聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的制作及其传感特性的研究
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摘要
Bragg光纤光栅作为一种新型的基于波长检测的传感器,具有尺寸小、重量轻、抗电磁干扰、并且重复性好等众多优点,是目前传感器研究的主流之一。绝大多数Bragg光纤光栅传感器还是基于石英光纤,自从1999年聚合物光纤光栅首次报道以来,聚合物光纤光栅引起了越来越多的关注。聚合物光纤光栅比石英光纤光栅有更多的优点,如柔韧性、好的生物相容性、更小的杨氏模量、更大的热光系数和更大的热膨胀系数,所以聚合物光纤光栅能够提供更高的灵敏度和更宽的响应范围。本文就掺杂安息香二甲醚(BDK)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的制作及其传感特性进行了深入的理论分析和实验研究,主要包括单模和多模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的制作、单模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的应力、应变和温度等传感特性以及多模Bragg光纤光栅各模式的传感特性差异,取得了若干具有创新性的成果。本文的主要内容总结如下:
描述了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的物理模型,并使用耦合模理论计算了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅各结构参数对其光谱特性的影响。分析了掩模板的0级衍射对刻写的Bragg光纤光栅周期的影响,在此基础上提出了本论文中使用的改进的掩模法刻写光纤光栅系统。使用预制拉丝法制作了纤芯掺杂光敏性聚合物材料BDK的单模和多模聚合物光纤,在其上刻写了Bragg光纤光栅,并测量了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的光谱。通过对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅光谱动态形成过程的监测,研究了这种掺杂BDK的PMMA聚合物光纤的光敏性,分析了在曝光过程中光纤纤芯折射率改变量随曝光时间的变化。
研究了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的应力、应变和温度等传感特性,并与石英光纤光栅的相应传感特性进行了对比。与石英材料不同,聚合物材料作为一种高分子材料,其最大的特点的是力学性能具有粘弹性,主要体现在蠕变和应力松弛两个方面。使用标准线性固体模型,分析了聚合物材料的粘弹性,并分析了粘弹性对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅应力和应变的传感特性的影响。模型中,主要考虑了蠕变对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅应力特性的影响以及应力松弛对光纤光栅应变特性的影响,并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明,聚合物Bragg光纤光栅在加载应力的瞬间,会产生一个瞬时的波长移动,并随着时间继续向长波方向蠕变,并在一定的时间后达到平衡状态。在小应力范围内,该蠕变量的大小和与施加的应力成线性关系。聚合物材料的应力松弛会对Bragg光纤光栅的应变传感特性造成影响也会使Bragg波长缓慢漂移,但在小应变条件下漂移量很小,其Bragg波长随应变的变化具有良好的线性度。聚合物Bragg光纤光栅与石英Bragg光纤光栅相比具有极高的应力灵敏度和温度灵敏度,约为石英Bragg光纤光栅的10倍,应变灵敏度则与石英Bragg光纤光栅相当。
使用耦合模理论讨论了多模光纤的模式耦合,模拟了多模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的反射谱。分析了多模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅不同模式的Bragg波长对应变和温度的传感特性并进行了实验验证。结果表明各模式的Bragg波长对应变具有几乎相同的灵敏度系数,各模式的温度灵敏度系数则与纤芯和包层的热光系数有关。纤芯和包层的热光系数差越大,则各模式的Bragg波长温度灵敏度系数差越大。对于聚合物光纤,由于其材料的相容性以及不等种类的聚合物热光系数差别很大,我们可以构造芯层包层热光系数差别很大的光纤,从而使不同模式具有不同温度灵敏度。在此基础上,提出了使用多模聚合物光纤光栅的不同模式来实现应变与温度传感分离测量的方法,并进行了仿真计算。
As a new type of sensor based on wavelength detection, the fiber Bragg grating has many advantages such as small size, light weight, anti-electromagnetic interference, and good repeatability, and is one of the mainstreams in current research of sensors. While most of fiber Bragg grating sensors are manufactured within quartz optical fiber, the polymer fiber grating has been attracting more and more attention since it was first reported in 1999. Compared with quartz fiber gratings, Polymer fiber gratings have more advantages such as flexibility, good biocompatibility, smaller Young's modulus, larger thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient; so they can provide more accurately sensing with higher sensitivity and wider response range. In this thesis, Fabricating and writing polymer fiber Bragg grating within PMMA doping BDK and its sensing properties are studied in depth both in theory and experiment including fabricating single-mode and multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating, the sensing properties of stress, strain and temperature of single-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating, and the differences of the sensing properties for different modes of multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating. And a number of innovative achievements are gained. The main contents are summarized as follows. The physical model of polymer fiber Bragg gratings is described, and the influences of each parameter of the polymer fiber Bragg grating on its spectral characteristics are calculated by using coupled-mode theory. Several common fiber grating etching technologies are introduced. The influence of mask template zero-level diffraction on the period of fiber Bragg gratings is analyzed, and the improved mask etching method used in the thesis is proposed. The single-mode and multi-mode polymer optical fiber with a core doped by the photosensitive material BDK using drawing perform method, within which the Bragg grating is written, and its spectrum is measured. By monitoring the dynamic spectrum of the polymer fiber Bragg grating, the photosensitivity of the PMMA polymer optical fiber doped by BDK in the core is studied, and the change of its core refractive index with exploring time is analyzed. The sensing properties of stress, strain and temperature of polymer fiber Bragg gratings are studied, and are compared with that of quartz fiber gratings. Different from quartz, polymer materials is a kind of macromolecular material, and their biggest feature is the mechanical characteristics of the viscoelastic, mainly in two aspects of creep and stress relaxation. With the standard solid model of linear three components for polymers, viscoelastic characteristics of the polymer materials are analyzed, of which the influences on the sensing properties of stress, strain are also analyzed. In the model the influence of creepage on stress characteristics of polymer fiber gratings and the influence of stress relaxation on strain characteristics of polymer fiber gratings are mainly considered, which is consistent with the experimental results. And the results show that the polymer fiber Bragg grating will result in an instantaneous wavelength shift when applied stress, and it will creep towards longer wavelength as time and will reach equilibrium at a certain time. In a small stress range, the change of the creep is linearly proportional to the applied stress. Stress relaxation of polymer materials will influence the sensing properties of polymer fiber Bragg grating and also result in the slow drift of the Bragg wavelength, but the drift is very small in small strain conditions, and the change of Bragg wavelength with strain has good linearity. Compared with quartz fiber gratings, polymer fiber gratings have extremely high stress and temperature sensitivity, which is about ten times of that of the quartz fiber grating, and the strain sensitivity of polymer fiber gratings is comparable to that of quartz fiber gratings.
The coupling of different modes in multi-mode fibers is analyzed using coupled-mode theory, and the reflecting spectrum of the multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating is simulated. For different modes in multi-mode polymer fiber gratings, the response characteristic of their Bragg wavelength to strain and temperature is analyzed in theory and verified in experiment. And the results show that the coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to strain for these modes are almost identical. The coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to temperature for these modes are related to thermo-optic coefficients of the core and cladding materials and the larger the difference of the thermo-optic coefficients of the core and cladding materials, the larger is the difference the coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to temperature. For polymer optical fiber, because different kinds of polymer materials have large differences of the thermo-optic coefficients and they may be compatible, we can construct a kind of polymer optical fiber, of which the core and cladding materials have large difference of thermo-optic coefficients, so different modes have different sensitivity to temperature. Based on this characteristic, a sensing method is proposed, which separately realizes strain and temperature sensing by utilizing different modes of polymer fiber gratings and some calculation is simulated.
描述了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的物理模型,并使用耦合模理论计算了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅各结构参数对其光谱特性的影响。分析了掩模板的0级衍射对刻写的Bragg光纤光栅周期的影响,在此基础上提出了本论文中使用的改进的掩模法刻写光纤光栅系统。使用预制拉丝法制作了纤芯掺杂光敏性聚合物材料BDK的单模和多模聚合物光纤,在其上刻写了Bragg光纤光栅,并测量了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的光谱。通过对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅光谱动态形成过程的监测,研究了这种掺杂BDK的PMMA聚合物光纤的光敏性,分析了在曝光过程中光纤纤芯折射率改变量随曝光时间的变化。
研究了聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的应力、应变和温度等传感特性,并与石英光纤光栅的相应传感特性进行了对比。与石英材料不同,聚合物材料作为一种高分子材料,其最大的特点的是力学性能具有粘弹性,主要体现在蠕变和应力松弛两个方面。使用标准线性固体模型,分析了聚合物材料的粘弹性,并分析了粘弹性对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅应力和应变的传感特性的影响。模型中,主要考虑了蠕变对聚合物Bragg光纤光栅应力特性的影响以及应力松弛对光纤光栅应变特性的影响,并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明,聚合物Bragg光纤光栅在加载应力的瞬间,会产生一个瞬时的波长移动,并随着时间继续向长波方向蠕变,并在一定的时间后达到平衡状态。在小应力范围内,该蠕变量的大小和与施加的应力成线性关系。聚合物材料的应力松弛会对Bragg光纤光栅的应变传感特性造成影响也会使Bragg波长缓慢漂移,但在小应变条件下漂移量很小,其Bragg波长随应变的变化具有良好的线性度。聚合物Bragg光纤光栅与石英Bragg光纤光栅相比具有极高的应力灵敏度和温度灵敏度,约为石英Bragg光纤光栅的10倍,应变灵敏度则与石英Bragg光纤光栅相当。
使用耦合模理论讨论了多模光纤的模式耦合,模拟了多模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅的反射谱。分析了多模聚合物Bragg光纤光栅不同模式的Bragg波长对应变和温度的传感特性并进行了实验验证。结果表明各模式的Bragg波长对应变具有几乎相同的灵敏度系数,各模式的温度灵敏度系数则与纤芯和包层的热光系数有关。纤芯和包层的热光系数差越大,则各模式的Bragg波长温度灵敏度系数差越大。对于聚合物光纤,由于其材料的相容性以及不等种类的聚合物热光系数差别很大,我们可以构造芯层包层热光系数差别很大的光纤,从而使不同模式具有不同温度灵敏度。在此基础上,提出了使用多模聚合物光纤光栅的不同模式来实现应变与温度传感分离测量的方法,并进行了仿真计算。
As a new type of sensor based on wavelength detection, the fiber Bragg grating has many advantages such as small size, light weight, anti-electromagnetic interference, and good repeatability, and is one of the mainstreams in current research of sensors. While most of fiber Bragg grating sensors are manufactured within quartz optical fiber, the polymer fiber grating has been attracting more and more attention since it was first reported in 1999. Compared with quartz fiber gratings, Polymer fiber gratings have more advantages such as flexibility, good biocompatibility, smaller Young's modulus, larger thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient; so they can provide more accurately sensing with higher sensitivity and wider response range. In this thesis, Fabricating and writing polymer fiber Bragg grating within PMMA doping BDK and its sensing properties are studied in depth both in theory and experiment including fabricating single-mode and multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating, the sensing properties of stress, strain and temperature of single-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating, and the differences of the sensing properties for different modes of multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating. And a number of innovative achievements are gained. The main contents are summarized as follows. The physical model of polymer fiber Bragg gratings is described, and the influences of each parameter of the polymer fiber Bragg grating on its spectral characteristics are calculated by using coupled-mode theory. Several common fiber grating etching technologies are introduced. The influence of mask template zero-level diffraction on the period of fiber Bragg gratings is analyzed, and the improved mask etching method used in the thesis is proposed. The single-mode and multi-mode polymer optical fiber with a core doped by the photosensitive material BDK using drawing perform method, within which the Bragg grating is written, and its spectrum is measured. By monitoring the dynamic spectrum of the polymer fiber Bragg grating, the photosensitivity of the PMMA polymer optical fiber doped by BDK in the core is studied, and the change of its core refractive index with exploring time is analyzed. The sensing properties of stress, strain and temperature of polymer fiber Bragg gratings are studied, and are compared with that of quartz fiber gratings. Different from quartz, polymer materials is a kind of macromolecular material, and their biggest feature is the mechanical characteristics of the viscoelastic, mainly in two aspects of creep and stress relaxation. With the standard solid model of linear three components for polymers, viscoelastic characteristics of the polymer materials are analyzed, of which the influences on the sensing properties of stress, strain are also analyzed. In the model the influence of creepage on stress characteristics of polymer fiber gratings and the influence of stress relaxation on strain characteristics of polymer fiber gratings are mainly considered, which is consistent with the experimental results. And the results show that the polymer fiber Bragg grating will result in an instantaneous wavelength shift when applied stress, and it will creep towards longer wavelength as time and will reach equilibrium at a certain time. In a small stress range, the change of the creep is linearly proportional to the applied stress. Stress relaxation of polymer materials will influence the sensing properties of polymer fiber Bragg grating and also result in the slow drift of the Bragg wavelength, but the drift is very small in small strain conditions, and the change of Bragg wavelength with strain has good linearity. Compared with quartz fiber gratings, polymer fiber gratings have extremely high stress and temperature sensitivity, which is about ten times of that of the quartz fiber grating, and the strain sensitivity of polymer fiber gratings is comparable to that of quartz fiber gratings.
The coupling of different modes in multi-mode fibers is analyzed using coupled-mode theory, and the reflecting spectrum of the multi-mode polymer fiber Bragg grating is simulated. For different modes in multi-mode polymer fiber gratings, the response characteristic of their Bragg wavelength to strain and temperature is analyzed in theory and verified in experiment. And the results show that the coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to strain for these modes are almost identical. The coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to temperature for these modes are related to thermo-optic coefficients of the core and cladding materials and the larger the difference of the thermo-optic coefficients of the core and cladding materials, the larger is the difference the coefficients of Bragg wavelength sensitivity to temperature. For polymer optical fiber, because different kinds of polymer materials have large differences of the thermo-optic coefficients and they may be compatible, we can construct a kind of polymer optical fiber, of which the core and cladding materials have large difference of thermo-optic coefficients, so different modes have different sensitivity to temperature. Based on this characteristic, a sensing method is proposed, which separately realizes strain and temperature sensing by utilizing different modes of polymer fiber gratings and some calculation is simulated.
引文
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