线传感器网络安全机制主要基于加密和认证技术,复杂的加密算法和额外的计算开销,并不适用于资源受限的无线传感器网络。此外,该类安全机制主要用于抵御网络外部攻击,无法有效解决由节点妥协或自私性引起的网络内部攻击问题。在此前提之下,由于具有更低的计算复杂度和更高的网络内部攻击抵御能力,无线传感器网络信任管理研究应运而生。
本文立足于无线传感器网络信任管理关键技术研究,充分考虑无线传感器网络特性,设计了具有高扩展性和灵活性的信任管理系统架构,并据此重点关注了多项存在于现有信任管理系统中的挑战性难题。具体地说,本文的主要工作和贡献包括：
(1)入侵检测技术是信任管理架构的基础,直接为信任评估提供计算节点信任值的证据信息。传统入侵检测系统并未考虑无线传感器网络具有资源受限、中心基础设施缺乏、网络部署环境复杂等特征。针对上述问题,本文首先提出一种基于时隙分配和调度的检测机制,通过对节点本地监测时隙的管理减少网络开销。其次,该入侵检测系统通过建立节点行为的特征模型,增强对各种攻击行为的检测能力,同时采用统计理论和规则匹配相结合的判决机制提升系统的检测准确率。最后,本文采用基于Q-Learning的自适应学习算法提升系统对复杂环境的适应能力。
(2)信任评估机制通常包含信任计算和信任数据采集两个部分,是整个信任管理系统的核心。针对传统信任计算方法大多未充分考虑信任度量基本性质和设计原则的问题,本文首先设计了一种灵活、可扩展性强的信任计算架构。随后,本文根据信任计算架构的分析结果,综合考虑无线传感器网络的特征,提出了一种低复杂度、高可靠性、高安全性的信任计算方法。最后,针对现有信任数据采集机制开销过大且未考虑节点自私性的问题,本文提出了一种基于信任请求包跳数限制和推荐信任困境博弈的信任数据采集方法,以减少信任数据采集过程中产生的网络通信开销,提升网络的安全性。
(3)接入控制系统是无线传感器网络安全防御机制的重要组成之一。传统接入控制机制通常需要依赖复杂的加密算法和中心认证机构完成对节点接入请求的处理过程。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于信任和风险度量的分布式、细粒度接入控制模型。该方案的主要思想是将信任度量引入到接入控制系统中,根据新入网节点的信任值和角色分配,实现对节点的接入授权及访问控制管理。此外,针对传统接入控制机制在分布式环境下存在较强风险性的问题,本文设计了一种基于中心度属性的风险函数,用以评估授权新节点入网的风险性,本地授权决策必须同时满足信任和风险评估的需求。最后,针对不同域内的无线传感器网络可能存在不同接入控制策略的问题,提出了一种基于映射机制和组接入策略的跨域接入控制方法。
(4)作为无线传感器网络安全防御机制的另一项重要组成部分,基于信任感知的安全路由协议也受到了越来越多的关注。为了抵御网络中的各种攻击行为,满足路由协议的安全性需求,本文首先分析了无线传感器网络常见路由攻击以及针对信任模型攻击的行为特征,并根据分析结果提出了改进的信任计算方法。此外,针对传统信任感知路由大多未考虑信任度量和QoS度量区别的问题,本文综合考虑两者的不同特征,并利用Semirings数学理论设计了一种优化的路由算法。最后,针对传统信任路由适用性受限以及信任数据采集开销较大的问题,本文提出了一种具有低开销和高可扩展性的新型无线传感器网络信任路由协议。
As one of the most important network technologies for Internet of Things(IoT), the research on Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) has been further developed in recent years. However, the security requirements of WSNs also become more and more urgent with the expansion of application fields. WSNs have a number of unique characteristics, such as open channel, constrained resources, distributed processing, etc. Owing to these characteristics, WSNs are susceptible to various attacks and difficult to protect the security and reliability of systems. Conventional security mechanisms mainly rely on cryptography and authentication technologies, but sophisticated cryptographic algorithms and extra computational overhead are not applicable for a resource-constrained WSN. Furthermore, cryptographic mechanisms can resist some types of attacks from external nodes, but they may fail to prevent compro-mised or selfish nodes from launching attacks from inside. Due to the computational process of low complexity and high resistance to internal attacks, trust management is an effective solution to the above issues.
The dissertation studies the key technology for trust management in WSNs and designs a specific architecture with high scalability and flexibility by considering the characteristics of WSNs. Based on this, it focus on several challenging issues in previous trust management systems. More specifically, the main contributions of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:
(1) Intrusion detection technology is the foundation of trust management architectures, which provides trust evaluation with the direct evidence to calculate the trust of nodes. Traditional intrusion detection systems do not consider the characteristics of WSNs, such as constrained resources, lack of center infrastructure, complex deployment en-vironments, etc. In order to solve the above problems, this dissertation first proposes a detection mechanism based on slot allocation and scheduling, which can reduce the network overhead by managing the nodes'local monitoring slots. Furthermore, the proposed intrusion detection system establishes the feature model of the node's be-havior to enhance the ability to detect a variety of attacks. It can also improve the accuracy of detection system by utilizing the combination of statistical theory and matching rules. Finally, this dissertation adopts a learning algorithm based on Q-Learning to enhance the adaptability to complex environments.
(2) Trust evaluation is the core of the trust management system, which normally includes trust computation and trust derivation. Most traditional trust computation methods do not consider the basic nature and design principles of trust metric. To deal with it, this dissertation designs a trust computation architecture with high flexibility and scalabil-ity. By analyzing the trust computation architecture and considering the characteristics of WSNs, this dissertation proposes a trust computation method with low complexity, high reliability, and high security. Finally, the existing trust derivation schemes pro-duce excessive overhead and do not consider the nodes' selfish behavior. To address this issue, the dissertation presents a novel trust derivation scheme by setting hop limit to trust request packets and introducing a recommendation trust dilemma game, which can reduce the communication overhead and improve the network security.
(3) Access control system is an important component of security defense mechanisms in WSNs. Complex encryption algorithms and central certificate authority on which traditional access control models are based are common approaches for achieving the authorization process. This dissertation proposes a distributed and fine-grained access control model based on trust and risk metric, which aims to address the challenges mentioned above. The main idea of the scheme is that introducing a trust evaluation mechanism into the previous access model. According to the trust value and role assignment of the new arrival node, it can accomplish the access authorization and management. Furthermore, to deal with the high risk in a distributed environment, the dissertation designs a risk function based on the centrality degree to evaluate the risk factor of the node's access. The local authorization decisions must meet the needs of trust and risk assessment. Finally, this dissertation takes multi-domain access control into account and solves this problem by utilizing a mapping mechanism and group access policies.
(4) As another important part of security defense mechanisms in WSNs, trust-based rout-ing protocols have attracted more and more attention. In order to resist against various attacks on the network and satisfy the security requirements of routing protocols, this dissertation first analyzes the attacks on routing protocols especially the common ones to trust models. According to the analysis results, it proposes an improved trust com-putation method. Furthermore, most previous trust-aware routing protocols do not consider the difference between the trust metric and the QoS metric. Consequently, this dissertation designs an optimized routing algorithm based on the mathematical theory of Semirings, which not only considers the features of trust metric, but also other QoS requirements. Finally, the conventional trust-based routing protocols are normally confined to specific platforms and will produce excessive communication overhead. To deal with the problem, this dissertation proposes a novel trust-aware routing protocol with low overhead and high scalability.
本文立足于无线传感器网络信任管理关键技术研究,充分考虑无线传感器网络特性,设计了具有高扩展性和灵活性的信任管理系统架构,并据此重点关注了多项存在于现有信任管理系统中的挑战性难题。具体地说,本文的主要工作和贡献包括：
(1)入侵检测技术是信任管理架构的基础,直接为信任评估提供计算节点信任值的证据信息。传统入侵检测系统并未考虑无线传感器网络具有资源受限、中心基础设施缺乏、网络部署环境复杂等特征。针对上述问题,本文首先提出一种基于时隙分配和调度的检测机制,通过对节点本地监测时隙的管理减少网络开销。其次,该入侵检测系统通过建立节点行为的特征模型,增强对各种攻击行为的检测能力,同时采用统计理论和规则匹配相结合的判决机制提升系统的检测准确率。最后,本文采用基于Q-Learning的自适应学习算法提升系统对复杂环境的适应能力。
(2)信任评估机制通常包含信任计算和信任数据采集两个部分,是整个信任管理系统的核心。针对传统信任计算方法大多未充分考虑信任度量基本性质和设计原则的问题,本文首先设计了一种灵活、可扩展性强的信任计算架构。随后,本文根据信任计算架构的分析结果,综合考虑无线传感器网络的特征,提出了一种低复杂度、高可靠性、高安全性的信任计算方法。最后,针对现有信任数据采集机制开销过大且未考虑节点自私性的问题,本文提出了一种基于信任请求包跳数限制和推荐信任困境博弈的信任数据采集方法,以减少信任数据采集过程中产生的网络通信开销,提升网络的安全性。
(3)接入控制系统是无线传感器网络安全防御机制的重要组成之一。传统接入控制机制通常需要依赖复杂的加密算法和中心认证机构完成对节点接入请求的处理过程。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于信任和风险度量的分布式、细粒度接入控制模型。该方案的主要思想是将信任度量引入到接入控制系统中,根据新入网节点的信任值和角色分配,实现对节点的接入授权及访问控制管理。此外,针对传统接入控制机制在分布式环境下存在较强风险性的问题,本文设计了一种基于中心度属性的风险函数,用以评估授权新节点入网的风险性,本地授权决策必须同时满足信任和风险评估的需求。最后,针对不同域内的无线传感器网络可能存在不同接入控制策略的问题,提出了一种基于映射机制和组接入策略的跨域接入控制方法。
(4)作为无线传感器网络安全防御机制的另一项重要组成部分,基于信任感知的安全路由协议也受到了越来越多的关注。为了抵御网络中的各种攻击行为,满足路由协议的安全性需求,本文首先分析了无线传感器网络常见路由攻击以及针对信任模型攻击的行为特征,并根据分析结果提出了改进的信任计算方法。此外,针对传统信任感知路由大多未考虑信任度量和QoS度量区别的问题,本文综合考虑两者的不同特征,并利用Semirings数学理论设计了一种优化的路由算法。最后,针对传统信任路由适用性受限以及信任数据采集开销较大的问题,本文提出了一种具有低开销和高可扩展性的新型无线传感器网络信任路由协议。
As one of the most important network technologies for Internet of Things(IoT), the research on Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) has been further developed in recent years. However, the security requirements of WSNs also become more and more urgent with the expansion of application fields. WSNs have a number of unique characteristics, such as open channel, constrained resources, distributed processing, etc. Owing to these characteristics, WSNs are susceptible to various attacks and difficult to protect the security and reliability of systems. Conventional security mechanisms mainly rely on cryptography and authentication technologies, but sophisticated cryptographic algorithms and extra computational overhead are not applicable for a resource-constrained WSN. Furthermore, cryptographic mechanisms can resist some types of attacks from external nodes, but they may fail to prevent compro-mised or selfish nodes from launching attacks from inside. Due to the computational process of low complexity and high resistance to internal attacks, trust management is an effective solution to the above issues.
The dissertation studies the key technology for trust management in WSNs and designs a specific architecture with high scalability and flexibility by considering the characteristics of WSNs. Based on this, it focus on several challenging issues in previous trust management systems. More specifically, the main contributions of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:
(1) Intrusion detection technology is the foundation of trust management architectures, which provides trust evaluation with the direct evidence to calculate the trust of nodes. Traditional intrusion detection systems do not consider the characteristics of WSNs, such as constrained resources, lack of center infrastructure, complex deployment en-vironments, etc. In order to solve the above problems, this dissertation first proposes a detection mechanism based on slot allocation and scheduling, which can reduce the network overhead by managing the nodes'local monitoring slots. Furthermore, the proposed intrusion detection system establishes the feature model of the node's be-havior to enhance the ability to detect a variety of attacks. It can also improve the accuracy of detection system by utilizing the combination of statistical theory and matching rules. Finally, this dissertation adopts a learning algorithm based on Q-Learning to enhance the adaptability to complex environments.
(2) Trust evaluation is the core of the trust management system, which normally includes trust computation and trust derivation. Most traditional trust computation methods do not consider the basic nature and design principles of trust metric. To deal with it, this dissertation designs a trust computation architecture with high flexibility and scalabil-ity. By analyzing the trust computation architecture and considering the characteristics of WSNs, this dissertation proposes a trust computation method with low complexity, high reliability, and high security. Finally, the existing trust derivation schemes pro-duce excessive overhead and do not consider the nodes' selfish behavior. To address this issue, the dissertation presents a novel trust derivation scheme by setting hop limit to trust request packets and introducing a recommendation trust dilemma game, which can reduce the communication overhead and improve the network security.
(3) Access control system is an important component of security defense mechanisms in WSNs. Complex encryption algorithms and central certificate authority on which traditional access control models are based are common approaches for achieving the authorization process. This dissertation proposes a distributed and fine-grained access control model based on trust and risk metric, which aims to address the challenges mentioned above. The main idea of the scheme is that introducing a trust evaluation mechanism into the previous access model. According to the trust value and role assignment of the new arrival node, it can accomplish the access authorization and management. Furthermore, to deal with the high risk in a distributed environment, the dissertation designs a risk function based on the centrality degree to evaluate the risk factor of the node's access. The local authorization decisions must meet the needs of trust and risk assessment. Finally, this dissertation takes multi-domain access control into account and solves this problem by utilizing a mapping mechanism and group access policies.
(4) As another important part of security defense mechanisms in WSNs, trust-based rout-ing protocols have attracted more and more attention. In order to resist against various attacks on the network and satisfy the security requirements of routing protocols, this dissertation first analyzes the attacks on routing protocols especially the common ones to trust models. According to the analysis results, it proposes an improved trust com-putation method. Furthermore, most previous trust-aware routing protocols do not consider the difference between the trust metric and the QoS metric. Consequently, this dissertation designs an optimized routing algorithm based on the mathematical theory of Semirings, which not only considers the features of trust metric, but also other QoS requirements. Finally, the conventional trust-based routing protocols are normally confined to specific platforms and will produce excessive communication overhead. To deal with the problem, this dissertation proposes a novel trust-aware routing protocol with low overhead and high scalability.
引文
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