L型凝集素和Toll、IMD信号通路关键因子在日本对虾先天免疫中的功能研究
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摘要
免疫系统包括先天免疫和适应性免疫,无脊椎动物只有先天免疫。虽然在属于无脊椎动物的模式生物果蝇中,有关先天免疫研究的比较清楚,但是在海洋无脊椎动物中的研究有待投入更多的精力。本文以海洋无脊椎动物,日本囊对虾为研究对象,对其模式识别和免疫相关信号途径进行了研究。发现L型凝集素可能做为一种调理素辅助血细胞进行吞噬作用；Toll和IMD信号通路参与抗革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的免疫应答,并且发现同一个抗菌肽可以受这两条信号通路的调控。
(1)日本囊对虾的一种L型凝集素促进血细胞对病原菌的吞噬作用能力
L型凝集素(L-Type Lectin, LTLs)含有糖类识别结构域,与来源于豆科植物种子的凝集素在结构上的折叠方式相似。这是一类I型跨膜蛋白,在动物中LTLs主要参与了蛋白的分泌过程,与糖蛋白的筛选、转运和靶向运输有关。最近有研究表明LTLs可能参与了脊椎动物的免疫应答,但在无脊椎动物先天免疫中的功能尚未见报道。我们从日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)中发现了一种L型凝集素并命名为MjLTL1,它含有一个信号肽、一个L型凝集素结构域和一个跨膜结构域。在鳗弧菌感染的对虾血细胞和肝胰腺中表达上调；在Ca2+的存在下能够凝集细菌,包括多种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌。并能结合多种细菌,这种结合活性归因于MjLTL1能够结合脂多糖、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖。MjLTL1能够帮助清除鳗弧菌。在将MjLTL1通过RNA干扰技术敲低表达后,对虾体内残留的鳗弧菌明显比对照组多。进一步的研究发现MjLTL1可能促进血细胞吞噬细菌。为了找到这一作用可能的机制,我们从对虾中克隆到一个解聚素和金属蛋白酶样蛋白(a disintegrin and metalloprotease-like protein)并命名为MjADAM。 ADAM能够水解膜蛋白从而介导一种胞外域脱落机制。研究发现它的组织分布和表达模式与MjLTL1类似。通过注射dsMjADAM将MjADAM的表达下调后,血细胞的吞噬效率降低了。之前有报道ADAM可以剪切位于细胞膜上的LTL,从而释放出游离的N端,这种机制称为胞外域脱落。我们的研究结果说明MjLTL1和MjADAM可能也存在相同的机制,MjADAM将鳗弧菌感染后从细胞质转移到细胞膜上的MjLTL1剪切从而释放出游离端,通过结合和凝集细菌促进血细胞吞噬细菌,做为一种调理素参与对虾的先天免疫。
(2) Toll和IMD信号通路调控抗菌肽表达的机制研究
果蝇中抗菌肽的表达主要受Toll和免疫缺陷(IMD)信号通路的调控。但在日本对虾中这两条信号通路,尤其是IMD信号通路的研究刚刚开始,并且,日本对虾中Toll和IMD信号通路各自调控哪些抗菌肽(AMPs)的表达,如何调控它们的表达：独立的还是合作,或存在其它机制还不清楚。为此,我们对日本囊对虾(M.japonicus)中两条通路的转录因子,分别命名为MjDorsal和MjRelish,和在信号转导过程中起关键作用的分子,命名为MjMyD88和MjIMD进行了研究。其中MjDorsal和MjMyD88属于Toll信号通路,而MjRelish和MjIMD属于IMD信号通路。MjDorsal含有RHD (Rel homology domain)结构域、ANK结构域和IPT (Ig-like, plexins, transcription factors)结构域；MjRelish含有一个RHD结构域和IκB样结构域(两个串联的ANK结构域)；我们只得到MjMyD88的部分序列,该序列所编码的氨基酸是TIR结构域的一部分；MjIMD含有一个Death结构域。通过qRT-PCR发现MjDorsal主要分布于血细胞、鳃、胃和肠中;MjRelish主要分布于血细胞和肠中；MjMyD88主要分布于肝胰腺和鳃中；MjIMD主要分布于血细胞、肝胰腺、鳃和胃中。在鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)感染日本对虾后,这四种分子在血细胞、胃和肠中表达上调,但是上调表达的起始时间和持续时间不同。为了找到这两条信号通路所调控的抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides AMPs),我们选择了15种AMPs做为候选效应基因进行表达模式筛选,发现其中5种AMPs:MjALF4, MjALF6, MjALF8, MjCrus12,MjLys4在感染鳗弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的对虾组织中会上调表达,但是表达上调时间和存在的组织不同,MjALF4, MjALF6和MjALF8在六种组织中都能都检测到；MjCrus12主要分布于鳃、胃和肠中；MjLys4主要分布于鳃和胃中。我们通过注射双链RNA(dsRNA)将MjDorsal、MjRelish、MjMyD88和MjIMD基因分别沉默后再分别感染鳗弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,通过qRT-PCR检测上述五种抗菌肽的表达模式,结果显示在MjDorsal (MjMyD88)干扰组并注射金黄色葡萄球菌后,这五种抗菌肽与对照组(注射dsGFP)相比,其表达量不再被革兰氏阳性菌刺激所诱导而上调,而针对鳗弧菌的感染它们的表达仍然明显上调；在MjRelish和MjIMD干扰组并注射革兰氏阴性菌鳗弧菌后,上述五种抗菌肽不再上调表达,而对金黄色葡萄球菌的感染与对照组相同依然上调表达。以上的结果表明,在日本对虾中,Toll信号通路主要被革兰氏阳性菌的感染所激活,而IMD信号通路主要被抗革兰氏阴性菌的感染所激活,调控抗菌肽的表达。同一种抗菌肽可以受不同信号途径的调控。
Immune system of vertebrates including ininnate and adaptive immunity, while the invertebrate possess innate immunity only. Although a great progresses have been made in the study of invertebrate Drosophila innate immunity, the study in marine invertebrate immunity has a long way to go. In this paper, the innate immunity of marine invertebrate, Marsupenaeus japonicus was studied, and found that an L-type lectin functions as pattern recognition receptors and is involved in hemocyte phagocytosis. Toll and IMD signaling pathway is mainly involved in the immune response aginst the Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, respectively.
(1) L-type lectin from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus promotes hemocyte phagocytosis
L-type lectins (LTLs) contain a luminal carbohydrate recognition domain, which exhibits homology to leguminous lectins. These type I membrane proteins are involved in the early secretory pathway of animals, and have functions in glycoprotein sorting, trafficking and targeting. Recent studies suggest that LTLs may be involved in immune responses in vertebrates, but no functional studies have been reported. This study reports an LTL, designated as MjLTLl, from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. MjLTL consists of a signal peptide, leguminous lectin domain, and transmembrane region. It was upregulated following challenge of shrimp with Vibrio anguillarum. MjLTL1could agglutinate several bacteria with the presence of calcium, and bind to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan binding. MjLTL1could enhance the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo. MjLTL1silencing by RNA interference could impair bacterial clearance ability. Further study suggested that MjLTL promoted hemocyte phagocytosis. To analyze the possible mechanism, a disintegrin and metalloprotease-like protein (MjADAM) mediating the proteolytic release of extracellular domains from the membrane-bound precursors was also studied in the shrimp. MjADAM exhibited similar tissue location and expression profiles to MjLTL1. After knockdown of MjADAM, the hemocyte phagocytosis rate also declined significantly. ADAM was reported to have an ectodomain shedding function to LTL and release the ectodomain of the lectin from cell membrane. Therefore, our results suggest that the extracellular domain of MjLTL might be released from the cell surface as a soluble protein by MjADAM, and function as an opsonin involved in the antibacterial immune responses in shrimp.
(2) Toll and IMD pathways cooperatively mediate antibacterial immunity in Mars
Inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes is regulated by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways in Drosophila, the researchs of the two signal pathways are just beginning, especially the IMD pathway in shrimp. Our knowledge about which AMPs s are regulated by the two signal pathways, and how the two signal pathways to regulate the shrimp AMP gene, are still dimness up to date. Here we describe the functional analysis of Toll and IMD pathways in M. japonicus. We identified a Relish and Dorsal homologue, MjRelish and MjDorsal, MjMyD88and MjImd from the shrimp. MjRelish contains a conserved Rel homology domain (RHD), a signal peptide, an IκB-like domain (two ankyrin repeats) and a transmembrane domain. MjDorsal contains a RHD, and an Ig-like, plexins, transcription factors (IPT) domain. MjRelish and MjDorsal mRNAs were expressed at different levels in different tissues including hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach and intestin, the highest expression level of them are all in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas. MjRelish was up-regulated in hemocyte and hepatopancreas when shrimp were injected with V. anguillarium, it was also up-regulated in hepatopancreas when shrimp were stimulated with S. aureus. MjDorsal was up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas when shrimp were injected with V. anguillarium, or with S. aureus. Spatio-temporal expression profiles of15AMPs in M. japonicus were detected after injection of V. anguillarium or S. aureus. Five of which (MJALF4, MjALF6, MjALF8, MjCrusl2, MjLys4) were up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated with V. anguillarium or S. aureus. After knocking down of MjRelish, or MjImd, the5AMPs were no more up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated by V. anguillarium, but the silencing of MjRelish or MjImd had no effect on the expression of the5AMPs in hemocytes of shrimp post injection of S. aureus. After knocking down MjDorsal or MjMyD88, the5AMPs were not up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated by S. aureus, but had no effect on expression profiles of the5AMPs in hemocytes of shrimp injected of S. aureus. These results suggested that (1) shrimp Toll pathway was activeted by Gram-positive bacteria challenge and regulated5-AMP expression. IMD pathway was activited by Gram-negtive bacteria and regulated the expression of5AMPs,(2) same AMP could be regulated by two different pathways.
(1)日本囊对虾的一种L型凝集素促进血细胞对病原菌的吞噬作用能力
L型凝集素(L-Type Lectin, LTLs)含有糖类识别结构域,与来源于豆科植物种子的凝集素在结构上的折叠方式相似。这是一类I型跨膜蛋白,在动物中LTLs主要参与了蛋白的分泌过程,与糖蛋白的筛选、转运和靶向运输有关。最近有研究表明LTLs可能参与了脊椎动物的免疫应答,但在无脊椎动物先天免疫中的功能尚未见报道。我们从日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)中发现了一种L型凝集素并命名为MjLTL1,它含有一个信号肽、一个L型凝集素结构域和一个跨膜结构域。在鳗弧菌感染的对虾血细胞和肝胰腺中表达上调；在Ca2+的存在下能够凝集细菌,包括多种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌。并能结合多种细菌,这种结合活性归因于MjLTL1能够结合脂多糖、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖。MjLTL1能够帮助清除鳗弧菌。在将MjLTL1通过RNA干扰技术敲低表达后,对虾体内残留的鳗弧菌明显比对照组多。进一步的研究发现MjLTL1可能促进血细胞吞噬细菌。为了找到这一作用可能的机制,我们从对虾中克隆到一个解聚素和金属蛋白酶样蛋白(a disintegrin and metalloprotease-like protein)并命名为MjADAM。 ADAM能够水解膜蛋白从而介导一种胞外域脱落机制。研究发现它的组织分布和表达模式与MjLTL1类似。通过注射dsMjADAM将MjADAM的表达下调后,血细胞的吞噬效率降低了。之前有报道ADAM可以剪切位于细胞膜上的LTL,从而释放出游离的N端,这种机制称为胞外域脱落。我们的研究结果说明MjLTL1和MjADAM可能也存在相同的机制,MjADAM将鳗弧菌感染后从细胞质转移到细胞膜上的MjLTL1剪切从而释放出游离端,通过结合和凝集细菌促进血细胞吞噬细菌,做为一种调理素参与对虾的先天免疫。
(2) Toll和IMD信号通路调控抗菌肽表达的机制研究
果蝇中抗菌肽的表达主要受Toll和免疫缺陷(IMD)信号通路的调控。但在日本对虾中这两条信号通路,尤其是IMD信号通路的研究刚刚开始,并且,日本对虾中Toll和IMD信号通路各自调控哪些抗菌肽(AMPs)的表达,如何调控它们的表达：独立的还是合作,或存在其它机制还不清楚。为此,我们对日本囊对虾(M.japonicus)中两条通路的转录因子,分别命名为MjDorsal和MjRelish,和在信号转导过程中起关键作用的分子,命名为MjMyD88和MjIMD进行了研究。其中MjDorsal和MjMyD88属于Toll信号通路,而MjRelish和MjIMD属于IMD信号通路。MjDorsal含有RHD (Rel homology domain)结构域、ANK结构域和IPT (Ig-like, plexins, transcription factors)结构域；MjRelish含有一个RHD结构域和IκB样结构域(两个串联的ANK结构域)；我们只得到MjMyD88的部分序列,该序列所编码的氨基酸是TIR结构域的一部分；MjIMD含有一个Death结构域。通过qRT-PCR发现MjDorsal主要分布于血细胞、鳃、胃和肠中;MjRelish主要分布于血细胞和肠中；MjMyD88主要分布于肝胰腺和鳃中；MjIMD主要分布于血细胞、肝胰腺、鳃和胃中。在鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)感染日本对虾后,这四种分子在血细胞、胃和肠中表达上调,但是上调表达的起始时间和持续时间不同。为了找到这两条信号通路所调控的抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides AMPs),我们选择了15种AMPs做为候选效应基因进行表达模式筛选,发现其中5种AMPs:MjALF4, MjALF6, MjALF8, MjCrus12,MjLys4在感染鳗弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的对虾组织中会上调表达,但是表达上调时间和存在的组织不同,MjALF4, MjALF6和MjALF8在六种组织中都能都检测到；MjCrus12主要分布于鳃、胃和肠中；MjLys4主要分布于鳃和胃中。我们通过注射双链RNA(dsRNA)将MjDorsal、MjRelish、MjMyD88和MjIMD基因分别沉默后再分别感染鳗弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,通过qRT-PCR检测上述五种抗菌肽的表达模式,结果显示在MjDorsal (MjMyD88)干扰组并注射金黄色葡萄球菌后,这五种抗菌肽与对照组(注射dsGFP)相比,其表达量不再被革兰氏阳性菌刺激所诱导而上调,而针对鳗弧菌的感染它们的表达仍然明显上调；在MjRelish和MjIMD干扰组并注射革兰氏阴性菌鳗弧菌后,上述五种抗菌肽不再上调表达,而对金黄色葡萄球菌的感染与对照组相同依然上调表达。以上的结果表明,在日本对虾中,Toll信号通路主要被革兰氏阳性菌的感染所激活,而IMD信号通路主要被抗革兰氏阴性菌的感染所激活,调控抗菌肽的表达。同一种抗菌肽可以受不同信号途径的调控。
Immune system of vertebrates including ininnate and adaptive immunity, while the invertebrate possess innate immunity only. Although a great progresses have been made in the study of invertebrate Drosophila innate immunity, the study in marine invertebrate immunity has a long way to go. In this paper, the innate immunity of marine invertebrate, Marsupenaeus japonicus was studied, and found that an L-type lectin functions as pattern recognition receptors and is involved in hemocyte phagocytosis. Toll and IMD signaling pathway is mainly involved in the immune response aginst the Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, respectively.
(1) L-type lectin from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus promotes hemocyte phagocytosis
L-type lectins (LTLs) contain a luminal carbohydrate recognition domain, which exhibits homology to leguminous lectins. These type I membrane proteins are involved in the early secretory pathway of animals, and have functions in glycoprotein sorting, trafficking and targeting. Recent studies suggest that LTLs may be involved in immune responses in vertebrates, but no functional studies have been reported. This study reports an LTL, designated as MjLTLl, from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. MjLTL consists of a signal peptide, leguminous lectin domain, and transmembrane region. It was upregulated following challenge of shrimp with Vibrio anguillarum. MjLTL1could agglutinate several bacteria with the presence of calcium, and bind to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan binding. MjLTL1could enhance the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo. MjLTL1silencing by RNA interference could impair bacterial clearance ability. Further study suggested that MjLTL promoted hemocyte phagocytosis. To analyze the possible mechanism, a disintegrin and metalloprotease-like protein (MjADAM) mediating the proteolytic release of extracellular domains from the membrane-bound precursors was also studied in the shrimp. MjADAM exhibited similar tissue location and expression profiles to MjLTL1. After knockdown of MjADAM, the hemocyte phagocytosis rate also declined significantly. ADAM was reported to have an ectodomain shedding function to LTL and release the ectodomain of the lectin from cell membrane. Therefore, our results suggest that the extracellular domain of MjLTL might be released from the cell surface as a soluble protein by MjADAM, and function as an opsonin involved in the antibacterial immune responses in shrimp.
(2) Toll and IMD pathways cooperatively mediate antibacterial immunity in Mars
Inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes is regulated by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways in Drosophila, the researchs of the two signal pathways are just beginning, especially the IMD pathway in shrimp. Our knowledge about which AMPs s are regulated by the two signal pathways, and how the two signal pathways to regulate the shrimp AMP gene, are still dimness up to date. Here we describe the functional analysis of Toll and IMD pathways in M. japonicus. We identified a Relish and Dorsal homologue, MjRelish and MjDorsal, MjMyD88and MjImd from the shrimp. MjRelish contains a conserved Rel homology domain (RHD), a signal peptide, an IκB-like domain (two ankyrin repeats) and a transmembrane domain. MjDorsal contains a RHD, and an Ig-like, plexins, transcription factors (IPT) domain. MjRelish and MjDorsal mRNAs were expressed at different levels in different tissues including hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach and intestin, the highest expression level of them are all in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas. MjRelish was up-regulated in hemocyte and hepatopancreas when shrimp were injected with V. anguillarium, it was also up-regulated in hepatopancreas when shrimp were stimulated with S. aureus. MjDorsal was up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas when shrimp were injected with V. anguillarium, or with S. aureus. Spatio-temporal expression profiles of15AMPs in M. japonicus were detected after injection of V. anguillarium or S. aureus. Five of which (MJALF4, MjALF6, MjALF8, MjCrusl2, MjLys4) were up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated with V. anguillarium or S. aureus. After knocking down of MjRelish, or MjImd, the5AMPs were no more up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated by V. anguillarium, but the silencing of MjRelish or MjImd had no effect on the expression of the5AMPs in hemocytes of shrimp post injection of S. aureus. After knocking down MjDorsal or MjMyD88, the5AMPs were not up-regulated in hemocytes of shrimp stimulated by S. aureus, but had no effect on expression profiles of the5AMPs in hemocytes of shrimp injected of S. aureus. These results suggested that (1) shrimp Toll pathway was activeted by Gram-positive bacteria challenge and regulated5-AMP expression. IMD pathway was activited by Gram-negtive bacteria and regulated the expression of5AMPs,(2) same AMP could be regulated by two different pathways.
引文
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