无线环境下基于H.264的抗误码技术研究
摘要
随着移动通信网络的发展,数据传输速率的提高以及带宽的增加使得无线环境下视频的传输成为可能。但视频数据量非常庞大,而为移动服务所付费用又与无线链路上传送的数据量成正比,因此,无线视频传输就迫切需要一种高压缩效率的编解码标准,H.264应运而生。但也正因为H.264的高压缩率,去除了尽量多的冗余,加上无线信道传输环境的恶劣,使得压缩的码流对误码非常敏感。所以对H.264编解码标准在无线环境下的抗误码技术进行研究,有着现实的意义和紧迫感。
本文首先对视频传输中的各种差错控制、错误检测和错误隐藏技术及应用进行了详细的分析,并针对H.264标准中特有的数据分割、灵活宏块排序(FMO)等差错控制技术及应用进行了深入研究。同时,本文还对基于内容的错误隐藏技术进行了介绍。
在对各种抗误码技术进行研究的基础上,本文针对基于图像分割的FMO联合模式差错控制方案中存在的前景分割及码率过高的问题进行了改进和实现。同时利用无线信道仿真工具(MobileIP)搭建实验环境,并按照工具说明对多个标准序列进行了测试。本文从编码比特率、编码时间、解码时间及解码后亮度峰值信噪比(PSNR)等方面对原方案和改进方案进行比较和分析。实验结果表明,本文提出的改进方案能有效地降低编码比特率和解码时间,而且对于大多数序列PSNR值也有所提高,取得较好的视觉效果。
抗误码技术多种多样,一个发展的趋势是根据具体的使用环境来自适应地选择合适的方法,或联合使用多种方法。基于内容的错误隐藏方式以良好的性能及更贴近人的视觉特性而受到了越来越多的关注。
With the development of mobile communications network, the bandwidth and data transfer rate greatly increase, which make the video transmission over wireless channel possible. However, video data is very large. Meanwhile the payment for the wireless bearer services is proportional to the transmitted data volume on it. Then a codec with high compression efficiency is desired and H.264 came into being. But just because of the high compression ratio which removes as much redundancy as possible, coupled with the error-prone wireless transmission channel, which make the encoded bit stream extremely fragile to various errors. Therefore, research on the error control and concealment of H.264-based wireless applications has a realistic significance and urgency.
The dissertation first presents some key technologies during the encoding process. Then various techniques on error-control, error-detection and error-concealment are reviewed and an in-depth analysis of their applications is also explored. Moreover, the dissertation expatiates the error control methodologies, such as Data Partition、Flexible Macroblock Ordering(FMO), which are newly introduced in H.264 standards. Besides, some relative information on content-based concealment is also introduced.
On the basis of the work above, this dissertation makes an improvement to the error control program based on picture-partition and FMO to solve the defect of high bit-rate and the improper foreground segmentation. Afterwards, MobileIP, the common test condition provided by JVT, is used to emulate the RTP/IP-based transmission on 3GPP/3GPP2 network. And experiments are made out using various video sequences complying with the proposal of the tool. Then a comparison is performed between the original scheme and the improved one with the aspects of compression ratio, decoding time, PSNR and subjective quality assertion. Results show that the proposed improvement can effectively reduce the bit-rates and decoding time. Also some rising of PSNR and better visual perception are achieved to most of the video sequences.
As for the variety of different error resilience tools, a developing trend is to self-adaptively select the appropriate one according to the specific application context, or combine some of them. The content-based error concealment, which outperforms the traditional ones with the ability to obtain closer subject perception, is gaining more and more attention.
本文首先对视频传输中的各种差错控制、错误检测和错误隐藏技术及应用进行了详细的分析,并针对H.264标准中特有的数据分割、灵活宏块排序(FMO)等差错控制技术及应用进行了深入研究。同时,本文还对基于内容的错误隐藏技术进行了介绍。
在对各种抗误码技术进行研究的基础上,本文针对基于图像分割的FMO联合模式差错控制方案中存在的前景分割及码率过高的问题进行了改进和实现。同时利用无线信道仿真工具(MobileIP)搭建实验环境,并按照工具说明对多个标准序列进行了测试。本文从编码比特率、编码时间、解码时间及解码后亮度峰值信噪比(PSNR)等方面对原方案和改进方案进行比较和分析。实验结果表明,本文提出的改进方案能有效地降低编码比特率和解码时间,而且对于大多数序列PSNR值也有所提高,取得较好的视觉效果。
抗误码技术多种多样,一个发展的趋势是根据具体的使用环境来自适应地选择合适的方法,或联合使用多种方法。基于内容的错误隐藏方式以良好的性能及更贴近人的视觉特性而受到了越来越多的关注。
With the development of mobile communications network, the bandwidth and data transfer rate greatly increase, which make the video transmission over wireless channel possible. However, video data is very large. Meanwhile the payment for the wireless bearer services is proportional to the transmitted data volume on it. Then a codec with high compression efficiency is desired and H.264 came into being. But just because of the high compression ratio which removes as much redundancy as possible, coupled with the error-prone wireless transmission channel, which make the encoded bit stream extremely fragile to various errors. Therefore, research on the error control and concealment of H.264-based wireless applications has a realistic significance and urgency.
The dissertation first presents some key technologies during the encoding process. Then various techniques on error-control, error-detection and error-concealment are reviewed and an in-depth analysis of their applications is also explored. Moreover, the dissertation expatiates the error control methodologies, such as Data Partition、Flexible Macroblock Ordering(FMO), which are newly introduced in H.264 standards. Besides, some relative information on content-based concealment is also introduced.
On the basis of the work above, this dissertation makes an improvement to the error control program based on picture-partition and FMO to solve the defect of high bit-rate and the improper foreground segmentation. Afterwards, MobileIP, the common test condition provided by JVT, is used to emulate the RTP/IP-based transmission on 3GPP/3GPP2 network. And experiments are made out using various video sequences complying with the proposal of the tool. Then a comparison is performed between the original scheme and the improved one with the aspects of compression ratio, decoding time, PSNR and subjective quality assertion. Results show that the proposed improvement can effectively reduce the bit-rates and decoding time. Also some rising of PSNR and better visual perception are achieved to most of the video sequences.
As for the variety of different error resilience tools, a developing trend is to self-adaptively select the appropriate one according to the specific application context, or combine some of them. The content-based error concealment, which outperforms the traditional ones with the ability to obtain closer subject perception, is gaining more and more attention.
引文
[1]Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services.ITU-T Recommendation H.264.http://neuron2.net/library/avc/T-REC-H%5B1%5D.264-200503-I!!PDF-E.pdf
[2]毕厚杰.新一代视频压缩编码标准--H.264/AVC.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[3]柳伟.易错信道下基于内容的差错控制方法研究.博士学位论文,湖南,国防科学技术大学,2005
[4]信道时变性.http://bbs.itgoal.corn/viewthread.php?tid=37209&extra=&page=1
[5]Prediction of Intra Macroblocks.http://www.vcodex.corn/files/h264_intrapred.pdf
[6]Prediction of Inter Macroblocks in P-slices.http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_interpred.pdf
[7]Transform and quantization,http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_transform.pdf
[8]张辉等.现代通信原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002
[9]Variable-Length Coding.http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_vlc.pdf
[10]Context-Based Adaptive Arithmetic Coding(CABAC).http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_cabac.pdf
[11]Yao Wang,Qin-fan Zhang.Error Control and Concealment for Video Communication:A Review.IEEE,May 1998,vol.86:974-997
[12]T.J.Ferguson,J.H.Ranowitz.Self-synchronizing Huffman codes.IEEE,Ju1.1984,vol.IT-30:687-693
[13]R.Koenen.Overview of the MPEG-4 standard.ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N1730,Jul.1997
[14]D.W.Redmill,N.G.Kingsbury.The EREC:An error resilient technique for coding variable-length blocks of data.IEEE,Apr.1996,vol.5:565-574
[15]T.Kawahara,S.Adachi.Video transmission technology with effective error protection and tough synchronization for wireless channels.Proc.ICIP96,Nov.1996,101-104
[16]S.Wenger.Video redundancy coding in H.263+.http://www.stewe.org/papers/aberdeen-avspn97/avspn97.pdf
[17]Forward error correction,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction
[18]Interlacing.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlacing
[19]C.Zhu.RTP payload format for H.263 video streams.IETF,Mar.1997,http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2190.txt
[20]Q.F.Zhu,Y.Wang,L.Shaw.Coding and cell loss recovery for DCT-based packet video. IEEE Trans and circuits,Jun.1993,vol.3:248-258
[21]K.M.Rose,A.Heiman.Enhancement of one-dimensional images corrupted by transmission errors.IEEE Trans,Jan.1982,vol.30:257-265
[22]O.R.Mitchell,A.J.Tabatabai.Channel error recovery for transform image coding.IEEE Trans,Dec.1981,vol.29:1754-1762
[23]W.M Lam,A.Reibman.An error concealment algorithm for images subject to channel errors.IEEE Trans,May 1995,vol.4:533-542
[24]R.Aravind,M.R.Civanlar,A.R.Reibman.Packet loss resilience of MPEG-2 scalable video coding algorithms.IEEE Trans,Oct.1996,vol.6:426-435
[25]Jinghong Zheng,Lap-Pui Chau.A Motion Vector Recovery Algorithm for Digital Video Using Lagrange Interpolation.IEEE Trans,Dec.2003,vol.49:383-389
[26]Pietro Perona,Jitendra Malik.Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion.IEEE Trans,Jul.1990,vol.12:629-639
[27]Y.H.Jung,Y.Kim,Yoonsik Choe.Robust error concealment algorithm using iterative weighted boundary matching criterion.IEEE,Image Processing.2000,vol.3:384-387
[28]张阳,路羊,李航等.基于H.264的时空域联合误码掩盖算法.清华大学学报,2007,47(10):1602-1605
[29]S.Aign,K.Fazel.Temporal and spatial error concealment techniques for hierarchical MPEG-2 video codec.Globecom,vol.95:1778-1783
[30]Y.Wang,Q.-F.Zhu,L.Shaw.Maximally smooth image recovery in transform coding.IEEE Trans,Commun,Oct.1993,vol.41:1544-1551
[31]Trista Pei,Chun Chen,Tsuhan Chen.Second-Generation error concealment for video transport over error prone channels.IEEE,Image Processing,2002,vol.1:25-28
[32]人类视觉系统.http://baike.baidu.com/view/1027876.html
[33]Chih-Wei Tang.Spatiotemporal Visual Considerations for Video Coding.IEEE,Transaction on Multimedia,Feb.2007,9(2):231-238
[34]MPEG-4视频编码核心思想及其研究.http://info.broadcast.hc360.com/HTML/001/002/013/002/47574.htm
[35]主元分析(PCA)理论分析及应用.http://www.cad.zju.edu.cn/home/chenlu/pca.htm
[36]Turaga D.S.,Tsuhan Chen.Model-Based Error Concealment for Wireless Video.IEEE,Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Jun.2002,12(6):483-495
[37]Pierpaolo Baccichet,Shantanu Rane,Bernd Girod.Systematic Lossy Error Protection based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices and Flexible Macroblock Ordering.Joint Video Team, Doc.JVT-S025.doc,Geneva(Switzerland),Apr.2006
[38]Tammam Tillo,Marco Grangetto,Gabriella Olmo.Redundant Slice Optimal Allocation for H.264 Multiple Description Coding.IEEE Trans,Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Jan.2008,vol.18:59-70
[39]尹明,王宏远.基于H.264的数据分割和不等差错保护方案.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(6):7-10
[40]范学峰,方勇,吴成柯.一种视频编码数据分割方案.现代电子技术,2005(22):52-54
[41]杜建超,吴成柯,杨亚东,肖嵩.一种基于图像内容的数据分割方法.西安科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,33(2):200-204
[42]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Flexible Macroblock Ordering(FMO)101.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-D063.doc,Klagenfurt(Austria),Jul.2002
[43]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.FMO:Flexible Macroblock Ordering.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-C089.doc,Virginia(USA),May 2002
[44]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Slice Interleaving:Simulation Results.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-C091.doc,Virginia(USA),May 2002
[45]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Scattered Slices:A New Error Resilience Tool for H.26L.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVY-B027.doc,Geneva(CH),Feb.2002
[46]P.Lambert,W.De Neve,Y.Dhondt,R.Van de Walle.Flexible macroblock ordering in H.264/AVC.Jouranal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2006(17):358-375
[47]Miska M.Hannuksela,Ye-Kui Wang,Michael Horowitz.Enhancements to FMO.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-D095.doc,Klagenfurt(Austria),Jul.2002
[48]Wisut Hantanong,Supavadee Aramvith.Analysis of Macroblock-to-Slice Group Mapping for H.264 Video Transmission over Packet-Based Wireless Fading Channel.IEEE Circuits and Systems,Jul.2005,vol.2:1541-1544
[49]Sio Kei Im,A.J.Pearmain.An Efficient Data Classification Scheme With the H.264Flexible Marcoblock Ordering.Information Communications and Signal Processing,Dec.2005,page(s):1135-1139
[50]Sio Kei Im,A.J.Pearmain.Error resilient video coding with priority data classification using H.264 flexible macroblock ordering.IET Image Progress,2007,1(2):197-204
[51]Jun Wang,Shen Li,Kazunori Shimizu,Takeshi Ikenaga,Satoshi Goto.Unequal error protected transmission with dynamic classification in H.264/AVC.ASICON International Conference,Oct.2007,page(s):798-801
[52]B.Katz,S.Greenberg.Spiral-Interleaved New Explicit Flexible Macroblock Ordering Type.Information Technology:Research and Education,Oct.2006,page(s):238-241
[53]Gwang Hoon Park,Kyung Il Lee.Advanced FMO for improving picture quality of the ROI of the JSVC.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-P097.doc,Poznan(PL),Jul.2005
[54]Peng Yin,Jill Boyce,Purvin Pandit.FMO and ROI Scalability.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-Q029,Nice(France),Oct.2005
[55]Truong Cong Thang,Tae Meon Bae,Yong Man Ro,Jung Won Kang,Jae-Oon Kim.Boundary handing for ROI scalability.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-Q076,Nice(France),Oct.2005
[56]万里晴.基于H.264的差错控制和错误隐藏技术研究.学位论文,北京,北京邮电大学,2007
[57]邵叶秦.基于序列图像的人头定位.学位论文,南京,南京理工大学,2004
[58]余成伟,陆建华,郑君里.基于场景切换的H.264码率控制技术.清华大学,2008.3http://www.eeworld.com.cn/afdz/2008/0318/article_525.html
[59]Viktor Varsa,Marta Karczewicz,Goran Roth,Rickard Sjoberg,Thomas Stockhammer,Günther Liebl.Common Test Conditions for RTP/IP over 3GPP/3GPP2.Video Coding Experts Group(VCEG),VCEG-N80,Barbara(USA),Sept.2001
[60]Thomas Stockhammer,Miska M.Hannuksela,Thomas Wiegand.H.264/AVC in Wireless Environments.IEEE,Trans,Jul.2003,13(7):657-673
[61]RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video.http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3984.txt
[62]JVT H.264/AVC Reference Software.http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/download/
[63]余兆明,查日勇,黄磊.图像编码标准H.264技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006
[2]毕厚杰.新一代视频压缩编码标准--H.264/AVC.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[3]柳伟.易错信道下基于内容的差错控制方法研究.博士学位论文,湖南,国防科学技术大学,2005
[4]信道时变性.http://bbs.itgoal.corn/viewthread.php?tid=37209&extra=&page=1
[5]Prediction of Intra Macroblocks.http://www.vcodex.corn/files/h264_intrapred.pdf
[6]Prediction of Inter Macroblocks in P-slices.http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_interpred.pdf
[7]Transform and quantization,http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_transform.pdf
[8]张辉等.现代通信原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002
[9]Variable-Length Coding.http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_vlc.pdf
[10]Context-Based Adaptive Arithmetic Coding(CABAC).http://www.vcodex.com/files/h264_cabac.pdf
[11]Yao Wang,Qin-fan Zhang.Error Control and Concealment for Video Communication:A Review.IEEE,May 1998,vol.86:974-997
[12]T.J.Ferguson,J.H.Ranowitz.Self-synchronizing Huffman codes.IEEE,Ju1.1984,vol.IT-30:687-693
[13]R.Koenen.Overview of the MPEG-4 standard.ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N1730,Jul.1997
[14]D.W.Redmill,N.G.Kingsbury.The EREC:An error resilient technique for coding variable-length blocks of data.IEEE,Apr.1996,vol.5:565-574
[15]T.Kawahara,S.Adachi.Video transmission technology with effective error protection and tough synchronization for wireless channels.Proc.ICIP96,Nov.1996,101-104
[16]S.Wenger.Video redundancy coding in H.263+.http://www.stewe.org/papers/aberdeen-avspn97/avspn97.pdf
[17]Forward error correction,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction
[18]Interlacing.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlacing
[19]C.Zhu.RTP payload format for H.263 video streams.IETF,Mar.1997,http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2190.txt
[20]Q.F.Zhu,Y.Wang,L.Shaw.Coding and cell loss recovery for DCT-based packet video. IEEE Trans and circuits,Jun.1993,vol.3:248-258
[21]K.M.Rose,A.Heiman.Enhancement of one-dimensional images corrupted by transmission errors.IEEE Trans,Jan.1982,vol.30:257-265
[22]O.R.Mitchell,A.J.Tabatabai.Channel error recovery for transform image coding.IEEE Trans,Dec.1981,vol.29:1754-1762
[23]W.M Lam,A.Reibman.An error concealment algorithm for images subject to channel errors.IEEE Trans,May 1995,vol.4:533-542
[24]R.Aravind,M.R.Civanlar,A.R.Reibman.Packet loss resilience of MPEG-2 scalable video coding algorithms.IEEE Trans,Oct.1996,vol.6:426-435
[25]Jinghong Zheng,Lap-Pui Chau.A Motion Vector Recovery Algorithm for Digital Video Using Lagrange Interpolation.IEEE Trans,Dec.2003,vol.49:383-389
[26]Pietro Perona,Jitendra Malik.Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion.IEEE Trans,Jul.1990,vol.12:629-639
[27]Y.H.Jung,Y.Kim,Yoonsik Choe.Robust error concealment algorithm using iterative weighted boundary matching criterion.IEEE,Image Processing.2000,vol.3:384-387
[28]张阳,路羊,李航等.基于H.264的时空域联合误码掩盖算法.清华大学学报,2007,47(10):1602-1605
[29]S.Aign,K.Fazel.Temporal and spatial error concealment techniques for hierarchical MPEG-2 video codec.Globecom,vol.95:1778-1783
[30]Y.Wang,Q.-F.Zhu,L.Shaw.Maximally smooth image recovery in transform coding.IEEE Trans,Commun,Oct.1993,vol.41:1544-1551
[31]Trista Pei,Chun Chen,Tsuhan Chen.Second-Generation error concealment for video transport over error prone channels.IEEE,Image Processing,2002,vol.1:25-28
[32]人类视觉系统.http://baike.baidu.com/view/1027876.html
[33]Chih-Wei Tang.Spatiotemporal Visual Considerations for Video Coding.IEEE,Transaction on Multimedia,Feb.2007,9(2):231-238
[34]MPEG-4视频编码核心思想及其研究.http://info.broadcast.hc360.com/HTML/001/002/013/002/47574.htm
[35]主元分析(PCA)理论分析及应用.http://www.cad.zju.edu.cn/home/chenlu/pca.htm
[36]Turaga D.S.,Tsuhan Chen.Model-Based Error Concealment for Wireless Video.IEEE,Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Jun.2002,12(6):483-495
[37]Pierpaolo Baccichet,Shantanu Rane,Bernd Girod.Systematic Lossy Error Protection based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices and Flexible Macroblock Ordering.Joint Video Team, Doc.JVT-S025.doc,Geneva(Switzerland),Apr.2006
[38]Tammam Tillo,Marco Grangetto,Gabriella Olmo.Redundant Slice Optimal Allocation for H.264 Multiple Description Coding.IEEE Trans,Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Jan.2008,vol.18:59-70
[39]尹明,王宏远.基于H.264的数据分割和不等差错保护方案.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(6):7-10
[40]范学峰,方勇,吴成柯.一种视频编码数据分割方案.现代电子技术,2005(22):52-54
[41]杜建超,吴成柯,杨亚东,肖嵩.一种基于图像内容的数据分割方法.西安科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,33(2):200-204
[42]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Flexible Macroblock Ordering(FMO)101.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-D063.doc,Klagenfurt(Austria),Jul.2002
[43]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.FMO:Flexible Macroblock Ordering.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-C089.doc,Virginia(USA),May 2002
[44]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Slice Interleaving:Simulation Results.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-C091.doc,Virginia(USA),May 2002
[45]Michael Horowitz,Stephan Wenger.Scattered Slices:A New Error Resilience Tool for H.26L.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVY-B027.doc,Geneva(CH),Feb.2002
[46]P.Lambert,W.De Neve,Y.Dhondt,R.Van de Walle.Flexible macroblock ordering in H.264/AVC.Jouranal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2006(17):358-375
[47]Miska M.Hannuksela,Ye-Kui Wang,Michael Horowitz.Enhancements to FMO.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-D095.doc,Klagenfurt(Austria),Jul.2002
[48]Wisut Hantanong,Supavadee Aramvith.Analysis of Macroblock-to-Slice Group Mapping for H.264 Video Transmission over Packet-Based Wireless Fading Channel.IEEE Circuits and Systems,Jul.2005,vol.2:1541-1544
[49]Sio Kei Im,A.J.Pearmain.An Efficient Data Classification Scheme With the H.264Flexible Marcoblock Ordering.Information Communications and Signal Processing,Dec.2005,page(s):1135-1139
[50]Sio Kei Im,A.J.Pearmain.Error resilient video coding with priority data classification using H.264 flexible macroblock ordering.IET Image Progress,2007,1(2):197-204
[51]Jun Wang,Shen Li,Kazunori Shimizu,Takeshi Ikenaga,Satoshi Goto.Unequal error protected transmission with dynamic classification in H.264/AVC.ASICON International Conference,Oct.2007,page(s):798-801
[52]B.Katz,S.Greenberg.Spiral-Interleaved New Explicit Flexible Macroblock Ordering Type.Information Technology:Research and Education,Oct.2006,page(s):238-241
[53]Gwang Hoon Park,Kyung Il Lee.Advanced FMO for improving picture quality of the ROI of the JSVC.Joint Video Team,Doc.JVT-P097.doc,Poznan(PL),Jul.2005
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