近景摄影测量技术在立木材积测定中的应用研究
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摘要
本文依据近景摄影测量原理和图像测量技术,提出了一种测定单株立木材积的新方法。该方法有许多传统测量方法不能比拟的优越性,适合野外操作,有较高的精度,为单株立木的测量提供了一种新的数字化、自动化测量手段。
论文主要工作以括:
(1) 采用单目CCD数码相机作为输入设备,由于数码相机镜头本身的视场角的局限性,数码相机分段摄取立木影像,采用水平的摄影方式和倾斜的摄影方式,经过投影纠正、图像拼接等图像处理工作,从而获得单株立木完整的干形图像。
以数码相机拍摄立木图片的形式,记录了单株立木测量试验的全过程,试验结束以后,仍然可对单株立木的测量结果,进行重新分析和树木生长过程的研究。
(2) 针对测定单株立木材积,提出了适合于单株立木测量的二维直接线性变换法的构像方程,而不作三维的解析处理,简化了操作过程,大量地减少了计算工作量;应用该构像方程可将像方坐标转换为物方坐标,并且对数码相机存在的线性和非线性畸变进行了纠正。
(3) 对倾斜摄影,依据两张相片的同名点,推导出数码相机的外定向参数——光轴倾斜角度求算式,并完成倾斜投影纠正。采用像素当量的图像测量方法,可测定任意树高处的树干直径、树高等测树因子。
(4) 在对6个树种944株伐倒木分析基础上,提出了一个含有较低部位树干直径的正形数估测材积式,经试验表明,估测精度可达到生产的使用要求。该立木材积式不仅可用于图像测量立木材积,也可用于常规的立木材积的测定。
(5) 基于单株立木区分求积式和正形数估测材积式,提出了两种图像测量单株立木材积的技术路线。
(6) 为实现测量的自动化,用Delph语言完成了大量的编程工作。
(7) 运用近景摄影测量和图像测量技术测定立木材积是一种实验方法的创新,在以上研究中,(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)项为论文创新处。
A new method for measuring single tree volume has been developed based on the theory of close-range photogrammetry and image measurement. The method shows much greater advantages than traditional metrical methods: more convenient for the measurement in field work with high metric precision. It initiates an entirely new methodology, i.e. digital and automatic means to measure single tree volume.The paper mainly reports the following work:(1) A single CCD digital camera is used as the input facility. Due to the limited visual field angle of the digital camera lens, a tree is shot with the camera section by section for its volume measuring without felling down the tree. First, photographic measurement is conducted in both horizontal and diagonal ways. Then follows image production work such as rectifying by projecting the images and patching up them. Consequently, the trunk image of the whole single tree is able to be obtained.The whole process of single tree metric trial is recorded in photograph form in order to reanalyze the measurement of the single tree and to study the growthcourse of trees afterwards.(2) For the measurement of single tree volume, we provide a direct linear transform equation of two-dimensional image, instead of three-dimensional analytic work so that the process is simplified and the computational work is remarkably reduced. With the image equation, the image coordinates can be transformed into object coordinates, and can be rectified the linear and nonlinear distortion created by digital camera.(3) For acclivitous photogrammetry, we work out the outside orientation parameter by deduction, namely the equation to calculate the gradient of a beam according to the same point respectively in two pictures and by the rectification of oblique photography. With the photographic metric method of normal pixel the tree-measure factors, such as trunk diameter at any height of a tree and a tree total height etc. can be obtained easily.(4) Based on the analysis of 944 felled down sample trees of 6 species, we provide the volume formulation estimated by normal form-factor and that can be collected from truck diameter at a height near ground. And the experience has indicated that the estimated precision can satisfy the requirement of production. The stem volume formulation can be used not only in the photograph measurement for stock volume, but also in the normal measurement for stock volume.
(5) Based on the volume equation of single stem by subsection and the volume formulation estimated from normal form factors, we provide two technical paths to measure the volume of single stem volume with photograph.(6) In order to realize the automation of measurement, we have finished a great number of programming works with Delphi language.(7) It is an innovation in experimental means to use metric techniques of close-range photogrammetry and image to measure the stock volume. Among the studying demonstrated above, (2), (3), (4), and (5) are the innovations of this paper.
论文主要工作以括:
(1) 采用单目CCD数码相机作为输入设备,由于数码相机镜头本身的视场角的局限性,数码相机分段摄取立木影像,采用水平的摄影方式和倾斜的摄影方式,经过投影纠正、图像拼接等图像处理工作,从而获得单株立木完整的干形图像。
以数码相机拍摄立木图片的形式,记录了单株立木测量试验的全过程,试验结束以后,仍然可对单株立木的测量结果,进行重新分析和树木生长过程的研究。
(2) 针对测定单株立木材积,提出了适合于单株立木测量的二维直接线性变换法的构像方程,而不作三维的解析处理,简化了操作过程,大量地减少了计算工作量;应用该构像方程可将像方坐标转换为物方坐标,并且对数码相机存在的线性和非线性畸变进行了纠正。
(3) 对倾斜摄影,依据两张相片的同名点,推导出数码相机的外定向参数——光轴倾斜角度求算式,并完成倾斜投影纠正。采用像素当量的图像测量方法,可测定任意树高处的树干直径、树高等测树因子。
(4) 在对6个树种944株伐倒木分析基础上,提出了一个含有较低部位树干直径的正形数估测材积式,经试验表明,估测精度可达到生产的使用要求。该立木材积式不仅可用于图像测量立木材积,也可用于常规的立木材积的测定。
(5) 基于单株立木区分求积式和正形数估测材积式,提出了两种图像测量单株立木材积的技术路线。
(6) 为实现测量的自动化,用Delph语言完成了大量的编程工作。
(7) 运用近景摄影测量和图像测量技术测定立木材积是一种实验方法的创新,在以上研究中,(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)项为论文创新处。
A new method for measuring single tree volume has been developed based on the theory of close-range photogrammetry and image measurement. The method shows much greater advantages than traditional metrical methods: more convenient for the measurement in field work with high metric precision. It initiates an entirely new methodology, i.e. digital and automatic means to measure single tree volume.The paper mainly reports the following work:(1) A single CCD digital camera is used as the input facility. Due to the limited visual field angle of the digital camera lens, a tree is shot with the camera section by section for its volume measuring without felling down the tree. First, photographic measurement is conducted in both horizontal and diagonal ways. Then follows image production work such as rectifying by projecting the images and patching up them. Consequently, the trunk image of the whole single tree is able to be obtained.The whole process of single tree metric trial is recorded in photograph form in order to reanalyze the measurement of the single tree and to study the growthcourse of trees afterwards.(2) For the measurement of single tree volume, we provide a direct linear transform equation of two-dimensional image, instead of three-dimensional analytic work so that the process is simplified and the computational work is remarkably reduced. With the image equation, the image coordinates can be transformed into object coordinates, and can be rectified the linear and nonlinear distortion created by digital camera.(3) For acclivitous photogrammetry, we work out the outside orientation parameter by deduction, namely the equation to calculate the gradient of a beam according to the same point respectively in two pictures and by the rectification of oblique photography. With the photographic metric method of normal pixel the tree-measure factors, such as trunk diameter at any height of a tree and a tree total height etc. can be obtained easily.(4) Based on the analysis of 944 felled down sample trees of 6 species, we provide the volume formulation estimated by normal form-factor and that can be collected from truck diameter at a height near ground. And the experience has indicated that the estimated precision can satisfy the requirement of production. The stem volume formulation can be used not only in the photograph measurement for stock volume, but also in the normal measurement for stock volume.
(5) Based on the volume equation of single stem by subsection and the volume formulation estimated from normal form factors, we provide two technical paths to measure the volume of single stem volume with photograph.(6) In order to realize the automation of measurement, we have finished a great number of programming works with Delphi language.(7) It is an innovation in experimental means to use metric techniques of close-range photogrammetry and image to measure the stock volume. Among the studying demonstrated above, (2), (3), (4), and (5) are the innovations of this paper.
引文
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