落叶松人工林生态采伐模式及评价
|
摘要
当前,林业生产正在由采伐天然林向采伐人工林为主转变。由于采伐作业条件多变,作业对象分散,作业面积大,作业工作量大,劳动消耗和机械转移消耗较大,所以研究适宜林地形态、地势、坡度、季节和作业空间等环境条件的人工林生态采伐模式及评价体系势在必行。
本论文是针对落叶松人工林资源的现状,以带岭林业实验局落叶松人工林集材试验为依据,首次对落叶松人工林不同作业模式下的集材生产效率及成本进行了比较研究,对于平缓坡地带集材生产率皆伐J-50拖拉机集材最大、皆伐畜力集材次之、择伐畜力集材最小;集材成本皆伐畜力集材最低、择伐畜力集材次之、皆伐J-50拖拉机最高。首次利用三参数韦布尔函数描述采伐落叶松人工林的直径分布情况,其可信度达到92.3%;利用所建立的胸径分布模式可预测采伐后林分的胸径分布情况,为今后林木定向培育及管理提供根据。首次针对林分生长因子应用灰色模型与统计模型进行比较研究,得出未采伐落叶松人工林生长因子适用于灰色模型,对于采伐后生长因子适用于统计模型。
通过调查与分析,得出落叶松人工林保留木损伤率随采伐强度和林分密度的增加而呈增大的态势。通过对比分析试验表明,拖拉机皆伐集材、畜力皆伐集材和畜力择伐集材作业均对土壤表层的物理性质产生明显的影响,采伐作业后,表层土壤的容重明显增加,土壤的孔隙度、持水量和排水能力均下降;畜力皆伐集材迹地土壤有机质降低最大,其次是畜力择伐,拖拉机皆伐降低最小。
首次采用多目标决策方法,将经济指标和环境指标整合到一起,对落叶松人工林采集作业模式的目标进行综合评价,得出择伐—畜力集材的最优作业模式。该模式符合当前采伐量较少、采伐地点分散的落叶松人工林生产状况,对相同类型的落叶松人工林作业区具有借鉴作用。首次构建针对落叶松人工林生态采伐评价模型,提出了具体的指标计量方法,以促进森林的适度采伐,使之既能满足社会对木材的需求,又能充分发挥其生态效益和社会效益。
研究的成果对落叶松人工林的更新、生长、林分质量和生产力的提高,落叶松人工林生态采伐的生产率的提高,作业成本的降低均具有重要的现实意义,尤其是对林区经济的可持续发展具有很高的学术价值和实用价值。
Currently,the forestry operation is changing from cutting natural forest to cutting plantation forests dominantly.Due to the changeable operation conditions,the dispersed operation objects,the large operation areas,the heavy operation workloads,and the great wastage of work and machines transfer,it is urgent needed to study the cutting modes and evaluation system for plantation forest cutting on suitable environment conditions,such as the forest site configuration,terrain,slope,season and operation space.
According to the current situation of larch plantation resources,based on the skidding experiments in larch plantations of Dailing forest bureau,the study first time compared the skidding operation efficiencies and costs under various operation modes.On the flat terrain,the highest skidding operation efficiency is from J-50 tractor skidding with clear cutting,and sequentially from animal skidding with clear cutting and animal skidding with selective cutting; the lowest skidding cost is from animal skidding with clear cutting,and sequentially from animal skidding with selective cutting and J-50 tractor skidding with clear cutting.The DBH distribution of harvested larch plantation was first time modeled using 3 parameters Wewibull function,and the reliability of the model was up to 92.3%.This model is able to predict DBH distribution of forest stands after cutting,and provide the guide for the directional cultivation and management in the future.The study compared the grey model and the statistical model on forest growth factors,and found that the growth factors of non-cut larch plantation worked well to the grey model,and the growth factors of cut larch plantation worked well to the statistical model.
The investigations and the analysis showed that,the damage rate of reserved trees in larch plantation played an increasing trend with the increasing both cutting intensity and stand density.Under the various cutting intensities and stand densities,the cutting damage rate and the skidding damage rate for reserved trees had the similar trend,which was increased first and decreased then.The comparison experiments showed that,all of skidding ways,inclusing the tractor skidding with clear cutting,the animal skidding with clear cutting and the animal skidding with selective cutting,significantly influenced the physical characteristics of surface soil.After cutting operations,the bulk density of surface soil was increased obviously,but the porosity,the water capacity and the water drainage capacity of soil were all decreased.The organic contents were reduced most in clear-cut sites with animal skidding,and sequentially are that in selective-cut sites with animal skidding and clear-cut sites tractor skidding.
The multi-objects decision method was employed first time to integrate the economy index and the environment index,for evaluating synthetically the objects of cutting/skidding operation ways in larch plantation.It was found that the selective cutting with animal skidding is the optimal operation mode.This operation mode is in accord with the current operation situation in larch plantation of less cutting mission and dispersed cutting sites,and can be used for reference by the other similar larch plantations.The study established first time the evaluation models of ecological cutting for larch plantation,and raised the particular method of index measuring.This application of evaluation model will be able to improve the moderate forest cutting,which does not only satisfy the society demands on timber,but also bring the ecological benefits and social benefits.
The study results have the great significances for forest regeneration,growth,stand quality, productivity improvement,ecological cutting efficiency improvement and operation cost decrease in larch plantation,especially are highly valuable to the science and the practice of sustainable economy development in forest areas.
本论文是针对落叶松人工林资源的现状,以带岭林业实验局落叶松人工林集材试验为依据,首次对落叶松人工林不同作业模式下的集材生产效率及成本进行了比较研究,对于平缓坡地带集材生产率皆伐J-50拖拉机集材最大、皆伐畜力集材次之、择伐畜力集材最小;集材成本皆伐畜力集材最低、择伐畜力集材次之、皆伐J-50拖拉机最高。首次利用三参数韦布尔函数描述采伐落叶松人工林的直径分布情况,其可信度达到92.3%;利用所建立的胸径分布模式可预测采伐后林分的胸径分布情况,为今后林木定向培育及管理提供根据。首次针对林分生长因子应用灰色模型与统计模型进行比较研究,得出未采伐落叶松人工林生长因子适用于灰色模型,对于采伐后生长因子适用于统计模型。
通过调查与分析,得出落叶松人工林保留木损伤率随采伐强度和林分密度的增加而呈增大的态势。通过对比分析试验表明,拖拉机皆伐集材、畜力皆伐集材和畜力择伐集材作业均对土壤表层的物理性质产生明显的影响,采伐作业后,表层土壤的容重明显增加,土壤的孔隙度、持水量和排水能力均下降;畜力皆伐集材迹地土壤有机质降低最大,其次是畜力择伐,拖拉机皆伐降低最小。
首次采用多目标决策方法,将经济指标和环境指标整合到一起,对落叶松人工林采集作业模式的目标进行综合评价,得出择伐—畜力集材的最优作业模式。该模式符合当前采伐量较少、采伐地点分散的落叶松人工林生产状况,对相同类型的落叶松人工林作业区具有借鉴作用。首次构建针对落叶松人工林生态采伐评价模型,提出了具体的指标计量方法,以促进森林的适度采伐,使之既能满足社会对木材的需求,又能充分发挥其生态效益和社会效益。
研究的成果对落叶松人工林的更新、生长、林分质量和生产力的提高,落叶松人工林生态采伐的生产率的提高,作业成本的降低均具有重要的现实意义,尤其是对林区经济的可持续发展具有很高的学术价值和实用价值。
Currently,the forestry operation is changing from cutting natural forest to cutting plantation forests dominantly.Due to the changeable operation conditions,the dispersed operation objects,the large operation areas,the heavy operation workloads,and the great wastage of work and machines transfer,it is urgent needed to study the cutting modes and evaluation system for plantation forest cutting on suitable environment conditions,such as the forest site configuration,terrain,slope,season and operation space.
According to the current situation of larch plantation resources,based on the skidding experiments in larch plantations of Dailing forest bureau,the study first time compared the skidding operation efficiencies and costs under various operation modes.On the flat terrain,the highest skidding operation efficiency is from J-50 tractor skidding with clear cutting,and sequentially from animal skidding with clear cutting and animal skidding with selective cutting; the lowest skidding cost is from animal skidding with clear cutting,and sequentially from animal skidding with selective cutting and J-50 tractor skidding with clear cutting.The DBH distribution of harvested larch plantation was first time modeled using 3 parameters Wewibull function,and the reliability of the model was up to 92.3%.This model is able to predict DBH distribution of forest stands after cutting,and provide the guide for the directional cultivation and management in the future.The study compared the grey model and the statistical model on forest growth factors,and found that the growth factors of non-cut larch plantation worked well to the grey model,and the growth factors of cut larch plantation worked well to the statistical model.
The investigations and the analysis showed that,the damage rate of reserved trees in larch plantation played an increasing trend with the increasing both cutting intensity and stand density.Under the various cutting intensities and stand densities,the cutting damage rate and the skidding damage rate for reserved trees had the similar trend,which was increased first and decreased then.The comparison experiments showed that,all of skidding ways,inclusing the tractor skidding with clear cutting,the animal skidding with clear cutting and the animal skidding with selective cutting,significantly influenced the physical characteristics of surface soil.After cutting operations,the bulk density of surface soil was increased obviously,but the porosity,the water capacity and the water drainage capacity of soil were all decreased.The organic contents were reduced most in clear-cut sites with animal skidding,and sequentially are that in selective-cut sites with animal skidding and clear-cut sites tractor skidding.
The multi-objects decision method was employed first time to integrate the economy index and the environment index,for evaluating synthetically the objects of cutting/skidding operation ways in larch plantation.It was found that the selective cutting with animal skidding is the optimal operation mode.This operation mode is in accord with the current operation situation in larch plantation of less cutting mission and dispersed cutting sites,and can be used for reference by the other similar larch plantations.The study established first time the evaluation models of ecological cutting for larch plantation,and raised the particular method of index measuring.This application of evaluation model will be able to improve the moderate forest cutting,which does not only satisfy the society demands on timber,but also bring the ecological benefits and social benefits.
The study results have the great significances for forest regeneration,growth,stand quality, productivity improvement,ecological cutting efficiency improvement and operation cost decrease in larch plantation,especially are highly valuable to the science and the practice of sustainable economy development in forest areas.
引文
[1]金东清.谈森林抚育机械化[J].林业机械与木工设备,2001(5):20-22
[2]王双贵.六盘山林区华北落叶松人工林抚育间伐合理密度的研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(3):12-14
[3]张鼎华.抚育间伐对人工林土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):672-676
[4]孙晓梅.长白落叶松人工林间伐林分的生长模拟[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(5):500-504
[5]邹春静,卜军,徐文铎.长白松人工林群落生物量和生产力的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(2):123-127
[6]胡万良.抚育间伐对红松人工林生物量的影响[J].辽宁林业科技,1999(2):13-49
[7]李德民.油松连年生长率表的研制[J].辽宁林业科技,1993(3):19-23
[8]韩俊义.关于落叶松人工林抚育间伐的探讨[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2000(增刊):60-62
[9]张怡春.长白落叶松持续经营管理模式[J].吉林林业科技,2003,32(2):33-35
[10]张维.兴安落叶松人工林经营决策分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(1):33-36
[11]张会儒.落叶松人工林间伐技术优化研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,7(2):175-179
[12]崔淑军.落叶松经营采伐效果浅析[J].河北林业科技,2004(3):33-35
[13]孙建胜,狄志林.落叶松径级择伐强度对比试验[J].林业科技,2002(1):19-20
[14]张会儒,杜纪山.人工林不同间伐强度效益分析[J].林业资源管理,2002(2):29-32
[15]邹礼光.杉木人工林不同采伐方式综合效益研究[J].防护林科技,2004(6):22-23
[16]邓盛梅.人工林伐区常用采集运作业模式经济效益评价[J].森林工程,2005,21(1):58-59
[17]周新年.我国南方集体林区伐区采集作业模式选优[J].林业科技,2001,37(4):99-100
[18]GeorgeTouzet[法].工业人工林.见:施昆山编.第九届世界林业大会论文选集[C].北京:林业部科技情报中心,1986
[19]雷锡禄主编.中国速生丰产林建设的发展战略与对策[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992
[20]雍文涛主编.林业分工论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992
[21]沈国舫主编.营造一亿亩速生丰产用材林技术路线与对策论文选集[C].北京:中国林学会,1993
[22]RogerASedjo[美].工业人工林比较经济研究[J].林业问题,1988(2):167-176
[23]КaрчeвП[保].杨树林的林业经济研究[J].林业文摘,1984(4):31
[24]BergezJE[英].法国中部短轮伐期林业的经济可行性研究[J].国外林业文摘,1992,(6):2
[25]JulianEvans[英].热带的人工林业.见:施昆山编.第九届世界林业大会论文选集.北京:林业部科技情报中心,1986
[26]沈照仁.我们从世界林业中能借鉴什么[J].林业问题,1987(3):37-54
[27]沈照仁.从世界角度看我国的造林事业[J].林业问题,1989(2):97-111
[28]秦凤翥.世界工业人工林发展趋势[J].世界林业研究,1990(1):11-15
[29]张耀启.国外速生丰产林建设浅析[J].世界林业研究,1990(4):12-19
[30]王长富.从日本森林经理论战中得到的启示[J].林业问题,1989(4):152-163
[31]张三,吴志庄,王建武.工业人工林经营理论与实践——进展与问题[J].世界林业研究,1999(2):31-36
[32]江波.国外超短轮伐期工业人工林发展动态[J].世界林业研究,1990(1):82-83
[33]Barron DETR otherham.Towards sustainable development in industrial forestry.The Forestry Chronicle1991,67(2):113-116
[34]Gladstone.WT.etal.Reducing pressure on natural forest through high-yield forestry.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,35(1-2):69-78
[35]Sedjo.Roger.A.The comparative economics of plantation forestry Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1983
[36]Walt.Harold.R.Industrial forests.American Forests,1989,95(11-12):26-28
[37]W.L普里切特著.程伯容,许广山,庄季屏等译.森林土壤性质及管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1987
[38]Greacan E L and Sands R.Compaction of forest soils.Areview.Aust.J.Soil Res,1980,18:163-189
[39]Foil R R and Ralston C W.The establishment and growth of loblolly pine seedlings on compacted soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.Pro.1967,31(4):565-568
[40]BryceJ.Stokes,赵秀海,范秀华,等.拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(2):159-164
[41]Pyatt D G and Anderson A R.Damage to soil caused by harvesting.For.Comm.Res.1986,2:29-30
[42]Forelich H A and Mc Nabb D H.Minimissing soil compaction in northwest forest.In:Forest soils and Treatment Impacts.E.L.Stone(ed).Proceedings 6th North Ame.Forest soils Conf.Univ.of Tenessee,Knoxville,TN,1984,152-192
[43]Helms J A,Hipkin C and Alexander E B.Effects of soil compaction on height growth of a California pondesa pine plantation.West southern Journal of Applied Forestry,1986,1:104-108
[44]江波,袁位高等.生态约束下的采伐更新与局部生态系统稳定性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(5):686-688
[45]张思宏.不同树种在落叶松伐后更新生长情况试验[J].林业勘查设计,2006(3):41-42
[46]李扬林.杉木不同采伐强度对林分生长的影响[J].福建农业科技,2006(5):79-80
[47]邱仁辉,周新年.不同强度的择伐作业对保留木与幼树幼苗的影响[J].森林工程,1997,13(3):5-6
[48]Nichols M T et al.The impact of two harvesting systems on residual stems in a partially cut stand of northern hardwoods.Can.For.Res.1994,24:350-357
[49]Iwan Wasterlund.Damages and growth effects after selective mechanical cleaning.Scand.For.Res.1992,3:259-272
[50]Mc Innis et al..The effects of full tree and tree length harvest on natural regeneration.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,1994,11(4):131-137
[51]Grout.Harvesting method affects survival of Black Spruce advance growth.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,1995,12(1):8-11
[52]Bates.Harvesting impacts on quaking aspen regeneration in northern Minnesota.Canada Journal of Forestry Research,1993,23(11):2403-2412
[53]Gullison.The effects of road design and harvest in tensity on forest damage caused by selective logging:Empirical results and a simulation model from the Bosque Chimanes,Bolivia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,49(12):1-29
[54]Mats Hannerz et al..Effects on flora in Norway spruce forests following clear cutting and shelterwood cutting.Forest Ecology and Management,1997,90:29-49
[55]Jennifer et al..Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon.For.Ecol.and Manage.1996,89:57-77
[56]Crome et al.The effects on vegetation of logging virgin upland rainforest in north Queens land,Australia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,49:1-29
[57]李承彪主编.四川森林生态研究[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1990
[58]赵秀海,范秀华,张伟森.拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(3):158-165
[59]周新年,邱仁辉,杨玉盛,等.不同采伐、集材作业对林地土壤理化性质影响的研究[J].林业科学,1998,34(3):18-25
[60]Caspersen P.J.Elevated mortality of residual trees following single-tree felling in northern hardwood forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2006,36(5):1255-1265
[61]Rab.Soil physical and hydrological properties following logging and slash burning in the Eucalyptus regnans forest of south estern Australia.Forest Ecology and Management,1996,84:159-176
[62]Won'ell.The influence of some forest operations on the sustainable management of soils A review.Forestry,1997,70(1):61-85
[63]Maliner A.An analysis of soil disturbances from logging operation in a hill forest of Peniasular Malaysia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,47:223-233
[64]Roger A Sejio et al..The globe environment effects of local logging cutbacks in western North America.Western Journal of Applied Forestry,1995,10(2):49-52
[65]Maimer and Grip H.Soil disturbance and loss of infiltrability caused by mechanized and manual extraction of tropical rainforest.Forest Science,1992,40:1-12
[66]Miller J H.Comparative effects of aerial and grown logging on soil properties in a tuplo cypress wetland.Forest Ecology and Management,1991,49:57-73
[67]Thiffault E.Harvesting Intensity at Clear-Felling in the Boreal Forest:Impact on Soil and Foliar Nutrient Status.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):691-701
[68]Eisenbies M H,Assessing Change in Soil-Site Productivity of Intensively Managed Loblolly Pine Plantations.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(1):130-140
[69]Susan K Wiser.Tree growth and mortality after small-group harvesting in New Zealand oldgrowth Nothofagus forests,Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2005,35(10):2323-2331
[70]Gent J A Jr,Ballard R and Hassan A E.The impact of harvesting and site preparation on the physical properties of loeer coastal plains soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(3):595-598
[71]Aust W M and Lea R.Comparative effects of aerial and ground logging on soil properties in a tupelo cypress wetland.For.Ecol.Manage.,1992,50:57-73
[72]Sands R,Greacen E L and Gerard C J.Compaction of sandy soils in Radiata pine Forests.A penetrometer study.Aust.J.Soil Res.,1979,17:101-133
[73]Danfors B.Compaction in the subsoil.Swed.Inst.Agric.Eng,1974
[74]张正雄,赵尘,刘爱琴,等.手扶拖拉机集材对人工林迹地土壤影响的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4):309-310
[75]张旭琴,戴伟,夏良放,等.亚热带不同人工林土壤理化性质的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6):56-58
[76]张正雄,周新年,赵尘,等.手板车集材对人工林林地土壤理化性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(1):14-15
[77]张正雄,周新年,赵尘,等.人工林伐区土滑道集材对土壤理化性质的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,2004,28(2):48-49
[78]郝广明,许忠学,杨帆,等.采伐林地土壤养分研究[J].北华大学学报,2002,3(5):442-443
[79]刘听,孙铭,朱俊,等.上海城市森林评价指标体系[J].复旦学报,2004,43(6):989-993
[80]WilliamCordero and Andrew Howard.Use of oxen in logging operations in rural areas of Costa Rica.In:IUFRO.Caring for the forest:Research in a changing world Abstracts of invited papers.20th IUFRO World Congress,Hampere,Finland.1995:219
[81]郑小贤.落叶松人工林的森林评价[J].林业科技,1988(4):20-22
[82]戚春华,朱守林,等.森林生态采伐评价研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(2):16-18
[83]史济彦,肖生灵.生态性采伐系统[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2001:126-133
[84]董希斌,付俊卿,孙剑峰,等.人工林拖拉机集材与畜力集材效率的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):116-117
[85]付俊卿,杨学春,齐永峰,等.不同采伐方式人工林畜力集材效率比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):118-119
[86]徐茂坤,董希斌,齐永峰,等.人工林滑道接运与畜力集材效率的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):120-121
[87]王立海.木材生产技术与管理[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001:126-133
[88]孙广新,夏国华等.伐区木材生产理论与新技术[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995:87-95
[89]史济彦.森林采伐学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996:89-136
[90]乔元庆,张永春,刘柏祥.亚布力林业局适宜集材方式的探讨[J].森林工程,1996,12(2):1-3
[91]杨荣启,冯丰隆.母数预测模式及母数回复模式在研究台湾林木生长及林分结构分析上的应用[J].中华林学季刊.1989(1):32-35
[92]Bailey,R.L.and T.R.Dell.1973.Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function.For.Sci.19:97-104
[93]董希斌,李耀翔,姜立春.间伐对兴安落叶松人工林林分结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1):16-18
[94]Avila o.B.Burkhart H.E.Modeling of loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations.Can J For.Res.1992:22
[95]Bailey R.L.Individual tree growth derived from diameter distribution models.For.Sci.26(4).1980.
[96]Bailey R.L.Borders.B.E.Ware K.D.et al.A compatible model relating Slash pine plantation survival to density,age,site index and type and intensity of thinning.For Sci.33(1).1985.
[97]Borders Bi E.Patterson.W.D.Projecting stand tables:a comparison of the Weibull diamete distribution method,a percentile-based projection method,and a basal area growth projection method.For.Sci.36(2).1990.
[98]Bradley R.T.Thinning as an instrnment of forest management.Forestry.36(2).1953.
[99]Brakhart H.E.Sprinz P.T.Compatible cubic volume and basal area projection equations for thinned old-field loblolly pine plantations.For.Sci.30(1).1984.
[100]Gregoire T.G.Generalized error structure for forestry yield models.For.Sci.33(2).1987.
[101]Gonzalo L.P.and Douglas B.Efficient specification and solution of The even-aged rotation and thinning Problem.For.Sci.33(1).1993.
[102]Guan B.T.Gertner.G.Using a parallel distributed processing system to model individual tree mortality.For.Sci.37(3).1991.
[103]L.V.Pienaar and K.J.Turnball,The Champman-Richards Generalization of Von ertalanffy' s Growth Model for Basal Area Growth and Yield in Even-aged stands.Forest Sci.,1973
[104]唐守正.一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积颁的方法[J].林业科学,1997,33(3):193-200
[105]张少昂.兴安落叶松天然林林分生长模型和可变密度收获表的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3):17-26
[106]董希斌.采伐强度对落叶松林生长量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(1):44-47
[107]董希斌.采伐强度对林分蓄积量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2):35-37
[108]董希斌.森林择伐对林分的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):15-18
[109]邓聚龙.灰色系统预测与决策[M].武汉:华中工学院出版社,1986
[110]邓聚龙.灰色系统的基本方法[M].武汉:华中工学院出版社,1987
[111]董希斌,郭吉顺,武玉龙,等.伐木对保留木损伤的研究[J].森林工程,1995,11(1):4-7
[112]董希斌,杨学春,张泱,等.采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(9):7-8
[113]董希斌,杨学春,杨桂香.采伐对落叶松人工林土壤性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(10):7-10
[114]刘秀菊,余清发,褚国伟,等.鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤pH值动态变化[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):39-40
[115]董希斌,王立海.采伐强度对林分蓄积生长量与更新影响的研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(6):122-125
[116]董希斌,杨学春,张泱,等.采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响[J].东北 林业大学学报,2007,35(9):7-8
[117]董希斌,王立海.落叶松人工林采集作业模式的优选[J].林业科学,2007,43(9):48-52
[118]黄刚平.伐区集运材生产方式最优方案选择[J].森林工程,1995,11(3):21-24
[119]陈长雄.集材方式的综合效益评价[J].林业经济问题,1997,(4):46-49
[120]张育海.南方集体林区集材生产优化选择分析研究[J].福建林业科技,2000,27(1):40-42
[121]杨学春,徐茂坤,孙剑峰,等.人工林伐区作业模式的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):122-123
[122]王立海,杨学春,郝霞等.层次分析法在集材方式选择上的应用[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,24(1):68-73
[123]邱仁辉,周新年,杨玉盛,等.闽北常绿阔叶林采集方式选择的多目标决策[J].福建林学院学报,1997,17(4):340-343
[124]王立海,许桂香.伐区作业类型划分与集材作业系统相适应性的研究[J].森林工程,2000,16(6):19-20
[125]许桂香.集材作业系统与不同类型伐区的相适应性[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(6):110-111
[126]周新年,沈宝贵,游明兴,等.伐区采集作业综合效益评价[J].山地学报,2002,20(3):331-337
[127]郭建钢,景芸,章若鸿,等.伐区采育结合作业优化模式的选择[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):814-818
[128]周新年,郭建钢.伐区采育作业系统综合效益评价的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(6):28-34
[129]唐守正.东北天然林生态采伐更新技术研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2005:306-312
[130]刘东兰,郑小贤,李金良.森林经营的环境影响评价[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,24(2):16-20
[131]戚春华,朱守林,苏金梅,等.森林生态采伐系统评价模型研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(4):70-73
[132]戚春华,朱守林,王效亮,等.森林采运作业环境成本分析[J].森林工程,2003,19(6):3-5
[133]肖风劲,欧阳华.生态系统健康及其评价指标和方法[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(2):203-209
[134]代秀东,简晓丹.谈森林生态采伐[J].黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报,2006,19(4):77
[135]吴凤祥.多指标林业选优试验的层次分析法[J].河北林学院学报,1993,8(4):300-303
[136]董希斌,王立海.森林生态采伐评价模型研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(5):73-75
[137]王海飙,董希斌.森林生态采伐评价指标计量研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(5):81-83
[138]Rapport D J,Costanza R,McMichaelA J.Assessing ecosystem health.Trends in Ecology& Evolution,1998,13:397-402
[139]Costanza R,Norton BG,Haskell BD.Ecosystem Health:New Goals for Environmental Managemen[M].WashingtonDC:Island Press,1992
[140]于志民,王礼先.水源涵养效益研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.138-142
[141]康文星,田大伦.湖南省森林公益效能的经济评价[J].中南林学院学报,2001.21(3):13-17
[2]王双贵.六盘山林区华北落叶松人工林抚育间伐合理密度的研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(3):12-14
[3]张鼎华.抚育间伐对人工林土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):672-676
[4]孙晓梅.长白落叶松人工林间伐林分的生长模拟[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(5):500-504
[5]邹春静,卜军,徐文铎.长白松人工林群落生物量和生产力的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(2):123-127
[6]胡万良.抚育间伐对红松人工林生物量的影响[J].辽宁林业科技,1999(2):13-49
[7]李德民.油松连年生长率表的研制[J].辽宁林业科技,1993(3):19-23
[8]韩俊义.关于落叶松人工林抚育间伐的探讨[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2000(增刊):60-62
[9]张怡春.长白落叶松持续经营管理模式[J].吉林林业科技,2003,32(2):33-35
[10]张维.兴安落叶松人工林经营决策分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(1):33-36
[11]张会儒.落叶松人工林间伐技术优化研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,7(2):175-179
[12]崔淑军.落叶松经营采伐效果浅析[J].河北林业科技,2004(3):33-35
[13]孙建胜,狄志林.落叶松径级择伐强度对比试验[J].林业科技,2002(1):19-20
[14]张会儒,杜纪山.人工林不同间伐强度效益分析[J].林业资源管理,2002(2):29-32
[15]邹礼光.杉木人工林不同采伐方式综合效益研究[J].防护林科技,2004(6):22-23
[16]邓盛梅.人工林伐区常用采集运作业模式经济效益评价[J].森林工程,2005,21(1):58-59
[17]周新年.我国南方集体林区伐区采集作业模式选优[J].林业科技,2001,37(4):99-100
[18]GeorgeTouzet[法].工业人工林.见:施昆山编.第九届世界林业大会论文选集[C].北京:林业部科技情报中心,1986
[19]雷锡禄主编.中国速生丰产林建设的发展战略与对策[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992
[20]雍文涛主编.林业分工论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992
[21]沈国舫主编.营造一亿亩速生丰产用材林技术路线与对策论文选集[C].北京:中国林学会,1993
[22]RogerASedjo[美].工业人工林比较经济研究[J].林业问题,1988(2):167-176
[23]КaрчeвП[保].杨树林的林业经济研究[J].林业文摘,1984(4):31
[24]BergezJE[英].法国中部短轮伐期林业的经济可行性研究[J].国外林业文摘,1992,(6):2
[25]JulianEvans[英].热带的人工林业.见:施昆山编.第九届世界林业大会论文选集.北京:林业部科技情报中心,1986
[26]沈照仁.我们从世界林业中能借鉴什么[J].林业问题,1987(3):37-54
[27]沈照仁.从世界角度看我国的造林事业[J].林业问题,1989(2):97-111
[28]秦凤翥.世界工业人工林发展趋势[J].世界林业研究,1990(1):11-15
[29]张耀启.国外速生丰产林建设浅析[J].世界林业研究,1990(4):12-19
[30]王长富.从日本森林经理论战中得到的启示[J].林业问题,1989(4):152-163
[31]张三,吴志庄,王建武.工业人工林经营理论与实践——进展与问题[J].世界林业研究,1999(2):31-36
[32]江波.国外超短轮伐期工业人工林发展动态[J].世界林业研究,1990(1):82-83
[33]Barron DETR otherham.Towards sustainable development in industrial forestry.The Forestry Chronicle1991,67(2):113-116
[34]Gladstone.WT.etal.Reducing pressure on natural forest through high-yield forestry.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,35(1-2):69-78
[35]Sedjo.Roger.A.The comparative economics of plantation forestry Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1983
[36]Walt.Harold.R.Industrial forests.American Forests,1989,95(11-12):26-28
[37]W.L普里切特著.程伯容,许广山,庄季屏等译.森林土壤性质及管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1987
[38]Greacan E L and Sands R.Compaction of forest soils.Areview.Aust.J.Soil Res,1980,18:163-189
[39]Foil R R and Ralston C W.The establishment and growth of loblolly pine seedlings on compacted soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.Pro.1967,31(4):565-568
[40]BryceJ.Stokes,赵秀海,范秀华,等.拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(2):159-164
[41]Pyatt D G and Anderson A R.Damage to soil caused by harvesting.For.Comm.Res.1986,2:29-30
[42]Forelich H A and Mc Nabb D H.Minimissing soil compaction in northwest forest.In:Forest soils and Treatment Impacts.E.L.Stone(ed).Proceedings 6th North Ame.Forest soils Conf.Univ.of Tenessee,Knoxville,TN,1984,152-192
[43]Helms J A,Hipkin C and Alexander E B.Effects of soil compaction on height growth of a California pondesa pine plantation.West southern Journal of Applied Forestry,1986,1:104-108
[44]江波,袁位高等.生态约束下的采伐更新与局部生态系统稳定性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(5):686-688
[45]张思宏.不同树种在落叶松伐后更新生长情况试验[J].林业勘查设计,2006(3):41-42
[46]李扬林.杉木不同采伐强度对林分生长的影响[J].福建农业科技,2006(5):79-80
[47]邱仁辉,周新年.不同强度的择伐作业对保留木与幼树幼苗的影响[J].森林工程,1997,13(3):5-6
[48]Nichols M T et al.The impact of two harvesting systems on residual stems in a partially cut stand of northern hardwoods.Can.For.Res.1994,24:350-357
[49]Iwan Wasterlund.Damages and growth effects after selective mechanical cleaning.Scand.For.Res.1992,3:259-272
[50]Mc Innis et al..The effects of full tree and tree length harvest on natural regeneration.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,1994,11(4):131-137
[51]Grout.Harvesting method affects survival of Black Spruce advance growth.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,1995,12(1):8-11
[52]Bates.Harvesting impacts on quaking aspen regeneration in northern Minnesota.Canada Journal of Forestry Research,1993,23(11):2403-2412
[53]Gullison.The effects of road design and harvest in tensity on forest damage caused by selective logging:Empirical results and a simulation model from the Bosque Chimanes,Bolivia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,49(12):1-29
[54]Mats Hannerz et al..Effects on flora in Norway spruce forests following clear cutting and shelterwood cutting.Forest Ecology and Management,1997,90:29-49
[55]Jennifer et al..Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon.For.Ecol.and Manage.1996,89:57-77
[56]Crome et al.The effects on vegetation of logging virgin upland rainforest in north Queens land,Australia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,49:1-29
[57]李承彪主编.四川森林生态研究[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1990
[58]赵秀海,范秀华,张伟森.拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(3):158-165
[59]周新年,邱仁辉,杨玉盛,等.不同采伐、集材作业对林地土壤理化性质影响的研究[J].林业科学,1998,34(3):18-25
[60]Caspersen P.J.Elevated mortality of residual trees following single-tree felling in northern hardwood forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2006,36(5):1255-1265
[61]Rab.Soil physical and hydrological properties following logging and slash burning in the Eucalyptus regnans forest of south estern Australia.Forest Ecology and Management,1996,84:159-176
[62]Won'ell.The influence of some forest operations on the sustainable management of soils A review.Forestry,1997,70(1):61-85
[63]Maliner A.An analysis of soil disturbances from logging operation in a hill forest of Peniasular Malaysia.Forest Ecology and Management,1992,47:223-233
[64]Roger A Sejio et al..The globe environment effects of local logging cutbacks in western North America.Western Journal of Applied Forestry,1995,10(2):49-52
[65]Maimer and Grip H.Soil disturbance and loss of infiltrability caused by mechanized and manual extraction of tropical rainforest.Forest Science,1992,40:1-12
[66]Miller J H.Comparative effects of aerial and grown logging on soil properties in a tuplo cypress wetland.Forest Ecology and Management,1991,49:57-73
[67]Thiffault E.Harvesting Intensity at Clear-Felling in the Boreal Forest:Impact on Soil and Foliar Nutrient Status.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):691-701
[68]Eisenbies M H,Assessing Change in Soil-Site Productivity of Intensively Managed Loblolly Pine Plantations.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(1):130-140
[69]Susan K Wiser.Tree growth and mortality after small-group harvesting in New Zealand oldgrowth Nothofagus forests,Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2005,35(10):2323-2331
[70]Gent J A Jr,Ballard R and Hassan A E.The impact of harvesting and site preparation on the physical properties of loeer coastal plains soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(3):595-598
[71]Aust W M and Lea R.Comparative effects of aerial and ground logging on soil properties in a tupelo cypress wetland.For.Ecol.Manage.,1992,50:57-73
[72]Sands R,Greacen E L and Gerard C J.Compaction of sandy soils in Radiata pine Forests.A penetrometer study.Aust.J.Soil Res.,1979,17:101-133
[73]Danfors B.Compaction in the subsoil.Swed.Inst.Agric.Eng,1974
[74]张正雄,赵尘,刘爱琴,等.手扶拖拉机集材对人工林迹地土壤影响的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4):309-310
[75]张旭琴,戴伟,夏良放,等.亚热带不同人工林土壤理化性质的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6):56-58
[76]张正雄,周新年,赵尘,等.手板车集材对人工林林地土壤理化性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(1):14-15
[77]张正雄,周新年,赵尘,等.人工林伐区土滑道集材对土壤理化性质的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,2004,28(2):48-49
[78]郝广明,许忠学,杨帆,等.采伐林地土壤养分研究[J].北华大学学报,2002,3(5):442-443
[79]刘听,孙铭,朱俊,等.上海城市森林评价指标体系[J].复旦学报,2004,43(6):989-993
[80]WilliamCordero and Andrew Howard.Use of oxen in logging operations in rural areas of Costa Rica.In:IUFRO.Caring for the forest:Research in a changing world Abstracts of invited papers.20th IUFRO World Congress,Hampere,Finland.1995:219
[81]郑小贤.落叶松人工林的森林评价[J].林业科技,1988(4):20-22
[82]戚春华,朱守林,等.森林生态采伐评价研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(2):16-18
[83]史济彦,肖生灵.生态性采伐系统[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2001:126-133
[84]董希斌,付俊卿,孙剑峰,等.人工林拖拉机集材与畜力集材效率的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):116-117
[85]付俊卿,杨学春,齐永峰,等.不同采伐方式人工林畜力集材效率比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):118-119
[86]徐茂坤,董希斌,齐永峰,等.人工林滑道接运与畜力集材效率的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):120-121
[87]王立海.木材生产技术与管理[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001:126-133
[88]孙广新,夏国华等.伐区木材生产理论与新技术[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995:87-95
[89]史济彦.森林采伐学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996:89-136
[90]乔元庆,张永春,刘柏祥.亚布力林业局适宜集材方式的探讨[J].森林工程,1996,12(2):1-3
[91]杨荣启,冯丰隆.母数预测模式及母数回复模式在研究台湾林木生长及林分结构分析上的应用[J].中华林学季刊.1989(1):32-35
[92]Bailey,R.L.and T.R.Dell.1973.Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function.For.Sci.19:97-104
[93]董希斌,李耀翔,姜立春.间伐对兴安落叶松人工林林分结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1):16-18
[94]Avila o.B.Burkhart H.E.Modeling of loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations.Can J For.Res.1992:22
[95]Bailey R.L.Individual tree growth derived from diameter distribution models.For.Sci.26(4).1980.
[96]Bailey R.L.Borders.B.E.Ware K.D.et al.A compatible model relating Slash pine plantation survival to density,age,site index and type and intensity of thinning.For Sci.33(1).1985.
[97]Borders Bi E.Patterson.W.D.Projecting stand tables:a comparison of the Weibull diamete distribution method,a percentile-based projection method,and a basal area growth projection method.For.Sci.36(2).1990.
[98]Bradley R.T.Thinning as an instrnment of forest management.Forestry.36(2).1953.
[99]Brakhart H.E.Sprinz P.T.Compatible cubic volume and basal area projection equations for thinned old-field loblolly pine plantations.For.Sci.30(1).1984.
[100]Gregoire T.G.Generalized error structure for forestry yield models.For.Sci.33(2).1987.
[101]Gonzalo L.P.and Douglas B.Efficient specification and solution of The even-aged rotation and thinning Problem.For.Sci.33(1).1993.
[102]Guan B.T.Gertner.G.Using a parallel distributed processing system to model individual tree mortality.For.Sci.37(3).1991.
[103]L.V.Pienaar and K.J.Turnball,The Champman-Richards Generalization of Von ertalanffy' s Growth Model for Basal Area Growth and Yield in Even-aged stands.Forest Sci.,1973
[104]唐守正.一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积颁的方法[J].林业科学,1997,33(3):193-200
[105]张少昂.兴安落叶松天然林林分生长模型和可变密度收获表的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3):17-26
[106]董希斌.采伐强度对落叶松林生长量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(1):44-47
[107]董希斌.采伐强度对林分蓄积量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2):35-37
[108]董希斌.森林择伐对林分的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):15-18
[109]邓聚龙.灰色系统预测与决策[M].武汉:华中工学院出版社,1986
[110]邓聚龙.灰色系统的基本方法[M].武汉:华中工学院出版社,1987
[111]董希斌,郭吉顺,武玉龙,等.伐木对保留木损伤的研究[J].森林工程,1995,11(1):4-7
[112]董希斌,杨学春,张泱,等.采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(9):7-8
[113]董希斌,杨学春,杨桂香.采伐对落叶松人工林土壤性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(10):7-10
[114]刘秀菊,余清发,褚国伟,等.鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤pH值动态变化[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):39-40
[115]董希斌,王立海.采伐强度对林分蓄积生长量与更新影响的研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(6):122-125
[116]董希斌,杨学春,张泱,等.采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响[J].东北 林业大学学报,2007,35(9):7-8
[117]董希斌,王立海.落叶松人工林采集作业模式的优选[J].林业科学,2007,43(9):48-52
[118]黄刚平.伐区集运材生产方式最优方案选择[J].森林工程,1995,11(3):21-24
[119]陈长雄.集材方式的综合效益评价[J].林业经济问题,1997,(4):46-49
[120]张育海.南方集体林区集材生产优化选择分析研究[J].福建林业科技,2000,27(1):40-42
[121]杨学春,徐茂坤,孙剑峰,等.人工林伐区作业模式的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(6):122-123
[122]王立海,杨学春,郝霞等.层次分析法在集材方式选择上的应用[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,24(1):68-73
[123]邱仁辉,周新年,杨玉盛,等.闽北常绿阔叶林采集方式选择的多目标决策[J].福建林学院学报,1997,17(4):340-343
[124]王立海,许桂香.伐区作业类型划分与集材作业系统相适应性的研究[J].森林工程,2000,16(6):19-20
[125]许桂香.集材作业系统与不同类型伐区的相适应性[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(6):110-111
[126]周新年,沈宝贵,游明兴,等.伐区采集作业综合效益评价[J].山地学报,2002,20(3):331-337
[127]郭建钢,景芸,章若鸿,等.伐区采育结合作业优化模式的选择[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):814-818
[128]周新年,郭建钢.伐区采育作业系统综合效益评价的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(6):28-34
[129]唐守正.东北天然林生态采伐更新技术研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2005:306-312
[130]刘东兰,郑小贤,李金良.森林经营的环境影响评价[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,24(2):16-20
[131]戚春华,朱守林,苏金梅,等.森林生态采伐系统评价模型研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(4):70-73
[132]戚春华,朱守林,王效亮,等.森林采运作业环境成本分析[J].森林工程,2003,19(6):3-5
[133]肖风劲,欧阳华.生态系统健康及其评价指标和方法[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(2):203-209
[134]代秀东,简晓丹.谈森林生态采伐[J].黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报,2006,19(4):77
[135]吴凤祥.多指标林业选优试验的层次分析法[J].河北林学院学报,1993,8(4):300-303
[136]董希斌,王立海.森林生态采伐评价模型研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(5):73-75
[137]王海飙,董希斌.森林生态采伐评价指标计量研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(5):81-83
[138]Rapport D J,Costanza R,McMichaelA J.Assessing ecosystem health.Trends in Ecology& Evolution,1998,13:397-402
[139]Costanza R,Norton BG,Haskell BD.Ecosystem Health:New Goals for Environmental Managemen[M].WashingtonDC:Island Press,1992
[140]于志民,王礼先.水源涵养效益研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.138-142
[141]康文星,田大伦.湖南省森林公益效能的经济评价[J].中南林学院学报,2001.21(3):13-17