论人民自决与科索沃独立问题
|
摘要
2008年2月17日,科索沃单方面宣布从塞尔维亚独立。这一宣布在国际社会即刻引起不同的反应。许多国家承认科索沃独立,而另一些国家则拒绝承认甚至表示科索沃宣布独立违背国际法准则是非法的。承认与拒绝承认的两方形成对立的阵营,其争议的一个关键问题是,在国际法上科索沃是否拥有人民自决权进而从塞尔维亚分离。
殖民情形以及遭受外国征服、统治或者剥削的人民享有自决权,这在国际法上没有疑义。在这一范围之外,基于人民自决原则在上个世纪下半叶所经历的发展与演变,包括《国际法原则宣言》在内的当代国际法并不排除外部自决即分离权的行使可能。然而,对这一可能的具体实施,国际法尚无建立起一套明确的规则。
科索沃一直以来的地位都是塞尔维亚的一个自治省。针对科索沃宣布独立的合法性问题,联合国大会通过决议求询国际法院。2010年7月22日,国际法院出具《咨询意见书》认为,科索沃宣布独立并没有违反国际法适用规则。然而,国际法院对这一独立宣布行为的法律后果、科索沃是否已经具备国际法上的国家资格以及国家承认行为的地位等相关问题,尤其是对于国际法是否赋予属于一个主权国家领土内的实体从该国分离出去的法律权利?国际法院对此只字未提。对于何种具体情形下分离权得以行使,国际法院在科索沃咨询案中并无突破。
本文在回顾科索沃宣布独立的历史背景基础上,围绕科索沃独立引发的上述国际法争议,探讨了科索沃是否拥有通过人民自决原则行使从塞尔维亚分离的权利。与此同时,针对科索沃是否符合国际法上的国家资格标准,及其在国际法上的最终地位问题,本文一并予以论证并力图提出创建性的观点。对于国际法实践中类似的人民自决问题与领土分离争端的后续分析与研究,本文期待能贡献一份参考。
On February 17th 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, which immediately drew different reactions from international community. A number of States recognized independence of Kosovo, while some other States refused granting recognition to Kosovo even expressed that independence declaration of Kosovo violated the norms of international law being illegal. The recognition side and the non-recognition side constitute opposite camps, between which one of their key debates is whether Kosovo possesses the right of peoples'self-determination and then secedes from Serbia in international law.
Under colonial context and the situation of subjection to alien subjugation, domination or exploitation, the people have the self-determination right. There is virtually no controversy about this point. Beyond this scope, based on evolution of the principle of peoples'self-determination experienced in the second half of the past century, contemporary international law including Declaration on Principles of International doesn't preclude the exercising possibility of external self-determination, namely, secession. However, reference to concrete exercising of such possibility, there has not yet a set of definite regulation set up in international law.
Kosovo's status has used to be an autonomous province within Serbia. As to the legality question of Kosovo's independence declaration, the General Assembly adopted resolution to enquiry the International Court of Justice (ICJ). On July 22nd 2010, ICJ delivered its Advisory Opinion considering that, the independence declaration of Kosovo didn't violate any applicable international law. Nevertheless, regarding to the legal result of the independence declaration, whether Kosovo has satisfied the qualification criteria of a State, the role of other States'recognition and relevant subjects, in particular, in respect of whether international law invests an entity belonging to the territory of specific sovereign State the right to secede from that State, ICJ didn't say any words. As to in what kind of situation the secession right could be exercised, ICJ kept silent and made no break-through in its Advisory Opinion.
Surrounding the debates creating from Kosovo independence, the present dissertation recalled the historical background of Kosovo, discussed whether Kosovo possesses the right of secession from Serbia via carrying out the principle of people's self-determination. Simultaneously, in regarding to whether Kosovo satisfies the qualification criteria of State, and the final status of Kosovo in international law, this article will examine as well and provide constructive opinions. As to aftermath analysis and research on analogous problems of people's self-determination and territory separation disputes in international legal practice, the present writer expects that this article can sacrifice some referential value.
殖民情形以及遭受外国征服、统治或者剥削的人民享有自决权,这在国际法上没有疑义。在这一范围之外,基于人民自决原则在上个世纪下半叶所经历的发展与演变,包括《国际法原则宣言》在内的当代国际法并不排除外部自决即分离权的行使可能。然而,对这一可能的具体实施,国际法尚无建立起一套明确的规则。
科索沃一直以来的地位都是塞尔维亚的一个自治省。针对科索沃宣布独立的合法性问题,联合国大会通过决议求询国际法院。2010年7月22日,国际法院出具《咨询意见书》认为,科索沃宣布独立并没有违反国际法适用规则。然而,国际法院对这一独立宣布行为的法律后果、科索沃是否已经具备国际法上的国家资格以及国家承认行为的地位等相关问题,尤其是对于国际法是否赋予属于一个主权国家领土内的实体从该国分离出去的法律权利?国际法院对此只字未提。对于何种具体情形下分离权得以行使,国际法院在科索沃咨询案中并无突破。
本文在回顾科索沃宣布独立的历史背景基础上,围绕科索沃独立引发的上述国际法争议,探讨了科索沃是否拥有通过人民自决原则行使从塞尔维亚分离的权利。与此同时,针对科索沃是否符合国际法上的国家资格标准,及其在国际法上的最终地位问题,本文一并予以论证并力图提出创建性的观点。对于国际法实践中类似的人民自决问题与领土分离争端的后续分析与研究,本文期待能贡献一份参考。
On February 17th 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, which immediately drew different reactions from international community. A number of States recognized independence of Kosovo, while some other States refused granting recognition to Kosovo even expressed that independence declaration of Kosovo violated the norms of international law being illegal. The recognition side and the non-recognition side constitute opposite camps, between which one of their key debates is whether Kosovo possesses the right of peoples'self-determination and then secedes from Serbia in international law.
Under colonial context and the situation of subjection to alien subjugation, domination or exploitation, the people have the self-determination right. There is virtually no controversy about this point. Beyond this scope, based on evolution of the principle of peoples'self-determination experienced in the second half of the past century, contemporary international law including Declaration on Principles of International doesn't preclude the exercising possibility of external self-determination, namely, secession. However, reference to concrete exercising of such possibility, there has not yet a set of definite regulation set up in international law.
Kosovo's status has used to be an autonomous province within Serbia. As to the legality question of Kosovo's independence declaration, the General Assembly adopted resolution to enquiry the International Court of Justice (ICJ). On July 22nd 2010, ICJ delivered its Advisory Opinion considering that, the independence declaration of Kosovo didn't violate any applicable international law. Nevertheless, regarding to the legal result of the independence declaration, whether Kosovo has satisfied the qualification criteria of a State, the role of other States'recognition and relevant subjects, in particular, in respect of whether international law invests an entity belonging to the territory of specific sovereign State the right to secede from that State, ICJ didn't say any words. As to in what kind of situation the secession right could be exercised, ICJ kept silent and made no break-through in its Advisory Opinion.
Surrounding the debates creating from Kosovo independence, the present dissertation recalled the historical background of Kosovo, discussed whether Kosovo possesses the right of secession from Serbia via carrying out the principle of people's self-determination. Simultaneously, in regarding to whether Kosovo satisfies the qualification criteria of State, and the final status of Kosovo in international law, this article will examine as well and provide constructive opinions. As to aftermath analysis and research on analogous problems of people's self-determination and territory separation disputes in international legal practice, the present writer expects that this article can sacrifice some referential value.
引文
1'Kosovo MPs Proclaim Independence', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.17,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7249034.stm
2'Kosovo Declaration of Independence', (2008) Pmbl.Para.7. http://www.assembly-kosova.org/?cid=2,128,1635
3见注释2,序言第6段。
4见注释2,第10条。
5 Paul Reynolds,'Legal Furore over Kosovo's Recognition', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.16,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7244538.stm.
6 UNGA. Res.63/3. Para.5. (Oct.8,2008) UN. Doc. A/RES/63/3联合国大会该项决议将求询国际法院的问题表述为："Is the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo in accordance with international law?"
7 ICJ Advisory Opinion,'Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion)', released on July 22,2010, http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php.
8同上第51段。
9同上。
10同上第56段。
11[s] 同上第83段:Debates regarding the extent of the right of self-determination and the existence of any right of "remedial secession", however, concern the right to separate from a State. As the Court has already noted (see paragraphs 49 to 56 above), and as almost all participants agreed, that issue is beyond the scope of the question posed by the General Assembly. To answer that question, the Court need only determine whether the declaration of independence violated either general international law or the lex specialis created by Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). "
12 Constitutional law professor and one-time Serbian legal advisor, Thomas Fleiner, said that the ICJ has lost its legitimacy, 'Expert:ICJ has lost its legitimacy', published on July 24,2010. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=07&dd=24&nav_id=68649.
13同上。
14同上。托马斯.弗雷勒教授(Thomas Fleiner)认为The judges believe that this sentence [the Kosovo government proclaimed independence] does not violate international law, but at the same time believe that Kosovo does not have the right to a unilateral secession. Everyone can understand that this is a case of contradiction."
15见注释7,第122段。
16更多的科索沃战争信息,参见MIRANDA VICKERS, BETWEEN SERB AND ALBANIAN:A HISTORY OF KOSOVO 12-16 (1998) and NOEL MALCOLM, KOSOVO:A SHORT HISTORY 58-80 (1998)。
17见注释1,VICKERS,第16-21页。
18见注释1,MALCOLM,第252页。
19同上第264-65页。
20同上第264页。
21同上第266页。
22 Noel Malcolm, Is Kosovo Serbia? We Ask a Historian, THE GUARDIAN, Feb.26,2008, available at http://www. guardian.co. uk/world/2008/feb/26/kosovo. serbia.
23见注释1, MALCOLM,第282页。
24 JULIE MERTUS, KOSOVO:HOW MYTHS AND TRUTHS STARTED A WAR 315 (1999).
25有关第二次世界大战期间阿尔巴尼亚人法律地位的细节,参见Angelo Piero Sereni, The Legal Status of Albania,35 AM. POL. SCI. REV.311,311-17 (1941).
26见注释1,MALCOLM,第311,317页。
27 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATIVE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA art.2.
28见注释,VICKERS,第146页。
29见注释1,MALCOLM第319-20页。
30见注释1,VICKERS,第148-51页。
31见注释1,MALCOLM第322-23页。
32同上。
33同上,第323页。
34 CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA art. 111, para.1.
35同上,art. 111, para.3.
36同上,art.112, para.2.
37见注释1,MALCOLM,第325页。
38同上第326页。
39同上。
40英文版南斯拉夫1974年宪法,参见《南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国宪法》,Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 重印于 CONSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (Albert P. Blanstein & Gisbert H. Flanz eds.,1986), 第47页。
41同上南斯拉夫1974年宪法第一章。
42有关人民自决内容,详见下文。
43见注释25,南斯拉夫1974年宪法第268,273条。
44同上第271条。
45同上。
46同上第291,348,381条有关议会、联邦政府及宪法法院的规定。
47同上有关基本原则Ⅰ的序言规定。
48见注释1,MALCOLM,第327-28页。
49同上第341-44页。
50同上。
51见注释25。
52这一关系自1974年即已在《科索沃社会主义自治省宪法》(CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF KOSOVO (1974))中表明。该宪法英文翻印版参见HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA, KOSOVO:LAW AND POLITICS, KOSOVO IN NORMATIVE ACTS BEFORE AND AFTER 1974,第41,45页(1998))
53同上第49条。
54见注释1,MALCOLM,第344页。
55同上。
56同上。
57同上。
58同上。
59见注释37,第75页。
60见注释1,MALCOLM,第346页。
61同上。
62见注释42。
63见注释1,MALCOLM,第346页。
64同上第347页。
65同上第347-48页。
66同上第348页。
67参见YUGOSLAVIA THROUGH DOCUMENTS:FROM ITS CREATION TO ITS DISSOLUTION,第634页。
68 1992年4月27日,塞尔维亚与黑山成立南斯拉夫联邦共和国(the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, FRY) 。参见《南斯拉夫联邦共和国宪法》(CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA),网址http://www. worldstatesmen. org/Yugoslav_Const_1992. htm 。值得注意的是,当南斯拉夫联邦共和国成立时,既未赋予科索沃与塞尔维亚或黑山同等的联邦地位,而这一地位也非阿尔巴尼亚族人的要求。
69见注释1,VICKERS,第251页。
70同上。
71同上。
72同上。
73同上第252页。
74 James Crawford, the creation of states in international law,2nd ed. (Oxford:OUP,2006)第408页。
75科索沃民主联盟(The Democratic League of Kosovo)在地下议会当中赢得了130个席位当中的96个,参见注释1,VICKERS,第260页。
76见注释1,MALCOLM,第348页。
77参见《不动产转移限制法》,英文版翻译于KOSOVO:LAW AND POLITICS, KOSOVO IN NORMATIVE ACTS BEFORE AND AFTER 197,第59页。
78见注释1,VICKERS,第250-52页。
79见注释1,MALCOLM,第349页。
80同上。
81同上。
82有关“代顿和平协定”(the Dayton Peace Accords)的更多细节,参见注释74, CRAWFORD,第528-30页。
83见注释1,VICKERS,第287页。
84见注释61。
85见注释1,VICKERS,第292-97页。
86同上,第297-300页。
87见1998年3月31日安理会1160号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1160。
88见1998年9月23日安理会1199号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1199。
89见1998年10月24日安理会1203号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1203。
90见1999年5月14日安理会1239号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1239。
91见《联合国宪章》。
92见安理会1203号决议第1段；1199号决议第3段；1199号决议第1-2段。
93见安理会1203号决议第3-4段；1199号决议第1-2段；1160号决议第2-3段。
94见安理会1160号决议第5段。
95见注释74,CRAWFORD,第557页。
96全称为“关于科索沃和平与自治的朗布伊埃临时协定”(Rambouillet Accords on Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo),1999年2月23日起草,网址http://www. commondreams. org/kosovo/rambouillet. htm.协定计划由南斯拉夫、塞尔维亚及科索沃阿尔巴尼亚代表签署,欧盟、美国及俄罗斯作为见证人签署。
97见“朗布伊埃协定”框架第Ⅱ条第1-2段。
98同上框架第Ⅰ条第4段。
99同上第1章。
100同上第1章第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ条。
101同上第7章第Ⅰ条第1(a)款。
102同上第7章第Ⅳ、Ⅵ条。
103同上序言第4段。
104同上第7章第Ⅰ条第1(a)款。
105见注释83。
106见注释88-89。
107见“朗布伊埃协定”第1章第Ⅱ条第5(a)(ⅸ)段,及第Ⅲ条第2(ⅵ)段。
108见注释74,CRAWFORD,第557-58页。
109 见Dino Kritsiotis, The Kosovo Crisis and NATO's Application of Armed Force Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,49 INT'L & COMP. L. Q (2000).第330,330页。
110见注释72-75,安理会1239号、1203号、1199号、1160号决议,均不包含使用武力的授权内容。
111 见Antonio Cassese, Ex Iniuria Ins Oritur:Are We Moving Towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community? 10 EUR. J. INT'L L(1999)第23,24页。
112见注释94,Kritsiotis,第340页。
113见Military-Technical Agreement, June 9,1999。网址：http://www. nato. int/kosovo/docu/a990609a. htm.
114同上第Ⅰ条第1段。
115同上第Ⅱ条第2段。
116见注释99。
117见注释98。
118见注释94。
119见安理会1244号决议。
120同上序言第10段。
121同上第3段。
122同上第4段。
123同上附件2第6段。
124同上附件2第1段。
125同上第5段。
126同上第6段。
127同上第7段。
128见On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (July 25,1999),第1部分。网址:http://www. unmikonline. org/regulations/1999/re99_01. pdf。
129同上第3部分。
130同上。
131见注释104,第10段。
132同上第11(a)段。
133同上第11(c)段。
134有关科索沃临时自治政府宪政框架的更多信息,参见UNMIK/REG/2001/9 (May 15,2001),网址: http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/2001/reg09-01. htm 。
135见下文有关人民自决原则的论述。
136见注释119。
137同上。
138同上。
139见注释104第10段。
140 Ralph Wilde, From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond:The Role of International Territorial Administration,95 AM. J. INT'LL(2001).第583,595 页.
141 Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in KOSOVO AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY:A LEGAL ASSESSMENT 217,230-35 (Christian Tomuschat ed.,2001).
142见2003年12月12日《安理会主席声明》,U.N. Doc. S/PRST/2003/26 (Dec.12,2003).
143同上。
144见前联合国秘书长科菲.安南2004年11月30日致安理会主席的信,U.N.Doc.S12004/932。
145见前联合国秘书长科菲.安南2005年10月7日致安理会主席的信,U.N.Doc.S/2005/635(随附秘书长特使关于科索沃事务的报告)。
146同上。
147见2005年10月24日《安理会主席声明》(探讨科索沃未来地位),U.N.Doc.S/PRST/2005/51。
148见安理会报告《科索沃历史年表》,网址http://www.securitycouncilreport. org/site/pp. aspx? c=glKWLeMTIsG&b-2693009&printmode=1
149同上。
150见联合国秘书长潘基文2007年3月26日致安理会主席的信(随附秘书长特使提交给安理会的关于科索沃未来地位的报告,即阿赫蒂萨里计划),U.N.Doc.S/2007/168。
151同上第2段。
152同上第3段。
153同上第7段。
154同上第4段。
155见注释133。
156同上。
157同上。
158同上。
159见塞尔维亚共和国外交部2007年11月20日新闻发布,题为"Belgrade's Proposal Freezes Kosovo Status for 20 Years",网址：http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html该新闻公报对阿兰岛模式(Aaland Islands Model)作了概述。
160见美欧俄三方团2007年11月28日巴登会议新闻公报,网址：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/declarations/97300.pdf.
161见注释134-135。
162 Dan Bilefsky, Europe Warns Kosovo on Separation, N.Y. TIMES,2007年11月20日A12部分。
163 Dan Bilefski & Nicholas Wood, Talks on Kosovo Hit a Dead End, Rice Says, N.Y. TIMES,2007年12月8日A6部分；以及Dan Bilefski, U.S. and Germany Plan to Recognize Kosovo, N.Y. TIMES,2008年1月11日A9部分。
164同上。
165见网址：http://www. europar1. europa. eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede250608factsheetkosovo_/SEDE250608F actsheet Kosovo_en. pdf.166同上。
167见《科索沃独立宣言》。
168同上第1条。
169同上第1,4-5,8,12条。
170同上第4条。
171同上第5条。
172同上第8条。
173同上第9条。
174见《科索沃共和国宪法》第153条。
175 UN Charter, art.1. Para.2. Similar language also appears in UN Charier, art.55. UN Charter, see website of United nations.http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.
176 Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of peoples:a legal reappraisal (New York:CUP,1995) 65.
177 Judge Rosalyn Higgins, Self-Determination and Secession, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and international law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 21,23.
178见注释176。
179 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, (1960) UNGA. Res.1514 (XV), Princ.Ⅵ.
180 Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States Through Secession, in Marcelo G. Kohen ed., Secession:International Law Perspectives (Cambridge and New York:CUP,2006)171,175.
181见注释2,科索沃独立宣言阐述了科索沃情形的特殊性。
182 Bing Bing Jia, the Independence of Kosovo:A Unique Case of Secession? (2009) Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.8, Issue 1,27-46.
183见注释74,Crawford,第560-562页。
184 UNGA Res.1542 (Dec.15,1960). Also see UNSC Res.389 (Apr.22,1976).
185 UNSC Res.384 (Dec.22,1975) deplored the "intervention" of the armed forces of Indonesia in East Timor, calling upon all States to respect the right of the East Timorese people to self-determination and Indonesia to withdraw without delay all its forces from the territory.
186见注释182。
187见注释177,第26页。
188 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Dec.16,1966) 999 UNTS.171. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Dec.16,1966) 933 UNTS.3. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
189 Robert McCorquodale, Self-Determination:A Human Rights Approach, (1994) 43 INT'L& COMP. L.Q.857,858.
190 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970) UNGA. Res.2625. Annex, s.l, or (Oct.24,1970) 25th Sess., UN. Doc. A/8082.
191 Malcolm N. Shaw, the Role of Recognition and Non-recognition with Respect to Secession:Notes on Some Relevant Issues, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and International Law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 243,248.
192见注释184。
193见注释176,第112页。
194见注释190。
195 Gregory Fox, Self-Determination in the Post-Cold War Era:A New Internal Focus? (1994) 16 MICH. J. INT'L L734-36.
196同上。
197见注释74,Crawford,第118-21页。
198同上。
199见注释190。
200参见魁北克分离案判决书Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 S.C.R.222 (Can.). "A right to secession only arises under the principle of self-determination of people at international law where'a people'is governed as part of a colonial empire; and'possibly'where'a people'is denied any meaningful exercise of its right to self-determination within the state of which it forms a part.
201同上第217,126页："The recognized sources of international law establish that the right to self-determination of a people is normally fulfilled through internal self-determination--a people's pursuit of its political, economic, social and cultural development within a framework of an existing state. A right to external self-determination (which in this case potentially takes the form of the assertion of a right to unilateral secession) arises in only the most extreme of cases and, even then, under carefully defined circumstances."
202同上第134页。
203同上第135页。
204同上。
205同上第133页。
206 Noel Malcolm, Kosovo:A Short History xxvii (London:Macmilan) 315-16.
207同上第316页。
208 Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States through Secession, in Secession:International Law Perspectives 175-77 (Marcelo G. Kohen ed.,2006).
209见注释206,第349页。
210 SC. Res.1244, Annex 2, Para.6. (June 10,1999) U.N. Doc. S/RES/1244.
2111244号决议原指南斯拉夫联邦共和国后变为塞尔维亚。南斯拉夫联邦共和国于2003年变更为塞尔维亚与黑山的国家联盟,参见《塞黑联盟宪章》第60条。该宪法建立了塞尔维亚或黑山的分离机制并规定塞尔维亚继续该国的国际人格。1244号决议对此在第4段中给予明确,并在第60条规定：“在黑山从塞黑联盟分离的情形下,针对南斯拉夫联邦共和国的有关国际文件,特别是联合国安理会1244号决议,将适用于作为继承国的塞尔维亚。”
212 Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Christian Tomuschat ed., Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment (Cambridge:CUP,2001) 217,230-35.
213'Press Release', Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serb. Published on Nov.20,2007. http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
214见注释7,ICJ Advisory Opinion.
215 UNGA.Res.63/3, see n.6联大决议文向国际法院求询问题原文为：‘'Is the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo in accordance with international law?"
216见注释7,第122段。
217见注释7,第51段。
218同上。
219'Who Recognized Kosova as an Independent State'. Retrieved on July 21,2010. http://www.kosovothanksyou.com.
220见注释5。
221 Rudiger Wolfrum, Kosovo:Some Thoughts on its Future Status, in Sienho YEE and Jacques-Yvan Morin eds., Multiculturalism and International Law (Brill Publishers,2009) 561,563-564.
222 Martin Dixon & Robert Mccorquodale, Cases and Materials in International Law (Oxford:OUP,2003) 154.
223 Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law,6th ed. (Oxford:OUP,2003) 86-87.
224 James Brierly, the Law of Nations (OUP,1963) 138.
225 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of Slates (Dec.26,1933) 49 Stat.3097,165 L.N.T.S.19.
226同上第1,3条。
227 David Harris. Cases and Materials on International Law (UK:Maxwell,2004) 144-45.
228见注释222。
229 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law 368 (5th ed.2003).
230 Christian Hillgruber, the Admission of New States to the International Community, (1998) 9 EJIL491,494.
231同上。
232 Jeffrey Herbst, State Politics in Zimbabwe xiii (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990).
233 S.C. Res.217. Para.3, U.N. Doc. S/RES/217. Published on Nov.20,1965. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NRO/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?Open Element. The U.N. has considerable influence over State recognition and whether an entity possesses the rights of States. Indeed, "in practice since the U.N. is only open to States, admission to the U.N. amounts to recognition of statehood." See Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 251.
234见注释74,Crawford,第397页。
235(1993)4 EJIL 72.
236同上。
237 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law 253-54 (5th ed.2003)
238见注释200,第155页。
239同上。
240见注释223,Ian Brownlie,第88页。
241 Jure Vidmar,'International legal responses to Kosovo's declaration of independence", (2009) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law3. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3577/is_3_42/ai_n31906738/?tag=content;coll
242 UN.SCOR,63rd Sess.,5839th mtg. at 14. (Feb.18,2008) U.N.Doc. S/PV.5839. "It is not ideal for Kosovo to become independent without the consent of Serbia and without consensus in the Council. My Government believes that the unique circumstances of the violent break-up of the former Yugoslavia and the unprecedented United Nations administration of Kosovo make this a sui generis case that creates no wider precedent--a point that all EU member States agreed upon today.
243同上第19段：“My country's recognition of Kosovo's independence is based upon the specific circumstances in which Kosovo now finds itself. We have not, do not and will not accept the Kosovo example as a precedent for any other conflict or dispute."
244 (2008) 102 American Journal of International Law 640, quoting the Statement by Secretary Condoleezza Rice, U.S. Recognizes Kosovo as Independent State, US Department of State Press Statement No.2008/117. Published on Feb.18,2008. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm. " The unusual combination of factors found in the Kosovo situation — including the context of Yugoslavia's breakup, the history of ethnic cleansing and crimes against civilians in Kosovo, and the extended period of UN administration — are not found elsewhere and therefore make Kosovo a special case. Kosovo cannot be seen as a precedent for any other situation in the world today."
245 Bob Rae, in Thomas Walkom,'Problems with Kosovo recognition', Published on Mar 202008, http://www.thestar.com/article/348034.
246见注释242,第6段:"The Russian Federation continues to recognize the Republic of Serbia within its internationally recognized borders. The 17 February declaration by the local assembly of the Serbian province of Kosovo is a blatant breach of the norms and principles of international law--above all of the Charter of the United Nations--which undermines the foundations of the system of international relations. That illegal act is an open violation of the Republic of Serbia's sovereignty, the high-level Contact Group accords, Kosovo's Constitutional Framework, Security Council resolution 1244 (1999)-which is the basic document for the Kosovo settlement and other relevant decisions of the Security Council." 247 Thomas Grant, the Recognition of States:Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution (Westport, Connecticut:Praeger, 1999)2.
248见注释224。
249同上。
250 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 185.
251 Gerald McGinley, the Creation and Recognition of States, in Sam Blay et al. ed., Public International Law:an Australian Perspective (South Melbourne:OUP,2005) 193.
252 John Dugard, Recognition and the United Nations. (Cambridge:Grotius Publications Ltd,1987) 135. "An act in violation of a norm having the character of jus cogens is illegal and is therefore null and void. This applies to the creation of States, the acquisition of territory and other situations, such as the case of Namibia. States are under a duty not to recognize such acts."
253 Responsibility of States for Intentionally Wrongful Acts, (Dec.12,2001) UNGA. Res.56/83, Annex art.40. UN. Doc. A/RES/56/83/Annex.
254同上附件第41条第2段。
255见注释74,Crawford,第158页。
256见注释7,第51段。
257见注释7,第80段。
258同上。
259同上。
260同上。
261见注释7,第94-100页。
262见注释210,附件2序言第10段。
263见注释225。
264见注释206。
265见注释74,Crawford,第56页。
266同上。
267 Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, (New York:CUP,2005) 136-37.
268 Report of the International Committee of Jurists Entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the Task of Giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations O.J., Spec. Supp. No.3 (1920) 8-9.
269见注释210。
270 Int'l Crisis Group,'Kosovo Countdown:A Blueprint for Transition'14 (2007). http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/balkans/188_kosovo_countdown___a_blueprint_for_transition.pdf.
271见注释267。
272见注释2,第1,5条。
273 Hilary Charlesworth & Christine Chinkin, the Boundaries of International Law:a Feminist Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press,2000) 133.
274'Press release', Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Website of government offices of Sweden. Published on Mar.04,2008. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10358/a/99714
275见注释241。
276塞尔维亚总统Boris Tadic在安理会致辞中阐述:"The Republic of Serbia will not accept the violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Government of Serbia and the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia have declared the decision of the Pristina authorities [the Declaration of Independence] null and void. Likewise, we are taking all diplomatic and political measures to prevent the secession of a part of our territory."见注释242,第5段。
277 Robert D. Sloane, the Changing Face of Recognition in International Law:A Case Study of Tibet, (2002) 16 EMORY INT'L L. REV.107,110-111. (Arguing failure to distinguish political recognition from legal recognition and civil legitimacy results in ambiguity along with the risk that confusing political recognition with perceptions of legitimacy can result in the perpetuation of injustice).
278见注释210"(e)[facilitating] a political process designed to determine Kosovo's future status, taking into account the Rambouillet Accords...(f)[in] a final stage, overseeing the transfer of authority from Kosovo's provisional institutions to institutions established under a political settlement."
279 C Tomuschat, Yugoslavia's Damaged Sovereignty over the Province of Kosovo, in G Kreijen et al ed., State, Sovereignty and International Governance, (Oxford:OUP,2002) 341. 280 C Tomuschat, at 347.
281 Security Council 6367th Meeting (PM), at 3,7. Published on Aug.03,2010. http://www.pfcmc.com/News/Press/docs/2010/sc10000.doc.htm
282同上。
283 Serbia's'Plan of Action'involves the recall of its Ambassadors from any State which recognizes the Republic of
Kosovo and that it will take'concrete measures'against such States, at http://www.srbija.sr.gov.yu/vesti/vest.php?id=43314
284见注释242,第5段。
1.宋丽弘.科索沃问题的历史由来与国际法思考[J].内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版),2008-09-15.
2.王鹏,郭鹏.从科索沃独立看国际法上的分离与干涉[J].天津市政法管理干部学院学报,2008-06-10.
3.张光,陈彦斌.论国家承认与当代国家身份的建构——以科索沃“独立”为例[J].陕西行政学院学报,2010-02-20.
4.余民才.科索沃“独立”的国际法透视[J].现代国际关系,2008-05-20.
5.孙勇,科索沃独立的国际法新探——以国家承认为视角[J].黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报,2010-06-15.
6.汪玉,科索沃国际维持和平行动与国际法上的集体安全制度[J].法律科学.西北政法学院学报,2000-05-10.
7.朱晓中,对米洛舍维奇案的思考[J].世界知识,2006-04-01.
8.赵雯,科索沃问题不能突破国际法[N].检察日报,2008-02-20.
9.赵凤海,民族自决：一个被扭曲的国际法原则——以科索沃独立为视角[J].商业文化(学术版),2008-02-28.
10.贾兵兵,科索沃独立不构成国际法上的先例[N].法制日报,2008-02-24.
11.周雯,国际法院“科索沃案”进展及影响[J].天津师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010-05-20.
12.吴张祥,赵宗九.科索沃战争与未来国际规则的发展——对战争中美国战略意图的分析[J].军事历史研究,2000-12-25.
13.于法,国际法之民族自决原则适用探析[J].社会科学辑刊,2010-01-15.
14.连国辉,王海昉.支持塞尔维亚的科索沃问题立场[N].人民日报,2008-02-27.
15.高嵩.从科索沃的独立谈台独分子的“民族自决”[J].上海市社会主义学院学报,2008-08-28.
16.刘泓.独立：科索沃的必然选择?[J].中国民族,2008-10-06.
17.李生荣.论北约武力干涉南联盟内部事务的性质、目的及后果[J].延安教育学院学报,1999-06-30
18.迟德强.国际法向何处去?——从国际法看北约对南联盟动武[J].法学杂志,1999-05-15
19.钱文荣.人道主义干预与国家主权——科索沃战争的教训[J].和平与发展,2000-08-15.
20.赵嘉政.科索沃未来何去何从[N].光明日报,2008-02-16.
21.甄鹏.国际法院科索沃案例的进程和意义[J].当代世界,2010-08-05.
22.孙思佳,秦亚东.论中国对国际法院咨询程序的参与[J].黑龙江社会科学,2010-08-15.
23. Antonio Cassese, Ex Iniuria Ins Oritur:Are We Moving Towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community? (1999) EUR. J. INT'L L 10.
24. Angelo Piero Sereni, the Legal Status of Albania, (1941) 35 AM. POL. SCI. REV,311,311-17.
25. Bing Bing Jia, the Independence of Kosovo:A Unique Case of Secession? (2009) Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.8, Issue 1,27-46.
26. Christian Hillgruber, the Admission of New States to the International Community, (1998) 9 EJIL491.494.
27. Dino Kritsiotis, the Kosovo Crisis and NATO's Application of Armed Force Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, (2000) INT'L& COMP. L.Q 49.
28. Gregory Fox, Self-Determination in the Post-Cold War Era:A New Internal Focus? (1994) 16 MICH. J. INT'L L734-36.
29. Ralph Wilde, From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond:The Role of International Territorial Administration. (2001) 95 AM. J. INT'L L 583,595.
30. Report of the International Committee of Jurists Entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the Task of Giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations O.J., Spec. Supp. No.3 (1920) 8-9.
31. Robert D. Sloane, the Changing Face of Recognition in International Law:A Case Study of Tibet, (2002)16 EMORY INT'L L. REV.107,110-111.
32. Robert McCorquodale, Self-Determination:A Human Rights Approach, (1994) 43 INT'L & COMP. L.Q.857,858. 33.(1993)4EJIL72.
34. (2008) 102American Journal of International Law 640.
35. Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, (New York:CUP,2005) 136-37.
36. Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of peoples:a legal reappraisal (New York:CUP,1995) 65.
37. Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States Through Secession, in Marcelo G. Kohen ed.,
Secession:International Law Perspectives (Cambridge and New York:CUP,2006)171,175.
38. C Tomuschat, Yugoslavia's Damaged Sovereignty over the Province of Kosovo, in G Kreijen et al ed., State, Sovereignty and International Governance (Oxford:OUP,2002) 341.
39. David Harris. Cases and Materials on International Law, (UK:Maxwell,2004) 144-45.
40. Gerald McGinley, the Creation and Recognition of States, in Sam Blay et al. ed., Public International Law:an Australian Perspective (South Melbourne:OUP,2005) 193.
41. Hilary Charlesworth & Christine Chinkin, the Boundaries of International Law:a Feminist Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press,2000) 133.
42. Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law,6th ed. (Oxford:OUP,2003) 86-87.
43. Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment 217,230-35 (Christian Tomuschat ed.,2001).
44. James Crawford, the creation of states in international law,2nd ed. (Oxford:OUP,2006) 560-562.
45. James Brierly, the Law of Nations (OUP,1963) 138.
46. Jeffrey Herbst, State Politics in Zimbabwe xiii (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990).
47. John Dugard, Recognition and the United Nations, (Cambridge:Grotius Publications Ltd,1987) 135.
48. Judge Rosalyn Higgins, Self-Determination and Secession, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and international law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 21,23.
49. Julie Mertus, Kosovo:How Myths and Truths Started a War (1999) 315.
50. Malcolm N. Shaw, the Role of Recognition and Non-recognition with Respect to Secession:Notes on Some Relevant Issues, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and International Law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 243,248.
51. Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003).
52. Martin Dixon & Robert Mccorquodale, Cases and Materials in International Law (Oxford:OUP,2003) 154.
53. Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Christian Tomuschat ed., Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment (Cambridge:CUP,2001) 217,230-35.
54. Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian:A History of Kosovo (1998) 12-16.
55. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo:A Short History xxvii (London:Macmilan) 315-16.
56. Rudiger Wolfrum, Kosovo:Some Thoughts on its Future Status, in Sienho YEE and Jacques-Yvan Morin eds., Multiculturalism and International Law (Brill Publishers,2009) 561,563-564.
57. Thomas Grant, the Recognition of States:Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution (Westport, Connecticut:Praeger, 1999)2.
58.安理会报告《科索沃历史年表》, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/pp.aspx? c=glKWLeMTIsG&b-2693009&printmode=1.
59.《关于科索沃和平与自治的朗布伊埃临时协定》 (简称“朗布伊埃协定”,Rambouillet Accords on Interim
Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo), http://www.commondreams. org/kosovo/rambouillet.htm.
60. 《南斯拉夫联邦共和国宪法》(Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslav_Const_1992.htm.
61.北约与南斯拉夫联邦共和国《军事专门协定》(the Military Technical Agreement, June 9,1999) http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/a990609a.htm.
62.塞尔维亚共和国外交部2007年11月20日《新闻公报》,题为“Belgrade's Proposal Freezes Kosovo Status for 20 Years", http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
63.美国、欧盟、俄罗斯三方团 2007年11月28日巴登会议《新闻公报》http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/declarations/97300.pdf.
64.《欧盟驻科索沃法律代表团规则》(the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo,简称EULEX) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede250608factsheetkosovo_/SEDE250608Factsheet Kosovo_en.pdf.
65. Bob Rae, in Thomas Walkom,'Problems with Kosovo recognition', Published on Mar 202008, http://www.thestar.com/article/348034.
66.'Expert:ICJ has lost its legitimacy', published on July 24,2010, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=07&dd=24&nav_id=68649
67. ICJ Advisory Opinion,'Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion)', released on July 22,2010, http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php.
68. Int'l Crisis Group,'Kosovo Countdown:A Blueprint for Transition'14 (2007), http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/balkans/188_Kosovo_countdown___a_blueprint_for_transition.pdf.
69. Jure Vidmar,'International legal responses to Kosovo's declaration of independence', (2009) 5Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law3. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3577/is_3_42/ai_n31906738/?tag=content;coll
70'Kosovo Declaration of Independence', (2008) Pmbl.Para.7. http://www.assembly-kosova.org/?cid=2.128,1635
71.'Kosovo MPs Proclaim Independence', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.17,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7249034.stm
72. Noel Malcolm,'Is Kosovo Serbia? We Ask a Historian', THE GUARDIAN, Published on Feb.26,2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/26/kosovo.serbia. On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (July 25,1999), http://www. unmikonline.org/regulations/1999/re99_01.pdf.
73. Paul Reynolds,'Legal Furore over Kosovo's Recognition', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.16,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7244538.stm.
74.'Press release', Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Website of government offices of Sweden. Published on Mar.04,2008. http://www.sweden.gov.Se/sb/d/10358/a/99714
75.'Press Release', Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serb. Published on Nov.20,2007. http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
76. Security Council 6367th Meeting (PM), at 3,7. Published on Aug.03,2010. http://www.pfcmc.com/News/Press/docs/2010/sc10000.doc.htm
77. Serbia's'Plan of Action'. http://www.srbija.sr.gov.yu/vesti/vest.php7id=43314
78. US Department of State Press Statement No.2008/117. Published on Feb.18,2008. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm.
79. UN Charter, see website of United nations. http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.
80. UNMIK/REG/2001/9 (May 15,2001). http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/2001/reg09-01.htm.
81. S.C. Res.217. Para.3, U.N. Doc. S/RES/217. Published on Nov.20,1965. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NRO/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?Open
82.'Who Recognized Kosova as an Independent State'. Retrieved on July 21,2010. http://www.kosovothanksyou.com.
83. Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 S.C.R.222 (Can.).
84. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, (1960) UNGA. Res.1514 (XV), Princ.Ⅵ.
85. Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970) UNGA. Res.2625.
86. UNGA. Res.63/3. Para.5. (Oct.8,2008) UN. Doc. A/RES/63/3.
87. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Dec.16,1966) 999 UNTS.171. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
88. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Dec.16,1966) 933 UNTS.3. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
89. Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Dec.26,1933) 49 Stat.3097,165 L.N.T.S.19.
90. Responsibility of States for Intentionally Wrongful Acts, (Dec.12,2001) UNGA. Res.56/83, Annex art.40. UN. Doc. A/RES/56/83/Annex.
91. SC. Res.1244, Annex 2, Para.6. (June 10,1999) U.N. Doc. S/RES/1244.
92. UN SCOR,63d Sess.,5839th mtg. (Feb.18,2008) U.N. Doc. S/PV.5839.
93. UNGA Res.1542 (Dec.15,1960).
94. UNSC Res.389 (Apr.22,1976).
95. UNSC Res.384 (Dec.22,1975).
96. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1160(Mar.31,1998).
97. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1199(Sep.23,1998).
98. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1203(Oct.24,1998).
99. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1239(May.14,1999).
2'Kosovo Declaration of Independence', (2008) Pmbl.Para.7. http://www.assembly-kosova.org/?cid=2,128,1635
3见注释2,序言第6段。
4见注释2,第10条。
5 Paul Reynolds,'Legal Furore over Kosovo's Recognition', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.16,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7244538.stm.
6 UNGA. Res.63/3. Para.5. (Oct.8,2008) UN. Doc. A/RES/63/3联合国大会该项决议将求询国际法院的问题表述为："Is the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo in accordance with international law?"
7 ICJ Advisory Opinion,'Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion)', released on July 22,2010, http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php.
8同上第51段。
9同上。
10同上第56段。
11[s] 同上第83段:Debates regarding the extent of the right of self-determination and the existence of any right of "remedial secession", however, concern the right to separate from a State. As the Court has already noted (see paragraphs 49 to 56 above), and as almost all participants agreed, that issue is beyond the scope of the question posed by the General Assembly. To answer that question, the Court need only determine whether the declaration of independence violated either general international law or the lex specialis created by Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). "
12 Constitutional law professor and one-time Serbian legal advisor, Thomas Fleiner, said that the ICJ has lost its legitimacy, 'Expert:ICJ has lost its legitimacy', published on July 24,2010. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=07&dd=24&nav_id=68649.
13同上。
14同上。托马斯.弗雷勒教授(Thomas Fleiner)认为The judges believe that this sentence [the Kosovo government proclaimed independence] does not violate international law, but at the same time believe that Kosovo does not have the right to a unilateral secession. Everyone can understand that this is a case of contradiction."
15见注释7,第122段。
16更多的科索沃战争信息,参见MIRANDA VICKERS, BETWEEN SERB AND ALBANIAN:A HISTORY OF KOSOVO 12-16 (1998) and NOEL MALCOLM, KOSOVO:A SHORT HISTORY 58-80 (1998)。
17见注释1,VICKERS,第16-21页。
18见注释1,MALCOLM,第252页。
19同上第264-65页。
20同上第264页。
21同上第266页。
22 Noel Malcolm, Is Kosovo Serbia? We Ask a Historian, THE GUARDIAN, Feb.26,2008, available at http://www. guardian.co. uk/world/2008/feb/26/kosovo. serbia.
23见注释1, MALCOLM,第282页。
24 JULIE MERTUS, KOSOVO:HOW MYTHS AND TRUTHS STARTED A WAR 315 (1999).
25有关第二次世界大战期间阿尔巴尼亚人法律地位的细节,参见Angelo Piero Sereni, The Legal Status of Albania,35 AM. POL. SCI. REV.311,311-17 (1941).
26见注释1,MALCOLM,第311,317页。
27 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATIVE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA art.2.
28见注释,VICKERS,第146页。
29见注释1,MALCOLM第319-20页。
30见注释1,VICKERS,第148-51页。
31见注释1,MALCOLM第322-23页。
32同上。
33同上,第323页。
34 CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA art. 111, para.1.
35同上,art. 111, para.3.
36同上,art.112, para.2.
37见注释1,MALCOLM,第325页。
38同上第326页。
39同上。
40英文版南斯拉夫1974年宪法,参见《南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国宪法》,Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 重印于 CONSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (Albert P. Blanstein & Gisbert H. Flanz eds.,1986), 第47页。
41同上南斯拉夫1974年宪法第一章。
42有关人民自决内容,详见下文。
43见注释25,南斯拉夫1974年宪法第268,273条。
44同上第271条。
45同上。
46同上第291,348,381条有关议会、联邦政府及宪法法院的规定。
47同上有关基本原则Ⅰ的序言规定。
48见注释1,MALCOLM,第327-28页。
49同上第341-44页。
50同上。
51见注释25。
52这一关系自1974年即已在《科索沃社会主义自治省宪法》(CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF KOSOVO (1974))中表明。该宪法英文翻印版参见HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA, KOSOVO:LAW AND POLITICS, KOSOVO IN NORMATIVE ACTS BEFORE AND AFTER 1974,第41,45页(1998))
53同上第49条。
54见注释1,MALCOLM,第344页。
55同上。
56同上。
57同上。
58同上。
59见注释37,第75页。
60见注释1,MALCOLM,第346页。
61同上。
62见注释42。
63见注释1,MALCOLM,第346页。
64同上第347页。
65同上第347-48页。
66同上第348页。
67参见YUGOSLAVIA THROUGH DOCUMENTS:FROM ITS CREATION TO ITS DISSOLUTION,第634页。
68 1992年4月27日,塞尔维亚与黑山成立南斯拉夫联邦共和国(the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, FRY) 。参见《南斯拉夫联邦共和国宪法》(CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA),网址http://www. worldstatesmen. org/Yugoslav_Const_1992. htm 。值得注意的是,当南斯拉夫联邦共和国成立时,既未赋予科索沃与塞尔维亚或黑山同等的联邦地位,而这一地位也非阿尔巴尼亚族人的要求。
69见注释1,VICKERS,第251页。
70同上。
71同上。
72同上。
73同上第252页。
74 James Crawford, the creation of states in international law,2nd ed. (Oxford:OUP,2006)第408页。
75科索沃民主联盟(The Democratic League of Kosovo)在地下议会当中赢得了130个席位当中的96个,参见注释1,VICKERS,第260页。
76见注释1,MALCOLM,第348页。
77参见《不动产转移限制法》,英文版翻译于KOSOVO:LAW AND POLITICS, KOSOVO IN NORMATIVE ACTS BEFORE AND AFTER 197,第59页。
78见注释1,VICKERS,第250-52页。
79见注释1,MALCOLM,第349页。
80同上。
81同上。
82有关“代顿和平协定”(the Dayton Peace Accords)的更多细节,参见注释74, CRAWFORD,第528-30页。
83见注释1,VICKERS,第287页。
84见注释61。
85见注释1,VICKERS,第292-97页。
86同上,第297-300页。
87见1998年3月31日安理会1160号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1160。
88见1998年9月23日安理会1199号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1199。
89见1998年10月24日安理会1203号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1203。
90见1999年5月14日安理会1239号决议,U.N.Doc.S/Res/1239。
91见《联合国宪章》。
92见安理会1203号决议第1段；1199号决议第3段；1199号决议第1-2段。
93见安理会1203号决议第3-4段；1199号决议第1-2段；1160号决议第2-3段。
94见安理会1160号决议第5段。
95见注释74,CRAWFORD,第557页。
96全称为“关于科索沃和平与自治的朗布伊埃临时协定”(Rambouillet Accords on Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo),1999年2月23日起草,网址http://www. commondreams. org/kosovo/rambouillet. htm.协定计划由南斯拉夫、塞尔维亚及科索沃阿尔巴尼亚代表签署,欧盟、美国及俄罗斯作为见证人签署。
97见“朗布伊埃协定”框架第Ⅱ条第1-2段。
98同上框架第Ⅰ条第4段。
99同上第1章。
100同上第1章第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ条。
101同上第7章第Ⅰ条第1(a)款。
102同上第7章第Ⅳ、Ⅵ条。
103同上序言第4段。
104同上第7章第Ⅰ条第1(a)款。
105见注释83。
106见注释88-89。
107见“朗布伊埃协定”第1章第Ⅱ条第5(a)(ⅸ)段,及第Ⅲ条第2(ⅵ)段。
108见注释74,CRAWFORD,第557-58页。
109 见Dino Kritsiotis, The Kosovo Crisis and NATO's Application of Armed Force Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,49 INT'L & COMP. L. Q (2000).第330,330页。
110见注释72-75,安理会1239号、1203号、1199号、1160号决议,均不包含使用武力的授权内容。
111 见Antonio Cassese, Ex Iniuria Ins Oritur:Are We Moving Towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community? 10 EUR. J. INT'L L(1999)第23,24页。
112见注释94,Kritsiotis,第340页。
113见Military-Technical Agreement, June 9,1999。网址：http://www. nato. int/kosovo/docu/a990609a. htm.
114同上第Ⅰ条第1段。
115同上第Ⅱ条第2段。
116见注释99。
117见注释98。
118见注释94。
119见安理会1244号决议。
120同上序言第10段。
121同上第3段。
122同上第4段。
123同上附件2第6段。
124同上附件2第1段。
125同上第5段。
126同上第6段。
127同上第7段。
128见On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (July 25,1999),第1部分。网址:http://www. unmikonline. org/regulations/1999/re99_01. pdf。
129同上第3部分。
130同上。
131见注释104,第10段。
132同上第11(a)段。
133同上第11(c)段。
134有关科索沃临时自治政府宪政框架的更多信息,参见UNMIK/REG/2001/9 (May 15,2001),网址: http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/2001/reg09-01. htm 。
135见下文有关人民自决原则的论述。
136见注释119。
137同上。
138同上。
139见注释104第10段。
140 Ralph Wilde, From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond:The Role of International Territorial Administration,95 AM. J. INT'LL(2001).第583,595 页.
141 Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in KOSOVO AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY:A LEGAL ASSESSMENT 217,230-35 (Christian Tomuschat ed.,2001).
142见2003年12月12日《安理会主席声明》,U.N. Doc. S/PRST/2003/26 (Dec.12,2003).
143同上。
144见前联合国秘书长科菲.安南2004年11月30日致安理会主席的信,U.N.Doc.S12004/932。
145见前联合国秘书长科菲.安南2005年10月7日致安理会主席的信,U.N.Doc.S/2005/635(随附秘书长特使关于科索沃事务的报告)。
146同上。
147见2005年10月24日《安理会主席声明》(探讨科索沃未来地位),U.N.Doc.S/PRST/2005/51。
148见安理会报告《科索沃历史年表》,网址http://www.securitycouncilreport. org/site/pp. aspx? c=glKWLeMTIsG&b-2693009&printmode=1
149同上。
150见联合国秘书长潘基文2007年3月26日致安理会主席的信(随附秘书长特使提交给安理会的关于科索沃未来地位的报告,即阿赫蒂萨里计划),U.N.Doc.S/2007/168。
151同上第2段。
152同上第3段。
153同上第7段。
154同上第4段。
155见注释133。
156同上。
157同上。
158同上。
159见塞尔维亚共和国外交部2007年11月20日新闻发布,题为"Belgrade's Proposal Freezes Kosovo Status for 20 Years",网址：http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html该新闻公报对阿兰岛模式(Aaland Islands Model)作了概述。
160见美欧俄三方团2007年11月28日巴登会议新闻公报,网址：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/declarations/97300.pdf.
161见注释134-135。
162 Dan Bilefsky, Europe Warns Kosovo on Separation, N.Y. TIMES,2007年11月20日A12部分。
163 Dan Bilefski & Nicholas Wood, Talks on Kosovo Hit a Dead End, Rice Says, N.Y. TIMES,2007年12月8日A6部分；以及Dan Bilefski, U.S. and Germany Plan to Recognize Kosovo, N.Y. TIMES,2008年1月11日A9部分。
164同上。
165见网址：http://www. europar1. europa. eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede250608factsheetkosovo_/SEDE250608F actsheet Kosovo_en. pdf.166同上。
167见《科索沃独立宣言》。
168同上第1条。
169同上第1,4-5,8,12条。
170同上第4条。
171同上第5条。
172同上第8条。
173同上第9条。
174见《科索沃共和国宪法》第153条。
175 UN Charter, art.1. Para.2. Similar language also appears in UN Charier, art.55. UN Charter, see website of United nations.http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.
176 Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of peoples:a legal reappraisal (New York:CUP,1995) 65.
177 Judge Rosalyn Higgins, Self-Determination and Secession, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and international law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 21,23.
178见注释176。
179 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, (1960) UNGA. Res.1514 (XV), Princ.Ⅵ.
180 Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States Through Secession, in Marcelo G. Kohen ed., Secession:International Law Perspectives (Cambridge and New York:CUP,2006)171,175.
181见注释2,科索沃独立宣言阐述了科索沃情形的特殊性。
182 Bing Bing Jia, the Independence of Kosovo:A Unique Case of Secession? (2009) Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.8, Issue 1,27-46.
183见注释74,Crawford,第560-562页。
184 UNGA Res.1542 (Dec.15,1960). Also see UNSC Res.389 (Apr.22,1976).
185 UNSC Res.384 (Dec.22,1975) deplored the "intervention" of the armed forces of Indonesia in East Timor, calling upon all States to respect the right of the East Timorese people to self-determination and Indonesia to withdraw without delay all its forces from the territory.
186见注释182。
187见注释177,第26页。
188 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Dec.16,1966) 999 UNTS.171. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Dec.16,1966) 933 UNTS.3. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
189 Robert McCorquodale, Self-Determination:A Human Rights Approach, (1994) 43 INT'L& COMP. L.Q.857,858.
190 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970) UNGA. Res.2625. Annex, s.l, or (Oct.24,1970) 25th Sess., UN. Doc. A/8082.
191 Malcolm N. Shaw, the Role of Recognition and Non-recognition with Respect to Secession:Notes on Some Relevant Issues, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and International Law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 243,248.
192见注释184。
193见注释176,第112页。
194见注释190。
195 Gregory Fox, Self-Determination in the Post-Cold War Era:A New Internal Focus? (1994) 16 MICH. J. INT'L L734-36.
196同上。
197见注释74,Crawford,第118-21页。
198同上。
199见注释190。
200参见魁北克分离案判决书Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 S.C.R.222 (Can.). "A right to secession only arises under the principle of self-determination of people at international law where'a people'is governed as part of a colonial empire; and'possibly'where'a people'is denied any meaningful exercise of its right to self-determination within the state of which it forms a part.
201同上第217,126页："The recognized sources of international law establish that the right to self-determination of a people is normally fulfilled through internal self-determination--a people's pursuit of its political, economic, social and cultural development within a framework of an existing state. A right to external self-determination (which in this case potentially takes the form of the assertion of a right to unilateral secession) arises in only the most extreme of cases and, even then, under carefully defined circumstances."
202同上第134页。
203同上第135页。
204同上。
205同上第133页。
206 Noel Malcolm, Kosovo:A Short History xxvii (London:Macmilan) 315-16.
207同上第316页。
208 Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States through Secession, in Secession:International Law Perspectives 175-77 (Marcelo G. Kohen ed.,2006).
209见注释206,第349页。
210 SC. Res.1244, Annex 2, Para.6. (June 10,1999) U.N. Doc. S/RES/1244.
2111244号决议原指南斯拉夫联邦共和国后变为塞尔维亚。南斯拉夫联邦共和国于2003年变更为塞尔维亚与黑山的国家联盟,参见《塞黑联盟宪章》第60条。该宪法建立了塞尔维亚或黑山的分离机制并规定塞尔维亚继续该国的国际人格。1244号决议对此在第4段中给予明确,并在第60条规定：“在黑山从塞黑联盟分离的情形下,针对南斯拉夫联邦共和国的有关国际文件,特别是联合国安理会1244号决议,将适用于作为继承国的塞尔维亚。”
212 Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Christian Tomuschat ed., Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment (Cambridge:CUP,2001) 217,230-35.
213'Press Release', Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serb. Published on Nov.20,2007. http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
214见注释7,ICJ Advisory Opinion.
215 UNGA.Res.63/3, see n.6联大决议文向国际法院求询问题原文为：‘'Is the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo in accordance with international law?"
216见注释7,第122段。
217见注释7,第51段。
218同上。
219'Who Recognized Kosova as an Independent State'. Retrieved on July 21,2010. http://www.kosovothanksyou.com.
220见注释5。
221 Rudiger Wolfrum, Kosovo:Some Thoughts on its Future Status, in Sienho YEE and Jacques-Yvan Morin eds., Multiculturalism and International Law (Brill Publishers,2009) 561,563-564.
222 Martin Dixon & Robert Mccorquodale, Cases and Materials in International Law (Oxford:OUP,2003) 154.
223 Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law,6th ed. (Oxford:OUP,2003) 86-87.
224 James Brierly, the Law of Nations (OUP,1963) 138.
225 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of Slates (Dec.26,1933) 49 Stat.3097,165 L.N.T.S.19.
226同上第1,3条。
227 David Harris. Cases and Materials on International Law (UK:Maxwell,2004) 144-45.
228见注释222。
229 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law 368 (5th ed.2003).
230 Christian Hillgruber, the Admission of New States to the International Community, (1998) 9 EJIL491,494.
231同上。
232 Jeffrey Herbst, State Politics in Zimbabwe xiii (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990).
233 S.C. Res.217. Para.3, U.N. Doc. S/RES/217. Published on Nov.20,1965. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NRO/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?Open Element. The U.N. has considerable influence over State recognition and whether an entity possesses the rights of States. Indeed, "in practice since the U.N. is only open to States, admission to the U.N. amounts to recognition of statehood." See Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 251.
234见注释74,Crawford,第397页。
235(1993)4 EJIL 72.
236同上。
237 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law 253-54 (5th ed.2003)
238见注释200,第155页。
239同上。
240见注释223,Ian Brownlie,第88页。
241 Jure Vidmar,'International legal responses to Kosovo's declaration of independence", (2009) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law3. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3577/is_3_42/ai_n31906738/?tag=content;coll
242 UN.SCOR,63rd Sess.,5839th mtg. at 14. (Feb.18,2008) U.N.Doc. S/PV.5839. "It is not ideal for Kosovo to become independent without the consent of Serbia and without consensus in the Council. My Government believes that the unique circumstances of the violent break-up of the former Yugoslavia and the unprecedented United Nations administration of Kosovo make this a sui generis case that creates no wider precedent--a point that all EU member States agreed upon today.
243同上第19段：“My country's recognition of Kosovo's independence is based upon the specific circumstances in which Kosovo now finds itself. We have not, do not and will not accept the Kosovo example as a precedent for any other conflict or dispute."
244 (2008) 102 American Journal of International Law 640, quoting the Statement by Secretary Condoleezza Rice, U.S. Recognizes Kosovo as Independent State, US Department of State Press Statement No.2008/117. Published on Feb.18,2008. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm. " The unusual combination of factors found in the Kosovo situation — including the context of Yugoslavia's breakup, the history of ethnic cleansing and crimes against civilians in Kosovo, and the extended period of UN administration — are not found elsewhere and therefore make Kosovo a special case. Kosovo cannot be seen as a precedent for any other situation in the world today."
245 Bob Rae, in Thomas Walkom,'Problems with Kosovo recognition', Published on Mar 202008, http://www.thestar.com/article/348034.
246见注释242,第6段:"The Russian Federation continues to recognize the Republic of Serbia within its internationally recognized borders. The 17 February declaration by the local assembly of the Serbian province of Kosovo is a blatant breach of the norms and principles of international law--above all of the Charter of the United Nations--which undermines the foundations of the system of international relations. That illegal act is an open violation of the Republic of Serbia's sovereignty, the high-level Contact Group accords, Kosovo's Constitutional Framework, Security Council resolution 1244 (1999)-which is the basic document for the Kosovo settlement and other relevant decisions of the Security Council." 247 Thomas Grant, the Recognition of States:Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution (Westport, Connecticut:Praeger, 1999)2.
248见注释224。
249同上。
250 Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 185.
251 Gerald McGinley, the Creation and Recognition of States, in Sam Blay et al. ed., Public International Law:an Australian Perspective (South Melbourne:OUP,2005) 193.
252 John Dugard, Recognition and the United Nations. (Cambridge:Grotius Publications Ltd,1987) 135. "An act in violation of a norm having the character of jus cogens is illegal and is therefore null and void. This applies to the creation of States, the acquisition of territory and other situations, such as the case of Namibia. States are under a duty not to recognize such acts."
253 Responsibility of States for Intentionally Wrongful Acts, (Dec.12,2001) UNGA. Res.56/83, Annex art.40. UN. Doc. A/RES/56/83/Annex.
254同上附件第41条第2段。
255见注释74,Crawford,第158页。
256见注释7,第51段。
257见注释7,第80段。
258同上。
259同上。
260同上。
261见注释7,第94-100页。
262见注释210,附件2序言第10段。
263见注释225。
264见注释206。
265见注释74,Crawford,第56页。
266同上。
267 Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, (New York:CUP,2005) 136-37.
268 Report of the International Committee of Jurists Entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the Task of Giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations O.J., Spec. Supp. No.3 (1920) 8-9.
269见注释210。
270 Int'l Crisis Group,'Kosovo Countdown:A Blueprint for Transition'14 (2007). http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/balkans/188_kosovo_countdown___a_blueprint_for_transition.pdf.
271见注释267。
272见注释2,第1,5条。
273 Hilary Charlesworth & Christine Chinkin, the Boundaries of International Law:a Feminist Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press,2000) 133.
274'Press release', Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Website of government offices of Sweden. Published on Mar.04,2008. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10358/a/99714
275见注释241。
276塞尔维亚总统Boris Tadic在安理会致辞中阐述:"The Republic of Serbia will not accept the violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Government of Serbia and the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia have declared the decision of the Pristina authorities [the Declaration of Independence] null and void. Likewise, we are taking all diplomatic and political measures to prevent the secession of a part of our territory."见注释242,第5段。
277 Robert D. Sloane, the Changing Face of Recognition in International Law:A Case Study of Tibet, (2002) 16 EMORY INT'L L. REV.107,110-111. (Arguing failure to distinguish political recognition from legal recognition and civil legitimacy results in ambiguity along with the risk that confusing political recognition with perceptions of legitimacy can result in the perpetuation of injustice).
278见注释210"(e)[facilitating] a political process designed to determine Kosovo's future status, taking into account the Rambouillet Accords...(f)[in] a final stage, overseeing the transfer of authority from Kosovo's provisional institutions to institutions established under a political settlement."
279 C Tomuschat, Yugoslavia's Damaged Sovereignty over the Province of Kosovo, in G Kreijen et al ed., State, Sovereignty and International Governance, (Oxford:OUP,2002) 341. 280 C Tomuschat, at 347.
281 Security Council 6367th Meeting (PM), at 3,7. Published on Aug.03,2010. http://www.pfcmc.com/News/Press/docs/2010/sc10000.doc.htm
282同上。
283 Serbia's'Plan of Action'involves the recall of its Ambassadors from any State which recognizes the Republic of
Kosovo and that it will take'concrete measures'against such States, at http://www.srbija.sr.gov.yu/vesti/vest.php?id=43314
284见注释242,第5段。
1.宋丽弘.科索沃问题的历史由来与国际法思考[J].内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版),2008-09-15.
2.王鹏,郭鹏.从科索沃独立看国际法上的分离与干涉[J].天津市政法管理干部学院学报,2008-06-10.
3.张光,陈彦斌.论国家承认与当代国家身份的建构——以科索沃“独立”为例[J].陕西行政学院学报,2010-02-20.
4.余民才.科索沃“独立”的国际法透视[J].现代国际关系,2008-05-20.
5.孙勇,科索沃独立的国际法新探——以国家承认为视角[J].黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报,2010-06-15.
6.汪玉,科索沃国际维持和平行动与国际法上的集体安全制度[J].法律科学.西北政法学院学报,2000-05-10.
7.朱晓中,对米洛舍维奇案的思考[J].世界知识,2006-04-01.
8.赵雯,科索沃问题不能突破国际法[N].检察日报,2008-02-20.
9.赵凤海,民族自决：一个被扭曲的国际法原则——以科索沃独立为视角[J].商业文化(学术版),2008-02-28.
10.贾兵兵,科索沃独立不构成国际法上的先例[N].法制日报,2008-02-24.
11.周雯,国际法院“科索沃案”进展及影响[J].天津师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010-05-20.
12.吴张祥,赵宗九.科索沃战争与未来国际规则的发展——对战争中美国战略意图的分析[J].军事历史研究,2000-12-25.
13.于法,国际法之民族自决原则适用探析[J].社会科学辑刊,2010-01-15.
14.连国辉,王海昉.支持塞尔维亚的科索沃问题立场[N].人民日报,2008-02-27.
15.高嵩.从科索沃的独立谈台独分子的“民族自决”[J].上海市社会主义学院学报,2008-08-28.
16.刘泓.独立：科索沃的必然选择?[J].中国民族,2008-10-06.
17.李生荣.论北约武力干涉南联盟内部事务的性质、目的及后果[J].延安教育学院学报,1999-06-30
18.迟德强.国际法向何处去?——从国际法看北约对南联盟动武[J].法学杂志,1999-05-15
19.钱文荣.人道主义干预与国家主权——科索沃战争的教训[J].和平与发展,2000-08-15.
20.赵嘉政.科索沃未来何去何从[N].光明日报,2008-02-16.
21.甄鹏.国际法院科索沃案例的进程和意义[J].当代世界,2010-08-05.
22.孙思佳,秦亚东.论中国对国际法院咨询程序的参与[J].黑龙江社会科学,2010-08-15.
23. Antonio Cassese, Ex Iniuria Ins Oritur:Are We Moving Towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community? (1999) EUR. J. INT'L L 10.
24. Angelo Piero Sereni, the Legal Status of Albania, (1941) 35 AM. POL. SCI. REV,311,311-17.
25. Bing Bing Jia, the Independence of Kosovo:A Unique Case of Secession? (2009) Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.8, Issue 1,27-46.
26. Christian Hillgruber, the Admission of New States to the International Community, (1998) 9 EJIL491.494.
27. Dino Kritsiotis, the Kosovo Crisis and NATO's Application of Armed Force Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, (2000) INT'L& COMP. L.Q 49.
28. Gregory Fox, Self-Determination in the Post-Cold War Era:A New Internal Focus? (1994) 16 MICH. J. INT'L L734-36.
29. Ralph Wilde, From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond:The Role of International Territorial Administration. (2001) 95 AM. J. INT'L L 583,595.
30. Report of the International Committee of Jurists Entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the Task of Giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, League of Nations O.J., Spec. Supp. No.3 (1920) 8-9.
31. Robert D. Sloane, the Changing Face of Recognition in International Law:A Case Study of Tibet, (2002)16 EMORY INT'L L. REV.107,110-111.
32. Robert McCorquodale, Self-Determination:A Human Rights Approach, (1994) 43 INT'L & COMP. L.Q.857,858. 33.(1993)4EJIL72.
34. (2008) 102American Journal of International Law 640.
35. Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, (New York:CUP,2005) 136-37.
36. Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of peoples:a legal reappraisal (New York:CUP,1995) 65.
37. Antonello Tancredi, A Normative'Due Process'in the Creation of States Through Secession, in Marcelo G. Kohen ed.,
Secession:International Law Perspectives (Cambridge and New York:CUP,2006)171,175.
38. C Tomuschat, Yugoslavia's Damaged Sovereignty over the Province of Kosovo, in G Kreijen et al ed., State, Sovereignty and International Governance (Oxford:OUP,2002) 341.
39. David Harris. Cases and Materials on International Law, (UK:Maxwell,2004) 144-45.
40. Gerald McGinley, the Creation and Recognition of States, in Sam Blay et al. ed., Public International Law:an Australian Perspective (South Melbourne:OUP,2005) 193.
41. Hilary Charlesworth & Christine Chinkin, the Boundaries of International Law:a Feminist Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press,2000) 133.
42. Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law,6th ed. (Oxford:OUP,2003) 86-87.
43. Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment 217,230-35 (Christian Tomuschat ed.,2001).
44. James Crawford, the creation of states in international law,2nd ed. (Oxford:OUP,2006) 560-562.
45. James Brierly, the Law of Nations (OUP,1963) 138.
46. Jeffrey Herbst, State Politics in Zimbabwe xiii (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990).
47. John Dugard, Recognition and the United Nations, (Cambridge:Grotius Publications Ltd,1987) 135.
48. Judge Rosalyn Higgins, Self-Determination and Secession, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and international law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 21,23.
49. Julie Mertus, Kosovo:How Myths and Truths Started a War (1999) 315.
50. Malcolm N. Shaw, the Role of Recognition and Non-recognition with Respect to Secession:Notes on Some Relevant Issues, in Julie Dahlitz ed., Secession and International Law (Cambridge:CUP,2003) 243,248.
51. Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law,5th ed. (Cambridge:CUP,2003).
52. Martin Dixon & Robert Mccorquodale, Cases and Materials in International Law (Oxford:OUP,2003) 154.
53. Michael Bothe & Timo Marauhn, UN Administration of Kosovo and East Timor:Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security Council-Mandated Trusteeship Administration, in Christian Tomuschat ed., Kosovo and the International Community:a Legal Assessment (Cambridge:CUP,2001) 217,230-35.
54. Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian:A History of Kosovo (1998) 12-16.
55. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo:A Short History xxvii (London:Macmilan) 315-16.
56. Rudiger Wolfrum, Kosovo:Some Thoughts on its Future Status, in Sienho YEE and Jacques-Yvan Morin eds., Multiculturalism and International Law (Brill Publishers,2009) 561,563-564.
57. Thomas Grant, the Recognition of States:Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution (Westport, Connecticut:Praeger, 1999)2.
58.安理会报告《科索沃历史年表》, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/pp.aspx? c=glKWLeMTIsG&b-2693009&printmode=1.
59.《关于科索沃和平与自治的朗布伊埃临时协定》 (简称“朗布伊埃协定”,Rambouillet Accords on Interim
Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo), http://www.commondreams. org/kosovo/rambouillet.htm.
60. 《南斯拉夫联邦共和国宪法》(Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslav_Const_1992.htm.
61.北约与南斯拉夫联邦共和国《军事专门协定》(the Military Technical Agreement, June 9,1999) http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/a990609a.htm.
62.塞尔维亚共和国外交部2007年11月20日《新闻公报》,题为“Belgrade's Proposal Freezes Kosovo Status for 20 Years", http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
63.美国、欧盟、俄罗斯三方团 2007年11月28日巴登会议《新闻公报》http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/declarations/97300.pdf.
64.《欧盟驻科索沃法律代表团规则》(the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo,简称EULEX) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede250608factsheetkosovo_/SEDE250608Factsheet Kosovo_en.pdf.
65. Bob Rae, in Thomas Walkom,'Problems with Kosovo recognition', Published on Mar 202008, http://www.thestar.com/article/348034.
66.'Expert:ICJ has lost its legitimacy', published on July 24,2010, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=07&dd=24&nav_id=68649
67. ICJ Advisory Opinion,'Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion)', released on July 22,2010, http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php.
68. Int'l Crisis Group,'Kosovo Countdown:A Blueprint for Transition'14 (2007), http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/balkans/188_Kosovo_countdown___a_blueprint_for_transition.pdf.
69. Jure Vidmar,'International legal responses to Kosovo's declaration of independence', (2009) 5Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law3. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3577/is_3_42/ai_n31906738/?tag=content;coll
70'Kosovo Declaration of Independence', (2008) Pmbl.Para.7. http://www.assembly-kosova.org/?cid=2.128,1635
71.'Kosovo MPs Proclaim Independence', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.17,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7249034.stm
72. Noel Malcolm,'Is Kosovo Serbia? We Ask a Historian', THE GUARDIAN, Published on Feb.26,2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/26/kosovo.serbia. On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (July 25,1999), http://www. unmikonline.org/regulations/1999/re99_01.pdf.
73. Paul Reynolds,'Legal Furore over Kosovo's Recognition', BBC NEWS, Published on Feb.16,2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7244538.stm.
74.'Press release', Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Website of government offices of Sweden. Published on Mar.04,2008. http://www.sweden.gov.Se/sb/d/10358/a/99714
75.'Press Release', Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serb. Published on Nov.20,2007. http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/CI/KIM/2111076_e.html.
76. Security Council 6367th Meeting (PM), at 3,7. Published on Aug.03,2010. http://www.pfcmc.com/News/Press/docs/2010/sc10000.doc.htm
77. Serbia's'Plan of Action'. http://www.srbija.sr.gov.yu/vesti/vest.php7id=43314
78. US Department of State Press Statement No.2008/117. Published on Feb.18,2008. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm.
79. UN Charter, see website of United nations. http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.
80. UNMIK/REG/2001/9 (May 15,2001). http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/2001/reg09-01.htm.
81. S.C. Res.217. Para.3, U.N. Doc. S/RES/217. Published on Nov.20,1965. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NRO/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?Open
82.'Who Recognized Kosova as an Independent State'. Retrieved on July 21,2010. http://www.kosovothanksyou.com.
83. Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 S.C.R.222 (Can.).
84. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, (1960) UNGA. Res.1514 (XV), Princ.Ⅵ.
85. Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970) UNGA. Res.2625.
86. UNGA. Res.63/3. Para.5. (Oct.8,2008) UN. Doc. A/RES/63/3.
87. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Dec.16,1966) 999 UNTS.171. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
88. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Dec.16,1966) 933 UNTS.3. GA. Res.2200A (XXI), UN. Doc. A/6316.
89. Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Dec.26,1933) 49 Stat.3097,165 L.N.T.S.19.
90. Responsibility of States for Intentionally Wrongful Acts, (Dec.12,2001) UNGA. Res.56/83, Annex art.40. UN. Doc. A/RES/56/83/Annex.
91. SC. Res.1244, Annex 2, Para.6. (June 10,1999) U.N. Doc. S/RES/1244.
92. UN SCOR,63d Sess.,5839th mtg. (Feb.18,2008) U.N. Doc. S/PV.5839.
93. UNGA Res.1542 (Dec.15,1960).
94. UNSC Res.389 (Apr.22,1976).
95. UNSC Res.384 (Dec.22,1975).
96. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1160(Mar.31,1998).
97. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1199(Sep.23,1998).
98. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1203(Oct.24,1998).
99. U.N. Doc. S/Res/1239(May.14,1999).