奥运会影响研究：经济和旅游
摘要
产生于19世纪末期的现代奥林匹克运动已经发展成为人类有史以来出于和平目的规模最大的活动。进入20世纪80年代，奥运会的商业化趋势逐渐明朗，奥运会的经济价值(包括旅游价值)日益凸现。那么，奥运会是通过什么机制影响主办地经济的?如何分析奥运会的经济影响?奥运会经济影响的效果为正还是为负?奥运会的经济影响效果体现在哪些方面?奥运会经济影响的效果有多大?奥运会的吸引力和自身特性必然伴生着旅游活动，那么，奥运会如何对旅游产生影响?奥运会对旅游增长是否具有促进作用?如果有，这种促进作用有多大?旅游管理机构如何利用奥运会来促进旅游的发展?这些都是论文所要研究和力图解答的问题。
论文分为三大部分：基础理论分析、奥运会经济影响研究和奥运会旅游影响研究。
节事和节事旅游原理是奥运会经济和旅游研究的基础，论文首先探讨了节事的有关范畴和分析的一般框架，并且结合奥运会的自身特点，认为奥运会是一种特殊的、超大的标志性节事。
根据节事经济影响原理、宏观经济学有关理论和奥运会本身的特征，论文探讨和构建了奥运会的经济影响机制，认为奥运会首先作用于主办地的支出、形象和技术，然后通过经济系统中的互动机制最终体现为产出、收入、就业和经济增长方面的变化。奥运会经济影响的效果取决于主办地宏观经济环境的性质和条件，当然，奥运会的组织方案和主办地的主观努力也很重要。根据奥运会经济影响机制，论文探讨了奥运会经济影响的分析方法，例如乘数分析、成本—收益分析等。
以往的奥运会经济影响研究以案例研究和实证研究为主，这些研究成果为本文提供了宝贵的借鉴和信息来源。论文对1992年巴塞罗纳奥运会、1996年亚特兰大奥运会和2000年悉尼奥运会的经济影响进行了案例研究，并结合其他相关研究成果和统计信息，对奥运会经济影响的效果进行了分析和综述，研究表明：奥运会经营赢利、净经济效应为正；奥运会经济影响的绝对数值较大；奥运会经济影响的强度数值不大；奥运会受益产业比较集中；奥运会促进主办城市增加基础设施投资；奥运会经济影响效果存在着差异性。
根据旅游的相关原理，结合奥运会旅游的特殊性，论文探讨和构建了奥运会的旅游影响机制，认为奥运会是作为旅游吸引物和形象塑造者并通过相关的活动(例如改善基础设施、旅游促销、媒体宣传等)作用于主办地旅游系统的，最终的影响效果主要表现为新增旅游者数量、旅游业经营状况和主办地旅游形象三个指标。
论文以案例研究的形式分析了2000年悉尼奥运会的旅游效应，并介绍和评析了澳大利亚旅游委员会的奥运旅游战略。根据相关研究成果和统计信息，论文对20世纪80年代以来历届奥运会的入境旅游效应进行了比较研究，并总结出奥运会主办地入境旅游的四种变化模式。关于奥运会旅游影响的分析表明：奥运会的入境旅游效应比较明显，相比之下国内旅游效应并不突出；奥运会旅游活动主要集中在主办城市／地区，区域扩散效果不突出；从数值上看，奥运会旅游效应的强度并没有人们想象的那样大；奥运会对主办地形象具有比较好的改善效果；对奥运会旅游影响的预测应该保持理性。
根据往届奥运会的经验和教训，参考关于北京2008年奥运会的有关研究，论文提出要理性看待2008年奥运会经济影响效应的观点，并且认为中国旅游业应该利用2008年奥运会进行形象塑造和旅游促销，充分把握好奥运会带来的历史机遇，提升自身的整体素质。
以往关于奥运会经济和旅游影响的研究成果非常丰富，但总体上比较分散，相关性较差，理论基础的多样化也在一定程度上影响了研究的严谨性和系统性。从节事和节事旅游的角度出发，根据有关宏观经济理论和一般性旅游理论，论文探讨了奥运会经济和旅游影
响的基本机制和分析方法，并对往届奥运会经济和旅游影响的效果进行了比较和综述，为
今后的研究提供了可供参考的思路和研究起点，这是论文的理论意义所在。
通过理论研究和实证分析，论文得出了几个初步性结论。总的来说，奥运会经济影响
和旅游影响是因地而异、因事而异和困时而异的，相应地，奥运会的主办方式或战略行动
也应该是因地制宜、因事制宜和因时制宜的。因止匕，北京2008年奥运会成功的关键在于充
分借鉴和吸取往届奥运会的经验与教训，并且真正举办出自己的特色来，希望本论文的研
究能够为此提供参考和借鉴。
Born in the end of l9th centUry the modem Olympic Movement has become the biggest event
with peaceful purposes. Since early l980s, the commercialization of the OlyTnpic Games has been
a marked tendency, and economic benefit (including tourism) has become one of the main targets
for the Olympic biding and hosting activities. Hosting the Olympic Games has been regarded as a
universa1 panacea for faled economic development policies. But what is the mechanism for the
OlyInpic Games to impact the economy of the hosting cities? How to analyze these impactS? Is the
net effect positive or negative? What indicators could reflect these effects? How great is the degree
of these impacts? The Olympic Games' attractiveness and particular characteristics make the
related tourism and travel appeap and induce tourists. What is the mechanism for the Olympic
Games to dripact tourism? Whether the Olympic Games could promote the tourism in hosting
cities to grow? If so, how significant is the OlyInpic effect for the tourism? How the tourism could
take the Olpopic Gams as the catalyst to improve tourism development? These are the questions
that this dissertation tries to answer
This dissertation has three parts, including fundamental theory analysis, economic effects
stUdy and tourism effects study
Putting the event and event tourism as the theoretic base of related st'Udies, this dissertation
firstly summarizes the concept, classification and general framework of event, and then states the
OlyInpics Games as a special, mega and hallmark event.
Based on the basic of event's economic impacts and related economics theories, this
dissertation explores and builds the economic impacting procedure of the Olytnpic Games. The
Olympic Games bring changes to the expenditUres, images and technology firstly then by the
dWic procedure Anpact the outPuts, earnngs, employTnent and groWth of the economy of
hosting cities or nations. The final effects depend upon the featUres and conditions of the overall
economic system, while the planning and strategic measures made by the hosting cities or nations
are also very haportant. This dissehation explores the methods to ana1yze the economic effects of
the OlyTnpic Games, including the mu1tiplier stUdy and cost-benefit stUdy.
Most of the fOrmer OlyInpic economic researches are case st'Udies and experiential stUdies,
which provide valuable references and data. This dissertation intrOduces and evaluates the related
case stUdies on the OlyTnpic Games' economic impacts of Barcelona l992, Atlanta l996 and
Sydney 2000. Using the former stUdies results and related statistics data, this dissertation makes a
comparative analysis on the precedent Olympic Games' economic impactS. The conclusion shows
that the net effects of the OlyInpic Games' economic impacts are positive. The mathematical
results of the effects are great. The strength or degree of the Olympic Games' economic impact is
no as great as people expected. The benefits brought by the OlyTnpic Games concentrate on
specific industries. The Olympic Games promote the urban infrastrUctUres of the hosting cities.
Based on the theories of event tourism, this dissertation explores and builds the procedures of
the OIympic Games' impacts on tourism. The Olympic Games impact the tourism system as
tourism attraction and driage-maker, by the related activities such as adding new facilities, tourism
promotion and media exposure. The final effects are reflected in tourist atrivals, tourism operation
outcomes and the images of the hosting cities or nations.
The research and data on Sydney 2000 are relatively substantial and available. Using Sydney
l1l
2000 as the case, this dissertation makes an experiental stUdy of itS effects on Anstrian totrism
and Anstralian TOdrism Cotnmission's OlyTnpic TOurism Strategy. According the former stUdies
and statistics, this dissertaion make a comparative studies of the Obopic Games' effects on
inbound tourism, domestic tourism, the regional disper
论文分为三大部分：基础理论分析、奥运会经济影响研究和奥运会旅游影响研究。
节事和节事旅游原理是奥运会经济和旅游研究的基础，论文首先探讨了节事的有关范畴和分析的一般框架，并且结合奥运会的自身特点，认为奥运会是一种特殊的、超大的标志性节事。
根据节事经济影响原理、宏观经济学有关理论和奥运会本身的特征，论文探讨和构建了奥运会的经济影响机制，认为奥运会首先作用于主办地的支出、形象和技术，然后通过经济系统中的互动机制最终体现为产出、收入、就业和经济增长方面的变化。奥运会经济影响的效果取决于主办地宏观经济环境的性质和条件，当然，奥运会的组织方案和主办地的主观努力也很重要。根据奥运会经济影响机制，论文探讨了奥运会经济影响的分析方法，例如乘数分析、成本—收益分析等。
以往的奥运会经济影响研究以案例研究和实证研究为主，这些研究成果为本文提供了宝贵的借鉴和信息来源。论文对1992年巴塞罗纳奥运会、1996年亚特兰大奥运会和2000年悉尼奥运会的经济影响进行了案例研究，并结合其他相关研究成果和统计信息，对奥运会经济影响的效果进行了分析和综述，研究表明：奥运会经营赢利、净经济效应为正；奥运会经济影响的绝对数值较大；奥运会经济影响的强度数值不大；奥运会受益产业比较集中；奥运会促进主办城市增加基础设施投资；奥运会经济影响效果存在着差异性。
根据旅游的相关原理，结合奥运会旅游的特殊性，论文探讨和构建了奥运会的旅游影响机制，认为奥运会是作为旅游吸引物和形象塑造者并通过相关的活动(例如改善基础设施、旅游促销、媒体宣传等)作用于主办地旅游系统的，最终的影响效果主要表现为新增旅游者数量、旅游业经营状况和主办地旅游形象三个指标。
论文以案例研究的形式分析了2000年悉尼奥运会的旅游效应，并介绍和评析了澳大利亚旅游委员会的奥运旅游战略。根据相关研究成果和统计信息，论文对20世纪80年代以来历届奥运会的入境旅游效应进行了比较研究，并总结出奥运会主办地入境旅游的四种变化模式。关于奥运会旅游影响的分析表明：奥运会的入境旅游效应比较明显，相比之下国内旅游效应并不突出；奥运会旅游活动主要集中在主办城市／地区，区域扩散效果不突出；从数值上看，奥运会旅游效应的强度并没有人们想象的那样大；奥运会对主办地形象具有比较好的改善效果；对奥运会旅游影响的预测应该保持理性。
根据往届奥运会的经验和教训，参考关于北京2008年奥运会的有关研究，论文提出要理性看待2008年奥运会经济影响效应的观点，并且认为中国旅游业应该利用2008年奥运会进行形象塑造和旅游促销，充分把握好奥运会带来的历史机遇，提升自身的整体素质。
以往关于奥运会经济和旅游影响的研究成果非常丰富，但总体上比较分散，相关性较差，理论基础的多样化也在一定程度上影响了研究的严谨性和系统性。从节事和节事旅游的角度出发，根据有关宏观经济理论和一般性旅游理论，论文探讨了奥运会经济和旅游影
响的基本机制和分析方法，并对往届奥运会经济和旅游影响的效果进行了比较和综述，为
今后的研究提供了可供参考的思路和研究起点，这是论文的理论意义所在。
通过理论研究和实证分析，论文得出了几个初步性结论。总的来说，奥运会经济影响
和旅游影响是因地而异、因事而异和困时而异的，相应地，奥运会的主办方式或战略行动
也应该是因地制宜、因事制宜和因时制宜的。因止匕，北京2008年奥运会成功的关键在于充
分借鉴和吸取往届奥运会的经验与教训，并且真正举办出自己的特色来，希望本论文的研
究能够为此提供参考和借鉴。
Born in the end of l9th centUry the modem Olympic Movement has become the biggest event
with peaceful purposes. Since early l980s, the commercialization of the OlyTnpic Games has been
a marked tendency, and economic benefit (including tourism) has become one of the main targets
for the Olympic biding and hosting activities. Hosting the Olympic Games has been regarded as a
universa1 panacea for faled economic development policies. But what is the mechanism for the
OlyInpic Games to impact the economy of the hosting cities? How to analyze these impactS? Is the
net effect positive or negative? What indicators could reflect these effects? How great is the degree
of these impacts? The Olympic Games' attractiveness and particular characteristics make the
related tourism and travel appeap and induce tourists. What is the mechanism for the Olympic
Games to dripact tourism? Whether the Olympic Games could promote the tourism in hosting
cities to grow? If so, how significant is the OlyInpic effect for the tourism? How the tourism could
take the Olpopic Gams as the catalyst to improve tourism development? These are the questions
that this dissertation tries to answer
This dissertation has three parts, including fundamental theory analysis, economic effects
stUdy and tourism effects study
Putting the event and event tourism as the theoretic base of related st'Udies, this dissertation
firstly summarizes the concept, classification and general framework of event, and then states the
OlyInpics Games as a special, mega and hallmark event.
Based on the basic of event's economic impacts and related economics theories, this
dissertation explores and builds the economic impacting procedure of the Olytnpic Games. The
Olympic Games bring changes to the expenditUres, images and technology firstly then by the
dWic procedure Anpact the outPuts, earnngs, employTnent and groWth of the economy of
hosting cities or nations. The final effects depend upon the featUres and conditions of the overall
economic system, while the planning and strategic measures made by the hosting cities or nations
are also very haportant. This dissehation explores the methods to ana1yze the economic effects of
the OlyTnpic Games, including the mu1tiplier stUdy and cost-benefit stUdy.
Most of the fOrmer OlyInpic economic researches are case st'Udies and experiential stUdies,
which provide valuable references and data. This dissertation intrOduces and evaluates the related
case stUdies on the OlyTnpic Games' economic impacts of Barcelona l992, Atlanta l996 and
Sydney 2000. Using the former stUdies results and related statistics data, this dissertation makes a
comparative analysis on the precedent Olympic Games' economic impactS. The conclusion shows
that the net effects of the OlyInpic Games' economic impacts are positive. The mathematical
results of the effects are great. The strength or degree of the Olympic Games' economic impact is
no as great as people expected. The benefits brought by the OlyTnpic Games concentrate on
specific industries. The Olympic Games promote the urban infrastrUctUres of the hosting cities.
Based on the theories of event tourism, this dissertation explores and builds the procedures of
the OIympic Games' impacts on tourism. The Olympic Games impact the tourism system as
tourism attraction and driage-maker, by the related activities such as adding new facilities, tourism
promotion and media exposure. The final effects are reflected in tourist atrivals, tourism operation
outcomes and the images of the hosting cities or nations.
The research and data on Sydney 2000 are relatively substantial and available. Using Sydney
l1l
2000 as the case, this dissertation makes an experiental stUdy of itS effects on Anstrian totrism
and Anstralian TOdrism Cotnmission's OlyTnpic TOurism Strategy. According the former stUdies
and statistics, this dissertaion make a comparative studies of the Obopic Games' effects on
inbound tourism, domestic tourism, the regional disper
引文
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《中奥成功刺激7月份消费者信心指数劲升》，www.people.com,cn,2001/8/23
甄蓁：《奥运经济三大预言：镶金边的日子怎样变成钱》，《北京青年报》2001／7／23
《举办2008年奥运会，北京经济将每年增长2.5％》，《北京青年报》2001／7／20
甘玲：《境外金融人士普遍认为奥运助推中国经济》，《证券时报》2001／7／17
林文俏：《奥运：中国经济发展的新机遇》，《南方日报》2001／7／23
《专家预言：北京奥运将为中国GDP贡献一个百分点》，《市场报》，2001／／8／2
阎建立等：《奥运打造金饭碗，带动北京200万就业机会》，《北京青年报》2001／7／23
朱文：《慎防奥运经济泡沫》，《国际金融报》2001／7／30
《韩国使馆经济参赞拜访旅游研究中心探讨奥林匹克运动的影响》，《旅游研究与信息》2001年第4期，中国社会科学院旅游研究中心、北京旅游协会
二、英文参考文献
Access Economics(1994)Report on Tourist Forecasts-Sydney Olympics 2000, Canberra: Federal Airports Commission
Atlanta Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games(1997)The Official Report of the Games of the ⅩⅩⅥ Olympiad, Atlanta, GA: Peach Publishers.
Audit Office of New South Wales (1998) Performance Audit Report: The Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Review of Estimates, Audit Office of New South Wales.
Australia Bureau of Statistics (2000) Tourist Accommodation: an Analysis over the Olympic Games
Australia Tourist Commission (2001): The Impact of Sydney 2000 Olympic Games on Brand Australia
Australia Tourist Commission (2001) Australia Tourist Commission Olympic Games Tourism Strategy (Summary)
Australian Tourist Commission (2001) Corporate Plan (2001/02-2005/06)。
Bhada, N., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J. and gahan, L. W. 1993, Firm specific beliefs of tourism suppliers of the 1996 Summer Olympics, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1(1), pp. 121-124.
Billings, A. C., Eastman, S. T. and Newton, G. D. (1998) Atlanta revisited: prime time promotion in the 1996 Summer Olympics, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 65-78.
Brunet, F. (1995) An economic analysis of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games: resources, financing and impact
Bureau of Tourism Research, National Visitor Survey, 1999 and 2000
Burns, J. P. A., Hatch, J. H. and Mules, T. J. (eds) (1986) The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event, Centre for South Australian Economic Studies.
Canadian Ministry for Fitness and Amateur Sport (1986) Economic Impact of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, Ottawa: Ministry of Fitness and Amateur Sport.
Cashman, R. and Hughes, A. (eds) (1999) Staging the Olympics: The Event and its Impact, University of New South Wales Press.
Chalip, L., Green, B.C., & Vander Velden, L. (1998) Sources of interest in travel to the Olympic Games, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol, 4, No. 1, pp. 7-22.
Chris Gratton and Peter Taylor (2000) Economics of Sport and Recreation, Spon Press
Christopher M. Law (1993) Urban Tourism: Attracting Vistors to Large Cities, Mansell Publishing Limited
City of Calgary and Alberta Tourism and Small Business (1985) Economic Impacts of the ⅩⅤ Olympic Winter Games, City of Calgary and Alberta Tourism and Small Business.
De Moragas, M. and Botella, M. (eds) (1995) The Keys to Success: The Social, Sporting, Economic and Communications Impact of Barcelona '92, Centre d'Estudis Olympics i de 1'Esport, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.
Do Young Pyun (1999) : Economic Impact of the Seoul Olympic Games (IOA)
Donald Getz (1991) Festival, Special Event and Tourism, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Economics Research Associates (1984) Community Economic Impact of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles and Southern California, Economic Research Assets.
Econtech Pry Ltd. (2001) Economic Effects of the Recent Tourism Related Events on the Tourism Sector and the Economy
Graham Brown (2001) Sydney 2000: an Invitation to the World, IOC
Haag. H. and Riesinger, G. (1988) Comparative analysis of the results of the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games, in E. F. Broom, et al. (eds) Comparative Physical Education and Sport, Vol. 5, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, pp. 83-89．
Hall C. M. (1994) Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning, London: Belhaven.
Hiller, H. (1990) The urban transformation of a landmark event: the Calgary Winter Olympics, Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 118-137．
Hugh Dauncey and Geoff Hare (1999) France and the 1998 World Cup: National Impact of a World Sporting Event, Frank Cass
Humphreys, J. M. and Plummer, M. K. (1992) The Economic Impact on the State of Georgia of Hosting the 1996 Olympic Games, Commission for the Olympic Games Inc.
International Olympic Committee (2000) Olympic Marketing Fact File, IOC.
Jean-Loup Chappelet (2001) Management of Olympic Games: the Lessons of Sydney, IOC
Jeung, G. H., Jafari, J. and Gartner, W. C. (1990) Expectations of the 1988 Seoul Olympics: a Korean perspective, Tourism Recreation research, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 26-33．
Jones Lang LaSalle Hotel (2000) : The Impact of the 2000 Olympics Games on Sydney's Hotel Market, Jones Lang LaSalle Hotel
K. Toohey and A. J. Veal (1999) The Olympics Games: a Social Science Perspecting, CABI Publishing
KPMG Peat Marwick (1993) Sydney Olympic 2000: Economic Impact Study, Report to Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd, Sydney.
Lasalle Investment Management (2001) Reaching Beyond the Gold-the Impact of the Olympic Games on Estate Market, Lasalle Investment Management
Lynch, R., McDonnell, I., Thompson, S. and Toohey, K. (eds) (1996) Sport and Pay TV-Strategies for Success, Sydney: Scholl of Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney.
Mount, J. and Leroux, C. (1994) Assessing the effects of a mage-event: a retrospective study of the Olympic Games on the Calgary business sector, Festival Management and Event Tourism, Vol. 2, No. 1,pp. 15-23．
NSW Treasury and the Centre for Regional Economic Analysis (1997) The Economic Impact of the Sydney Olympic Games, New South Wales Treasury.
Ritchie, J. R. B. and Smith, B. (1991) The Impact of a mega-event on host-region awareness: a longitudinal study, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.3-10．
Ritchie, J. R. B. and Smith, B. (1991) The Impact of a mega-event on host-region awareness: a
longitudinal study, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.3-10.
Stephen Page (1995) Urban Toourism, Routledge
Stevenson, D. (1998) The art of the Games: leisure, tourism and the Cultural Olympiad, in Rowe,D. and Lawrence, G. (ed) Tourism, Leisure, Sport: Critical Perspectives, Rydalmere, New South Wales: Hodder, pp. 124-134.
Stevenson, D. (1998) The art of the Games: leisure, tourism and the Cultural Olympiad, in Rowe,D. and Lawrence, G. (ed) Tourism, Leisure, Sport: Critical Perspectives, Rydalmere, New South Wales: Hodder, pp. 124-134.
Tourism Forecasting Council (1998) The Olympic Effect-Be Part of the Action, TFC.
Tourism Industry Working Group (2001) Report on the Implication of the Ansset Collapse and US Terrorist Attacks for Australia's Tourism Industry
Tourism New South Wales (2001) New South Wales Tourism Profile Year End December 2000
Vegara, J. M. and Salvador, N. (1992) The Economic Impact of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games,Ajuntament de Barcelona.
三、相关信息来源网站
国际奥委会官方网站：www.olympic.gov
澳大利亚旅游委员会官方网站：www.atc.gov.au
澳大利亚统计局官方网站：www.abs.gov.au
澳大利亚旅游预测理事会官方网站：www.tfc.gov.au
澳大利亚新南威尔士州旅游局官方网站：www.tourism.nsw.gov.au
美国联邦统计局官方网站：www.fedsrats.gov
北京2008奥运组委会官方网站：www.beijing-2008.gov
中国国家旅游局官方网站：www.cnta.gov.cn
北京市旅游局官方网站：www.bjta.gov.cn
人民网：www.people.com.cn
凯恩斯：《就业利息和货币通论》(徐毓枫译)，商务印书馆，1996
戴维·罗默：《高级宏观经济学》(苏剑、罗涛译)，商务印书馆，1999
罗志如、范加骧等《当代西方经济学说》(上、下)，北京大学出版社，1993
思拉恩·埃格特森：《新制度经济学》(吴经邦等译)，商务印书馆，1996
C.V.布朗、P.M.杰克逊：《公共部门经济学》(张馨等译)，中国人民大学出版社，2000
卡尔·帕顿、大卫·沙维奇：《政策分析和规划的初步方法》(孙兰芝、宁骚等译)，华夏出版社，2001
尼古拉·阿克塞拉：《经济政策原理：价值与技术》(郭庆旺等译)，中国人民大学出版社，2001
饶会林：《城市经济学》(上、下)，东北财经大学出版社，1999
汪同三、沈利生：《中国社会科学院数量经济与技术经济研究所经济模型集》，社会科学文献出版社，2001
樊明太等：《中国CGE模型及其政策分析》，社会科学文献出版社，1999
威廉·瑟厄波德：《全球旅游新论》(张广瑞等译)，中国旅游出版社，2001
朱保华：《新经济增长理论》，上海财经大学出版社，1999
北京市旅游事业管理局：《北京市旅游发展总体规划(2000—2010年)》，中国旅游出版社，2000
北京市旅游事业管理局(2002)：《北京奥运旅游行动计划方案(讨论稿)》
北京2008年奥运会组织委员会：《北京2008年奥运会申办报告》(www.beijing-2008.gov)
国际奥林匹克委员会：《奥林匹克宪章》，奥林匹克出版社，2001
全国体育学院教材委员会：《舆林匹克运动》，人民体育出版社，2001
《韦式词典》，世界图书出版公司，1996
吴必虎：《区域旅游规划原理》，中国旅游出版社，2001
罗明义：《旅游经济分析：理论、方法、案例》，云南大学出版社，2001
楚义芳：《旅游的空间经济分析》，陕西人民出版社，1992
阎敏：《旅游业产业化研究》，南开大学博士学位论文，1997
匡林：《旅游业政府主导型发展战略研究》，中国旅游出版社，2001
杨开忠、李国平等：《持续首都：北京新世纪发展战略》广东教育出版社，2000
谢彦君：《基础旅游学》，中国旅游出版社，1999
王大悟、魏小安：《新编旅游经济学》，上海人民出版社，1998
菲利普·科特勒：《营销管理——分析、计划和控制》，西蒙与舒斯特国际出版公司，上海人民出版社，1996
保继刚、潘兴连、杰弗里·沃尔：《城市旅游的理论与实践》，科学出版社，2001
中国旅游年鉴编委会：《中国旅游年鉴》1998，1999，2000，中国旅游出版社
张广瑞：《重视奥林匹克运动的社会科学研究》，《旅游研究与信息》2001年第4期，中国社会科学院旅游研究中心、北京旅游协会
郭强等：《解读1800亿》，《北京晚报》 2001年7月15日
鲍明晓：《北京奥运：拉动首都经济增长的3种核动力》，《精品购物指南》，2001／7／17
《中奥成功刺激7月份消费者信心指数劲升》，www.people.com,cn,2001/8/23
甄蓁：《奥运经济三大预言：镶金边的日子怎样变成钱》，《北京青年报》2001／7／23
《举办2008年奥运会，北京经济将每年增长2.5％》，《北京青年报》2001／7／20
甘玲：《境外金融人士普遍认为奥运助推中国经济》，《证券时报》2001／7／17
林文俏：《奥运：中国经济发展的新机遇》，《南方日报》2001／7／23
《专家预言：北京奥运将为中国GDP贡献一个百分点》，《市场报》，2001／／8／2
阎建立等：《奥运打造金饭碗，带动北京200万就业机会》，《北京青年报》2001／7／23
朱文：《慎防奥运经济泡沫》，《国际金融报》2001／7／30
《韩国使馆经济参赞拜访旅游研究中心探讨奥林匹克运动的影响》，《旅游研究与信息》2001年第4期，中国社会科学院旅游研究中心、北京旅游协会
二、英文参考文献
Access Economics(1994)Report on Tourist Forecasts-Sydney Olympics 2000, Canberra: Federal Airports Commission
Atlanta Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games(1997)The Official Report of the Games of the ⅩⅩⅥ Olympiad, Atlanta, GA: Peach Publishers.
Audit Office of New South Wales (1998) Performance Audit Report: The Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Review of Estimates, Audit Office of New South Wales.
Australia Bureau of Statistics (2000) Tourist Accommodation: an Analysis over the Olympic Games
Australia Tourist Commission (2001): The Impact of Sydney 2000 Olympic Games on Brand Australia
Australia Tourist Commission (2001) Australia Tourist Commission Olympic Games Tourism Strategy (Summary)
Australian Tourist Commission (2001) Corporate Plan (2001/02-2005/06)。
Bhada, N., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J. and gahan, L. W. 1993, Firm specific beliefs of tourism suppliers of the 1996 Summer Olympics, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1(1), pp. 121-124.
Billings, A. C., Eastman, S. T. and Newton, G. D. (1998) Atlanta revisited: prime time promotion in the 1996 Summer Olympics, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 65-78.
Brunet, F. (1995) An economic analysis of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games: resources, financing and impact
Bureau of Tourism Research, National Visitor Survey, 1999 and 2000
Burns, J. P. A., Hatch, J. H. and Mules, T. J. (eds) (1986) The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event, Centre for South Australian Economic Studies.
Canadian Ministry for Fitness and Amateur Sport (1986) Economic Impact of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, Ottawa: Ministry of Fitness and Amateur Sport.
Cashman, R. and Hughes, A. (eds) (1999) Staging the Olympics: The Event and its Impact, University of New South Wales Press.
Chalip, L., Green, B.C., & Vander Velden, L. (1998) Sources of interest in travel to the Olympic Games, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol, 4, No. 1, pp. 7-22.
Chris Gratton and Peter Taylor (2000) Economics of Sport and Recreation, Spon Press
Christopher M. Law (1993) Urban Tourism: Attracting Vistors to Large Cities, Mansell Publishing Limited
City of Calgary and Alberta Tourism and Small Business (1985) Economic Impacts of the ⅩⅤ Olympic Winter Games, City of Calgary and Alberta Tourism and Small Business.
De Moragas, M. and Botella, M. (eds) (1995) The Keys to Success: The Social, Sporting, Economic and Communications Impact of Barcelona '92, Centre d'Estudis Olympics i de 1'Esport, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.
Do Young Pyun (1999) : Economic Impact of the Seoul Olympic Games (IOA)
Donald Getz (1991) Festival, Special Event and Tourism, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Economics Research Associates (1984) Community Economic Impact of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles and Southern California, Economic Research Assets.
Econtech Pry Ltd. (2001) Economic Effects of the Recent Tourism Related Events on the Tourism Sector and the Economy
Graham Brown (2001) Sydney 2000: an Invitation to the World, IOC
Haag. H. and Riesinger, G. (1988) Comparative analysis of the results of the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games, in E. F. Broom, et al. (eds) Comparative Physical Education and Sport, Vol. 5, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, pp. 83-89．
Hall C. M. (1994) Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning, London: Belhaven.
Hiller, H. (1990) The urban transformation of a landmark event: the Calgary Winter Olympics, Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 118-137．
Hugh Dauncey and Geoff Hare (1999) France and the 1998 World Cup: National Impact of a World Sporting Event, Frank Cass
Humphreys, J. M. and Plummer, M. K. (1992) The Economic Impact on the State of Georgia of Hosting the 1996 Olympic Games, Commission for the Olympic Games Inc.
International Olympic Committee (2000) Olympic Marketing Fact File, IOC.
Jean-Loup Chappelet (2001) Management of Olympic Games: the Lessons of Sydney, IOC
Jeung, G. H., Jafari, J. and Gartner, W. C. (1990) Expectations of the 1988 Seoul Olympics: a Korean perspective, Tourism Recreation research, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 26-33．
Jones Lang LaSalle Hotel (2000) : The Impact of the 2000 Olympics Games on Sydney's Hotel Market, Jones Lang LaSalle Hotel
K. Toohey and A. J. Veal (1999) The Olympics Games: a Social Science Perspecting, CABI Publishing
KPMG Peat Marwick (1993) Sydney Olympic 2000: Economic Impact Study, Report to Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd, Sydney.
Lasalle Investment Management (2001) Reaching Beyond the Gold-the Impact of the Olympic Games on Estate Market, Lasalle Investment Management
Lynch, R., McDonnell, I., Thompson, S. and Toohey, K. (eds) (1996) Sport and Pay TV-Strategies for Success, Sydney: Scholl of Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney.
Mount, J. and Leroux, C. (1994) Assessing the effects of a mage-event: a retrospective study of the Olympic Games on the Calgary business sector, Festival Management and Event Tourism, Vol. 2, No. 1,pp. 15-23．
NSW Treasury and the Centre for Regional Economic Analysis (1997) The Economic Impact of the Sydney Olympic Games, New South Wales Treasury.
Ritchie, J. R. B. and Smith, B. (1991) The Impact of a mega-event on host-region awareness: a longitudinal study, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.3-10．
Ritchie, J. R. B. and Smith, B. (1991) The Impact of a mega-event on host-region awareness: a
longitudinal study, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.3-10.
Stephen Page (1995) Urban Toourism, Routledge
Stevenson, D. (1998) The art of the Games: leisure, tourism and the Cultural Olympiad, in Rowe,D. and Lawrence, G. (ed) Tourism, Leisure, Sport: Critical Perspectives, Rydalmere, New South Wales: Hodder, pp. 124-134.
Stevenson, D. (1998) The art of the Games: leisure, tourism and the Cultural Olympiad, in Rowe,D. and Lawrence, G. (ed) Tourism, Leisure, Sport: Critical Perspectives, Rydalmere, New South Wales: Hodder, pp. 124-134.
Tourism Forecasting Council (1998) The Olympic Effect-Be Part of the Action, TFC.
Tourism Industry Working Group (2001) Report on the Implication of the Ansset Collapse and US Terrorist Attacks for Australia's Tourism Industry
Tourism New South Wales (2001) New South Wales Tourism Profile Year End December 2000
Vegara, J. M. and Salvador, N. (1992) The Economic Impact of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games,Ajuntament de Barcelona.
三、相关信息来源网站
国际奥委会官方网站：www.olympic.gov
澳大利亚旅游委员会官方网站：www.atc.gov.au
澳大利亚统计局官方网站：www.abs.gov.au
澳大利亚旅游预测理事会官方网站：www.tfc.gov.au
澳大利亚新南威尔士州旅游局官方网站：www.tourism.nsw.gov.au
美国联邦统计局官方网站：www.fedsrats.gov
北京2008奥运组委会官方网站：www.beijing-2008.gov
中国国家旅游局官方网站：www.cnta.gov.cn
北京市旅游局官方网站：www.bjta.gov.cn
人民网：www.people.com.cn