人工扰动对玛曲高寒沙化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响
|
摘要
近年来青藏高原草地沙化日趋严重,位于黄河第一弯的甘肃省玛曲县是黄河径流重要的汇集区和黄河上游至源头的重要水源涵养区。补充黄河水量约达45%。但由于人口和牲畜的增加,掠夺式经营使草场退化严重,湿地萎缩。全县近90%的天然草地出现了不同程度的退化和沙化,其中沙化面积达5×104hm2以上,且每年以10.8%的速度蔓延。研究人工扰动对高寒沙化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响,以及草地植物群落特征和演替状况,对玛曲县高寒草地生态环境恢复和沙漠化防治有重要意义。本论文采用围栏、施肥和补播等方法研究了人工扰动对高寒沙化草地生态系统中植物多样性与生产力,以及草地植物群落生态位特征的影响,主要取得了以下结果:
1施肥使高寒沙化草地植物群落高度明显增加,氮肥、磷肥和有机肥混合施肥效果最好,可使群落高度增加76.75%。施肥使植物个体增高增壮,使得植被盖度整体上增加,3种肥料混合施肥盖度可增加7%。在高寒沙化草地补播禾草后,对草群高度影响不大,垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅和草地早熟禾混播使平均高度增加了26%。补播明显增加了植被盖度,其中3种禾草混播可使盖度增加7%。施肥和补播使沙化草地高度和盖度增加,可以防止沙化草地进一步沙化,对高寒沙化草地的恢复起到重要的作用。
2施肥使物种丰富度显著下降,草群密度减小,3种肥料混施可使物种数比对照减少了17.24%,密度减少30.09%。施肥使Pielou均匀度指数增大,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数减小。补播使物种丰富度增加,草群密度都明显增大,补播草地早熟禾使物种数增加了8.08%,混播中华羊茅和垂穗披碱草使密度增加了39.65%。补播后各处理Pielou均匀度减小,Simpson指数,Shannon -Weiner指数也减小,其中单播中华羊茅,和混播中华羊茅和垂穗披碱草显著减小。施肥和补播都使草地植物多样性下降。
3施肥后使草地地上生物量比对照显著增加,3种肥料混施使地上生物量增加150.33%。施肥后生产力的增加主要是因为禾草类生物量的增加,禾草类占到地上总生物量的50%左右。禾草类生物量的增加,使草地可食牧草的比例增加,也提高了草地的经济价值和营养价值。补播后地上生物量比对照显著增加,3种禾草混播后地上生物量增加了55.74%左右,禾草类占到总地上生物量的50%以上,补播禾草后,草地群落以禾本科为主要的产量构成因素,草地的经济价值也得以提高。施肥和补播对提高草地生产力有明显的作用,有利于高寒沙化草地的恢复,也有利于高寒草地生态环境保护。
4沙化草地群落结构不稳定,存在高度异质性,与其它草地群落结构不同,多样性-生产力没有明显的相关关系。施肥后多样性-生产力是U型相关关系,R2达到0.73;但补播后多样性-生产力是近似U型关系,R2仅为0.31,相关性不高。
5玛曲高寒沙化草地当前的优势种是异针茅,围栏、施肥和补播都没有改变异针茅的优势地位。乳浆大戟和高山唐松草等作为高寒沙化草地的主要杂草,具有很强的生态适应性和竞争能力,它们与优势种异针茅和亚优势种紫羊茅等在生态环境资源的利用上相似程度较高,在群落的演替过程中起着重要作用。经过围栏、施肥和补播两年后,禾草得到较好的生长,种间竞争由杂类草之间的竞争,以及杂草与其它种群的竞争逐渐转变为杂类草与禾草之间的竞争。随着禾草类个体数,盖度和高度的增加,禾草竞争力增强,对其它种群造成抑制,杂类草减少,草地的利用价值得以提高。人工扰动措施围栏、施肥和补播禾草都能提高高寒草地的质量,是提高退化高寒草地生产力的有效手段,可以在退化高寒草地大量推广。
In recent years desertification of Tibetan plateau alpine meadow has become increasingly serious. Maqu County of Gansu Province located in the first bend of the Yellow River, which is the main catchment area and the important water sources conservation areas of upper Yellow River, it added Yellow River water about 45%. However, nearly 90% of the natural meadow has appeared degradation and made wetlands shrinking in Maqu County for increasing in population and livestock, the predatory business to serious degradation of meadows. Desertification area of more than 5×10~4hm~2, and the annual increasing rate is 10.8%. It was the important meaning to restore its ecological environment and alpine meadow and control desertification. It had also important significance that study on artificial disturbance on plant diversity and productivity, characteristics and succession situation of plant communities in Maqu alpine desertified meadow. The research had been done on plant diversity and productivity of the ecological system and the relationship between them, meadow communities niche characteristics and artificial disturbance experiments by methods of enclosure, fertilization and fertilization in Maqu alpine desertified meadow, we drew the following conclusions:
1. The research showed heights of plant communities in alpine meadow desertification increased significantly, mixed fertilization treatments of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer was the best effect, which increased 76.75% of communities height. Fertilizing treatments had made the plants individual strong, vegetation cover increasing. The treatments of three fertilizers could increase coverage of 7%.Interseeding of grasses had little effect on grasses height, Average height of Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis keng and Poa pratensis L. increased 26%. Interseeding significantly increased the vegetation coverage. Coverage of three mixed interseeding grasses increased 7%.
2. Fertilization made species richness dropped significantly, reduce the density of grass group. Species of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer treatments decreased number 17.24% less than that of non-fertilizing treatment and density of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer treatments redued 30.09% Fertilization made Pielou evenness index increased, while Simpson index and the Shannon-Wiener index decreased, plant diversity decreased. Interseeding increased species richness and grass groups density significantly. The density added 39.65% by mixed interseeding Festuca sinensis keng and Elymus nutans. After interseeding, Pielou minished, Simpson index and Shannon-Weiner index also decreased, which single seeding Festuca sinensis keng and mixed interseeding Festuca sinensis keng and Elymus nutans reduced evidently. Fertilization and interseeding made plant diversity declined.
3. Above-ground biomass significant increased after fertilizing. Above-ground biomass of mixed fertilization treatments for nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer added 150.33%. After fertilization, productivity increasing was due to grasses biomass increasing, grasses biomass accounted for the total biomass of about 50%. Grasses biomass increased, the ratio of edible forage grass increase, also enhanced the economic value of meadow nutritional value. After interseeding, Above-ground biomass also significant increased than control, Above-ground biomass of mixed interseeding Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis keng and Poa pratensis L. increased about 55.74%.Grasses accounted for the total biomass of more than 50%. This showed grasses formed of the main production factors, the economic value of meadow also be improved.We had taken measures of artificial disturbance improved the productivity of meadow, and controlled desertification in alpine meadow.
4. Desertified meadow community structure was instability, it had heterogeneous and had different community structure. There were no obvious correlativity. Diversity - productivity is U-shaped relationship after fertilization. But after interseeding Diversity - productivity is similar to U-shaped relationship, the calibration graphs of the method were not linear.
5. Stipa aliena was the current dominant species in Maqu alpine desertification meadow. Fencing, fertilizer and interseed didn’t change different podcasts have not changed dominant species position of Stipa aliena.However Euphorbia esula and Thalictrum alpinum as the main forbs, which had strong ecological adaptability and competitiveness, they played an important role in the community succession.After two years treatments of Fencing, fertilizer and interseed, grasses grew better, the competition is mainly between the forb and grass competition. With the grasses individual categories, coverage and a high degree increasing, grasses will inevitably posed major advantage groups, this improved utilization value of alpine desertification meadow. Interseeding grasses and fertilization could improve the meadow quality, increase the productivity in degradation alpine meadow, which can widely generalize in degraded alpine meadow.
1施肥使高寒沙化草地植物群落高度明显增加,氮肥、磷肥和有机肥混合施肥效果最好,可使群落高度增加76.75%。施肥使植物个体增高增壮,使得植被盖度整体上增加,3种肥料混合施肥盖度可增加7%。在高寒沙化草地补播禾草后,对草群高度影响不大,垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅和草地早熟禾混播使平均高度增加了26%。补播明显增加了植被盖度,其中3种禾草混播可使盖度增加7%。施肥和补播使沙化草地高度和盖度增加,可以防止沙化草地进一步沙化,对高寒沙化草地的恢复起到重要的作用。
2施肥使物种丰富度显著下降,草群密度减小,3种肥料混施可使物种数比对照减少了17.24%,密度减少30.09%。施肥使Pielou均匀度指数增大,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数减小。补播使物种丰富度增加,草群密度都明显增大,补播草地早熟禾使物种数增加了8.08%,混播中华羊茅和垂穗披碱草使密度增加了39.65%。补播后各处理Pielou均匀度减小,Simpson指数,Shannon -Weiner指数也减小,其中单播中华羊茅,和混播中华羊茅和垂穗披碱草显著减小。施肥和补播都使草地植物多样性下降。
3施肥后使草地地上生物量比对照显著增加,3种肥料混施使地上生物量增加150.33%。施肥后生产力的增加主要是因为禾草类生物量的增加,禾草类占到地上总生物量的50%左右。禾草类生物量的增加,使草地可食牧草的比例增加,也提高了草地的经济价值和营养价值。补播后地上生物量比对照显著增加,3种禾草混播后地上生物量增加了55.74%左右,禾草类占到总地上生物量的50%以上,补播禾草后,草地群落以禾本科为主要的产量构成因素,草地的经济价值也得以提高。施肥和补播对提高草地生产力有明显的作用,有利于高寒沙化草地的恢复,也有利于高寒草地生态环境保护。
4沙化草地群落结构不稳定,存在高度异质性,与其它草地群落结构不同,多样性-生产力没有明显的相关关系。施肥后多样性-生产力是U型相关关系,R2达到0.73;但补播后多样性-生产力是近似U型关系,R2仅为0.31,相关性不高。
5玛曲高寒沙化草地当前的优势种是异针茅,围栏、施肥和补播都没有改变异针茅的优势地位。乳浆大戟和高山唐松草等作为高寒沙化草地的主要杂草,具有很强的生态适应性和竞争能力,它们与优势种异针茅和亚优势种紫羊茅等在生态环境资源的利用上相似程度较高,在群落的演替过程中起着重要作用。经过围栏、施肥和补播两年后,禾草得到较好的生长,种间竞争由杂类草之间的竞争,以及杂草与其它种群的竞争逐渐转变为杂类草与禾草之间的竞争。随着禾草类个体数,盖度和高度的增加,禾草竞争力增强,对其它种群造成抑制,杂类草减少,草地的利用价值得以提高。人工扰动措施围栏、施肥和补播禾草都能提高高寒草地的质量,是提高退化高寒草地生产力的有效手段,可以在退化高寒草地大量推广。
In recent years desertification of Tibetan plateau alpine meadow has become increasingly serious. Maqu County of Gansu Province located in the first bend of the Yellow River, which is the main catchment area and the important water sources conservation areas of upper Yellow River, it added Yellow River water about 45%. However, nearly 90% of the natural meadow has appeared degradation and made wetlands shrinking in Maqu County for increasing in population and livestock, the predatory business to serious degradation of meadows. Desertification area of more than 5×10~4hm~2, and the annual increasing rate is 10.8%. It was the important meaning to restore its ecological environment and alpine meadow and control desertification. It had also important significance that study on artificial disturbance on plant diversity and productivity, characteristics and succession situation of plant communities in Maqu alpine desertified meadow. The research had been done on plant diversity and productivity of the ecological system and the relationship between them, meadow communities niche characteristics and artificial disturbance experiments by methods of enclosure, fertilization and fertilization in Maqu alpine desertified meadow, we drew the following conclusions:
1. The research showed heights of plant communities in alpine meadow desertification increased significantly, mixed fertilization treatments of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer was the best effect, which increased 76.75% of communities height. Fertilizing treatments had made the plants individual strong, vegetation cover increasing. The treatments of three fertilizers could increase coverage of 7%.Interseeding of grasses had little effect on grasses height, Average height of Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis keng and Poa pratensis L. increased 26%. Interseeding significantly increased the vegetation coverage. Coverage of three mixed interseeding grasses increased 7%.
2. Fertilization made species richness dropped significantly, reduce the density of grass group. Species of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer treatments decreased number 17.24% less than that of non-fertilizing treatment and density of nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer treatments redued 30.09% Fertilization made Pielou evenness index increased, while Simpson index and the Shannon-Wiener index decreased, plant diversity decreased. Interseeding increased species richness and grass groups density significantly. The density added 39.65% by mixed interseeding Festuca sinensis keng and Elymus nutans. After interseeding, Pielou minished, Simpson index and Shannon-Weiner index also decreased, which single seeding Festuca sinensis keng and mixed interseeding Festuca sinensis keng and Elymus nutans reduced evidently. Fertilization and interseeding made plant diversity declined.
3. Above-ground biomass significant increased after fertilizing. Above-ground biomass of mixed fertilization treatments for nitrogen, phosphate and organic fertilizer added 150.33%. After fertilization, productivity increasing was due to grasses biomass increasing, grasses biomass accounted for the total biomass of about 50%. Grasses biomass increased, the ratio of edible forage grass increase, also enhanced the economic value of meadow nutritional value. After interseeding, Above-ground biomass also significant increased than control, Above-ground biomass of mixed interseeding Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis keng and Poa pratensis L. increased about 55.74%.Grasses accounted for the total biomass of more than 50%. This showed grasses formed of the main production factors, the economic value of meadow also be improved.We had taken measures of artificial disturbance improved the productivity of meadow, and controlled desertification in alpine meadow.
4. Desertified meadow community structure was instability, it had heterogeneous and had different community structure. There were no obvious correlativity. Diversity - productivity is U-shaped relationship after fertilization. But after interseeding Diversity - productivity is similar to U-shaped relationship, the calibration graphs of the method were not linear.
5. Stipa aliena was the current dominant species in Maqu alpine desertification meadow. Fencing, fertilizer and interseed didn’t change different podcasts have not changed dominant species position of Stipa aliena.However Euphorbia esula and Thalictrum alpinum as the main forbs, which had strong ecological adaptability and competitiveness, they played an important role in the community succession.After two years treatments of Fencing, fertilizer and interseed, grasses grew better, the competition is mainly between the forb and grass competition. With the grasses individual categories, coverage and a high degree increasing, grasses will inevitably posed major advantage groups, this improved utilization value of alpine desertification meadow. Interseeding grasses and fertilization could improve the meadow quality, increase the productivity in degradation alpine meadow, which can widely generalize in degraded alpine meadow.
引文
[1]陈灵芝,王祖望.人类活动对生态系统多样性的影响[M].浙江科学技术出版社,杭州:1999: 266-286.
[2]任继周.草地农业系统持续发展的原则理解[J].草业学报.1997, (4):2-6.
[3]邱波.高寒草甸植物群落的物种多样性研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2004.
[4]邱波,杜国祯.高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性和生产力关系的光竞争研究[J].西北植物学报.2004, 24(9): 646-650.
[5]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,等.东祁连山高寒草地不同生境类型植物群落α及β多样性的初步研究[J].草业科学. 2006,23(6):1-5.
[6]高琼,李建东,郑慧莹.碱化草地景观动态及其对气候变化的响应与多样性和空间格局的关系[J].植物学报,1995,38(1):18-30.
[7]杨持,叶波,邢铁鹏.草原区域气候变化对物种多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(1):35-40.
[8]王长庭,王启基,龙瑞军,等.高寒草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿海拔梯度变化的研究[J].植物生态学报. 2004,28(2):240-245.
[9]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.
[10]方精云,神崎护,王襄平,等.西藏珠峰-卓奥友峰普士拉地区的高山植被的群落特征及小地形的影响[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):190-199.
[11]贾宝全,闰顺,李国旗,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源区高山带植被及其生物多样性初步研究[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(2):17-20.
[12]郭正刚,高新华,刘兴元等.甘南草地类型的生态经济价值与功能及其分类经营[J].山地学报.2004,22(6): 655-660.
[13] Yoda K A. Preliminary survey of the forest vegetation of eastem Nepal[J]. Journal of College Arts and Science. Chiba University(Natural Science),1967, 5: 99-140.
[14] Whittake R H. Vegetation of Siskiyou Mountains[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1960, 26: 1-80.
[15] Tilman D & J A D owning. Biodiversity and stability in grassland[J]. Nature. 1994, 367: 363-367.
[16]杜国桢,覃光莲,李自珍,等.高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度和生产力的关系研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(1):125-132.
[17]尚占环,姚爱兴,龙瑞军.干旱区山地植物群落物种多样性与生产力关系分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(1):74-78.
[18] Bai Y F, Han X G, Wu J G, et a1. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J]. Nature, 2004, 431: 181-184.
[19]彭少麟,黄忠良.生产力与物种多样性之间的相互关系研究概述[J].生态科学. 2000, 19(1): 1-9.
[20]杨福囤,王启基,何海菊.青藏高原植物热值含量与畜牧业生产[J].资源科学. 1986, 2:7-9.
[21]张树源,武海,沈振西,等.青海高原小麦叶片净光合速率日变化的中午降低现象对环境中生态因素的响应[J].西北植物学报.1995, 3:35-38.
[22]车敦仁.青海高寒牧区施磷施氮对栽培禾草营养成分含量的影响[J]青海畜牧兽医杂志. 1990,(02):52-54.
[23]李英年.高寒草甸植物地上生物量生长过程的某些特征[J].中国农业气象. 1998, 19(6):44-47.
[24]黄大明,李凌浩.放牧压力下高寒草甸夏秋草场潜在生产力的研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1998, 38(2): 91-94.
[25]李政海,鲍雅静,寇香玉.不同人为干扰对草原植物与群落净初级生产力的影响[J].内蒙古人学学报(自然利学版), 1999, 30(6): 745-750.
[26] Miteldach,G G &Steiner, C. F.& Schemer, S. M.&Gross, K. L. What is theobserved relationship between species richness and productivity? [J]. Ecology.2001, 82(9)2381-2396.
[27] Waide,R .B.,W illig,M .R.,S teiner,C .F.,M itelbach,G,Gough,L .,D odson,S .I.,Juday, G.P.& Parmenter, R. The relationship between productivity and species richness[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1999,30,257-300.
[28] Rosenzweig, M.L.& Abramsky, Z. How Are Diversity and Productivity Related ?Species Diversity in Ecological Communities:H istorical and Geographical Perspectives( eds R .E. Ricklefs & D.Schluter) [M].University of Chicago Perss ,Chicago. 1993:52-65.
[29] Gross, K.L., Willig, M.R., Gough, L,Inouye, R.&Cox, S.B. Paterns of spe ci es d iversity and productivity at diferents patials cales in herbaceous plant communities[J]. Oikos, 2000, 89: 417-427.
[30] Guo Q.F.&W.Berry. Species richness and biomass:dissection of the hump-shaped relationship[J]. Ecology,1998,79:2555～2559.
[31]袁建立.生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的实验研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2004.
[32]邱波,罗燕江.不同施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的影响[J].兰州大学学报. 2004,40(3):56-59.
[33]覃光莲.高寒草甸植物群落中物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学, 2003.
[34]覃光莲,杜国祯,李自珍,等.高寒草甸植物群落中物种多样性与生产力关系研究[J].植物生态学报.2002, 26(增刊):57-62.
[35] Gary G. Mittelbach, et al. What is the observed relation between species richness and productivity[J]. Ecology.2001,82(9):2381-2396.
[36]周志宇,付华,陈业明等.阿拉善荒漠草地恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化[J].草业学报. 2003, (1):34-40.
[37] Aarssen,L.W. High productivitying rassland ecosystem:effected by species or productive species? [J].Oikos. 1997,80:183-184.
[38] Tilman D.,J.Knops,D.Wedin,et al. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes[J].Science. 1997, 277:1300-1302.
[39]赵忠,王安禄,马海生等.青藏高原东缘草地生态系统动态定位监测与可持续发展要素研究[J ].草业科学. 2002, 19(6):9-13.
[40]王长庭,龙瑞军,丁路明.高寒草甸不同草地类型功能群多样性及组成对植物群落生产力的影响[J].生物多样.2004,12 (4):403-409.
[41] Kassen,R., B.Angus, B.Graham, et al. Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm[J].Nature.2000,406:508-51.
[42] Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J.Knops, et al. Diversity and productivity in a long_term grassland experiment[J].Science. 2001, 294:843-845.
[43] Darwin (著)周建人,叶笃庄,方宗熙(译).物种起源(第6版)北京:商务印书馆.1872.127.
[44] McCann K S. The diversity-stability dabate[J]. Nature. 2000, 405:228-233.
[45] Connell J H, Orias E. The ecological regulation of species diversity[J]. Am.Nat. 1964, 9 8:399-414.
[46] Leigh EG Jr. On the relationship betweenp roductivity,biomass, diversity and stability of a community[M].Proc.NatI.Acad. Sci.USA. 1965,53: 77- 83.
[47] Piank,E.R. On lizard species diversity:North American fla tl an d deserts[J]. Ecology. 1967, 48:465-476.
[48] Brown J .H. & Davidson,D.W. Competition between seed-eating rodents and ants in desert ecosystems[J]. Science.1977,196:880-882.
[49] Wardle R B,et a1.The relationship between productivity and species richness[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Evstematics. 1999,30:257-300.
[50] Huston MA. A general hypothesis of species diversity[J]. Am. Nat. 1979,113: 81-101.
[51] Fridley,Jason D. Resource availability dominates and alters the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity in experimental plant communities[J]. Oecologia. 2002, 132: 271-277.
[52] Tilman D, Wedin D and J Knops. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems[J]. Nature. 1996, 379:718-720.
[53] Kais J . Rif t over biodiversity divides ecologists[J].Science.2000, 289:1282-1283.
[54] Givnish T J. Does diversity beget stability[J]? Nature.1994, 371:113-114.
[55] Tilman D, Downing J A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J].Nature , 1994, 367: 363-365.
[56] Huston M A. Hidden treatments in ecological experiment: re-evaluating the ecosytem function of biodiversity[J]. Oecologia.l997,110: 449- 460.
[57] Loreau M,et al, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowldge and future challenges[J]. Science.2001,294:804-808
[58] Naeem S,L J Tompson,S P Lawler,etal. Declining biodiversity Ganater the performance of ecosystems[J].Nature.1994,368:734-737.
[59] Hector A,et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in Europe an grassland[J]. Science. 1999, 286:1123-1127.
[60] Lawton J H . The theory and practice of the science of biodiversity:a personal assessment[M]. In: Kato M(ed),The Biology of Biodiversity. Springer, Berlin ,2000:107-131
[61] Huston M A, etal. Noconsistent effect of plant diversity on productivity[J]. Science.2000, 289 :1255.
[62] Hooper D U and P M Vitousek. The effect of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J]. Science. 1997,277:1302-1305.
[63] Hooper D U. The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem reponses to variation in plant diversity[J]. Ecology.1998,79 :704-719.
[64] Leps J.,J.Osbornoa-Kosinova,K.Rejmanek et al.Community stability,complexity and life history strategies.Vegetation,1982,51:53-63.
[65] Kaiser J.,J.Gallagher.Does diversity lure invader?Science,1997,277:1204-1205.
[66] MacGillivaty C.W.,J.P.Grim,S.R.Band,et al..Testing predictions of the resistance and resilienceof vegetation subjected to extreme events.Functional Ecology,1995,9:640-649
[67] Grime J.P.Biodiversity and ecosystem function:the debate deepens. Science, 1997, 277: 1260-1261.
[68] Chapin F.S.,B.H.Walker,R.J.Hobbs,et al.Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science,1997,277:500-504.
[69] White P S. Piekett S T A. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. NewYolk: Acad Press,1985,3-13.
[70] Grime J P. The C-S-R model of primary plant strategies[M].In Gottlieb L. D, Jain S. K. (eds).Plant Evolutionary Biology. London: Chapman and Hall. 1988:71-393.
[71]李政海.人为干扰对草原的影响极其调控途径的研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学生态与环境科学系, 1998.
[72]刘志明.植物适应干扰机制和干扰对植被过程影响的若干例证研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2001.
[73]王仁忠.干扰对草地生态系统生物多样性的影响[J].东北师大学报自然科学版. 1996 (3):112-115 .
[74] Noss R.F.Managing rangelands.In:Noss and Cooperrider(eds),Saving Nature’s Legacy.Island Press, 1994,220-263.
[75] Austin M P,O B Williams.L Belbin Grassland dynamivs under sheep grazing in an Australian Mediteereanean type climate[J].Vegetatio.1981,46:201-212.
[76] Bakker J P. Nature management by Grazing and cutting (Geobotany 14) [J].Kluwer Academic Plubisher.1989:11-17 .
[77]王仁忠,李建东.放牧对松嫩平原羊草草地植物种群分布的影响[J].草业科学. 1993, 10 (3):27-300.
[78] Whittaker R H. Evolution of species diversityinl and communities[J]. Evolutionary Biology.1977,10:1-67.
[79] Sousa W P. The role of disturbance in natural community[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and systematics.1984,15:353-392.
[80] Collins S L. Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie; a field experiment[J]. Ecology.1987.68(5):1243-1250.
[81] Woodmansee R G, Duncan D A. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and budget in annual grassland[J]. Ecology. 1980, 61(4):893-904.
[82] Weiner J .The effects of plant density, potassium-phosphorus fertilization on species proportion and interference between Trifolium incarnatum and Lolium multiflorum with limited nitrogen supply[J]. Journal of Ecology. 1980, 68(3):969-979.
[83] Deborah E. Goldberg. Effect of different resouce additions on species diversity in an annual plant community[J]. Ecology.1990,71(1):213-225.
[84]周道玮,刘仲龄.火烧对羊草草原群落的组成的影响[J].应用生态学报.1994, 5 (4): 371-377.
[85]周道玮.火烧对草地的生态影响[J].中国草地. 1992, (2):74-77.
[86] Anderson H G, Bailey A W. Effects of annual burning on grassland in the aspen parkland of east-central Alberta[J]. Canadan Journal of Eotany.1980,58:985-996.
[87]葛滢,刘庚长,张宝田等.松嫩平原重碱地改良方法的初步研究[C].中国草地科学研究与发展战略—中国草原学会第三届代表大会暨第五次全国学术会议论文选编. 1990: 223-226.
[88]陈自胜,赵明清.退化羊草草场松土与施肥的研究[C].中国草地科学研究与发展战略—中国草原学会第三届代表大会暨第五次全国学术会议论文选编.1990 ,227-229.
[89] Fresquez ,P. R. R. E. Francis & G. L. Dennis. Soil and vegetation responses to sewage sludge on a degraded semiarid broom snake weed/ blue grama plant community[J]. Journal of Range Management .1990 ,43 :325 - 331.
[90]袁有福,罗新义等.半干旱低产草地改良配套技术的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧科技. 1992 , 1 :17-24.
[91] Heady H. F. & R. D. Child . Rangeland Ecology & Management[M] . Westview Press. Bouder , Colorado.1994.
[92]何锦林,谭红.酸性土壤施石灰对白三叶草养分影响的研究[J],中国草地.1995 ,3 :34-37.
[93]刘树强,史有财,李茂林.羊草草地松土复壮效果研究[J].草业科学.1989 ,6 (3) :50-53.
[94] Hillard J .B. et al. Effects of limestone and phosphorus on nutrient availability and coastal bermudagrass yield on Ultisol[J]. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis .1992 ,23 (12) :175-188.
[95]李昌平,杨政.不同补播方式改良草地的效果评价(初报)[J].草业科学.1989 ,6 (2) :39-41.
[96]祁德才,沈继宏,刘光俭.固原东部半干旱黄土丘陵区干草原草场改良方法初探[J].草业科学,1990 ,7 (5) :62 -65.
[97]张卫国.试论草地的补播改良[J].草业科学.1990 ,7 (2) :57-59.
[98]傅林谦,祝廷成.沙地飞播植被演替规律初探[J].草业科学.1993 ,10 (5) :12-16.
[99] Ralphs ,M. H. T. D. whitson & D. N. Ueckert . Herbicide control of poisonous plants[J]. Rangelands. 1991, 13 :73 - 77.
[100]萨赫都拉,霍曼.醉马草及其防治措施[J].草业科学.1992 ,9 (5) :36-37.
[101]候丰.科尔沁西部天然草地有毒有害植物及其防治措施[J],草业科学.1995 ,12 (5) : 29-34.
[102]涂鹤龄,曹致中,柴惠等.克芜踪净化红豆草播种地杂草试验[J].草业科学. 1995, 12(3) : 40-43.
[103]张武舜,孙休荣,苏红.江苏沿海滩涂牧草混播的增产效果[J].草与畜杂志. 1992, 2 : 17-19.
[104]赵彪.利用白花草木樨改田治盐[J].草与畜杂志. 1993 ,2 :25-25.
[105]李松.豆科牧草对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响研究[J].草业科学.1993 ,10 (5) :20-23.
[106] Krysl ,L. J . M. L. Galyean ,M.B. J udkins , et al. Digestive physiology of steers grazing ferilized and non- fertilized blue grama rangeland [J]. Journal of Range Management. 1987, 40(5): 496 -501.
[107] Berg ,W. A. . Effect of 20 years of low N rate pasture fertilization on soil acidity [J].Joumal of Range Management.1986 ,35(5) :505 - 507.
[108]马志广,陈敏.草地改良理论、方法与趋势[J].中国草地. 1994 ,4 :63-66.
[109]任继生.蒿属退化草场松土补播改良试验[C].中国北方天然草原改良技术交流会议资料汇编,1986 ,43-48.
[110]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲等.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究.草业科学. 2005,22(1):59-63.
[111]江小蕾,张卫国,杨振宇等.不同干扰类型对高寒草甸群落结构和植物多样性的影响[J].西北植物学报. 2003,23( 9):1479-1485.
[112]沈景林,谭刚,乔海龙等.草地改良对高寒退化草地植被影响的研究[J].中国草地. 2000(5):49-54.
[113]周华坤,赵新全,周立等.青藏高原高寒草甸的土壤退化与植被退化特征研究[J].草业学报. 2005.14(3): 31-40.
[114]周兴民,王启基.不同放牧强度下高寒草甸演替规律的数量分析[J].植物生态学与地植物学报.1987, 11 (4):276-285.
[115]李希来.高寒草甸草地全封育下的植物量变化[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志.1999,24(4):9-11.
[116]李青云,董全民.围栏封育对高寒草甸退化植被的作用[J].青海草业.2002,11(3):1-4.
[117] Grime J. P. Control of species diversity in herbaceous vegetation[J]. Journal of Environmental Management.1973,1:151-167.
[118] A1-Mufti, M. M.,Sydes C. L.,Funess S. B.,et al. A quantitative analysis of shoot phonology and dominance in herbaceous vegetation[J]. Journal of Ecology. 1977,65:759-791.
[119] Stevens,M.H.H. & Carson,w.p. The significance of assemblage-level thining for species richness[J]. J. Ecol. 1999a,87:490-502.
[120] Stevens,M.H.H. & Carson,w.p..Plant density determines species richness along an experimental fertility gradient[J]. Ecology, 1999b, 80:455-465.
[121] Rajaniemi,T. K..Why does fertilization reduce plant species diversity? Testing three competition-based hypotheses[J]. J. Ecol. 2002, 90:316-324.
[122] Abrams. P. A. Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients: what does competition theory predicts? [J]. Ecology .1995,76:2019-2017.
[123] Rajaniemi,T. K. Explain diversity-productivity relationships in plants[J]. Oikos. 2003, 101: 449-457.
[124] Rajaniemi,T. K. Explaining the productivity-diversity relationship in plant: changing effects of competition on the community[J]. Biology. University of Michigan, 2001:259.
[125] Tilman, D. & S. Pacala. The maintance of species richness in plant communities[M]. in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, USA. 1993: 13-25.
[126] Oksanen, J. Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass and artifact due to plot size[J]? Journal of Ecolgy. 1996,84:293-295.
[127]邱波,罗燕江,杜国祯.施肥梯度对甘南高寒草甸植被特征的影响[J].草业学报. 2004, 13(6):65-68.
[128]周青平,金继运,德科加等.不同施氮水平对高寒草地牧草增产效益的研究[J].土壤肥料. 2005(3):29-31.
[129]仁青吉,罗燕江,王海洋等.青藏高原典型高寒草甸退化草地的恢复—施肥刈割对草地质量的影响[J].草业学报. 2004,13(2):43-49.
[130]陈亚明,李自珍,杜国祯.施肥对高寒草甸植物多样性和经济类群的影响[J].西北植物学报. 2004,24(3):424-429.
[131]杜国祯,王刚.甘南亚高山草甸人工草地的演替和质量变化[J].植物学报. 1995, 37(4):306-313.
[132] Bakelaar R G, Eugene O P. Community and population level responses to fertilization in an old field ecosystem[J]. Ecology.1978,59(4):660-665
[133]李志华,聂朝阳,陈宝书.氮磷钾肥单施与混施对燕麦生产性能的影响[J].草业科学.1994, 11(4):24-26.
[134]郭克贞.改良退化天然草地综合技术经济效益研究[J].草业科学. 1996,13(2):24-28.
[135]文亦芾,蒋文兰,冉繁军.改良云贵高原退化红壤人工草地的施肥效应研究[J].草原与草坪. 2001,(2):46-48.
[136]罗燕江.施肥刈割对高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学, 2003.
[137] Koerselman, W.,Meuleman, A. F. M. The vegetation N:P ratio:a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J]. Journal of Applied Ecollogy. 1996, 33:1441-1450.
[138] Verhoeven, J. T. A. , Kemmer, R. H. , Koerselman,W. Nutrient enrichment of freshwaterwetlands Landscape [J]. Ecology of a Stressed Environment, 1993, 33-59.
[139] Veroeven, J. T. A.,Koerselman, W.,Meuleman, A. F. M. Nitrogen or phosphorus limitedgrowth in herbceous,wet vegetation:relations with atmospheric inputs andmanagement regimes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1996, 11:494-497.
[140]刘欣,李青云,英陶.封育、灌溉、补播改良荒漠草地的效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志. 1995, (3): 14-16.
[141]卜繁超,姚文军.天然草地机械化补精改良技术及配套机具[J].新疆农机化. 2002, (5):10-12.
[142]安源.沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究[J].草地学报,1997,(1):33.
[143]魏振凯.工程与生物措施结合改良简化草地效果[J].辽宁畜牧兽医.1999,(2):12-13.
[144]李希来,黄葆宁.治理“黑土滩”退化草地补种禾草和嵩草试验初报[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志.1996,(4):9-11.
[145]李希来.补播禾草恢复“黑土滩”植被的效果[J].草业科学.1996,13(5):17-19.
[146]陈亚明.退化嵩草型高山草地补播豆科牧草的研究[J].草业学报.1999,8(2):71-75.
[147]马金祥,桑永燕,尕松代吉.四种禾草补播“黑土型”退化草地效果的初步观测[J].青海草业. 2006,15(3):5-6,23.
[148]刘振恒,陈昕,梁国栋,等.甘南玛曲草地退化现状及恢复重建初探[J].草业与畜牧,2006,(8):21-24,29.
[149]彭敏,陈桂深.青海湖地区植被演变趋势的研究[J].植物生态与地植物学学报. 1993,17 (3):217-233.
[150]李永宏.蒙古高原典型草原植物群落的生物多样性特征机器放牧动态规律[J].植物学通报. 1993, 10(增刊):23-24.
[151]张堰青.不同放牧强度下高寒关丛群落特征和演替规律的数量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报.1990,14 (4):358-3650.
[152]马玉寿,郎百宁,李青云等.江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究[J].草业科学. 2002, 19(9):1-5.
[153]王启基,周立,王发刚.放牧强度对冬春草场植物群落结构及功能的效应分析[J].高寒草甸生态系统. 1995, (4):353-363.
[154] Molles M . Ecology:Conceptsa ndA pplications, McGraw-Hill 81. Morin, 1999.
[155] Ju Qian, Genxu Wang, Yongjian Ding et al. The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2006 ,(116): 137-156.
[156]刘兴元,陈全功,王永宁.甘南草地退化对生态安全与经济发展的影响[J].草业科学, 2006,23(12):39-42.
[157]杨青平,刘振恒,梁国栋,等.甘肃省玛曲县草地资源及其开发利用中存在的问题与对策[J].青海草业. 2006,15(1):39-42.
[158]袁宏波,王辉,李晓兵,等.玛曲县天然草地沙化动态及现状分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报. 2006,41(1): 73-78.
[159]王辉,袁宏波,徐向宏,等.黄河源区沙化草地区域景观特征[J].应用生态学报. 2006,17(9):1665-1670.
[160]尚燚,秦建宏,尚小生,等.玛曲县草地畜牧业存在的问题及可持续发展对策[J].青海草业. 2006,15(2): 28-30.
[161]姜雪城.“高原之肾”-黄河首曲湿地严重退化[J].草业科学,2004,21(11):38.
[162]王海洋.施肥与刈割对亚高山草甸常见禾草及群落生产力的影响—植物个体、种群与群落对刈割的补偿反应[D].博士后学位论文.重庆:西南农业大学.2001.
[163]罗燕江.退化和恢复中的植物群落[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2006.
[164]韩文武.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落退化过程和恢复机理的研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2006.
[165]王辉.玛曲高寒草甸沙化特征及沙化驱动机制研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2007.
[166]张志强,孙成权,吴新年,等.论甘南高原生态建设与可持续发展战略[J ].草业科学, 2000, 17 (5):59-64.
[167]李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.118-119.
[168]董鸣.陆地生物群落调查观察与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.17-19.
[169] Levins R. Evolution in changing environments: Some theoretical explorations[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, l968.
[170] Hurlbet S H. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives[J]. Ecology, 59:67-77.
[171] Pianka E R. The structure of lizard community[J]. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 1973, 4: 53-74.
[172]王大明.试论高寒人工草地施氮的增产效应[J].中国草地,1994(2):76-80.
[173]孙斌.三种改良措施对高寒退化草地植被的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):797-801.
[174]纪亚君.青海高寒天然草地施氮肥试验[J].中国草地,2005,27(6): 67-69.
[175]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,等,施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究: I群落特征及其物种多样性[J].草业学报,2004,13(1):26-31.
[176]李自珍,韩晓卓,李文龙,等.高寒湿地植物群落的物种多样性保护及生态恢复对策[J].西北植物学报, 2004 (24) 3:363-369
[177]赵丽娅,李锋瑞,王先之.草地沙化过程地上植被与土壤种子库变化特征[J].生态学报, 2003, 23(9):1745-1756.
[178]王仁忠.浑善达克沙化草地C4植物资源及其与植被演替的关系[J].生态学报,2004, 24(10): 2225-2229.
[179]郑翠玲,曹子龙,王贤,等.围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化草地植被恢复中的作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(3):78-81.
[180] Grinnell, J. Field tests of theories concerning distributional control[J ]. American Naturalist, 1917, 51:115-128.
[181] Elton C S. Animal Ecology[M]. Lodon: Sidgewick and Jackson,1927.
[182]王仁忠.放牧影响下羊草草地主要植物种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21 (4):304-311.
[183]王志高,王孝安,肖娅萍.太白红杉群落优势种的生态位研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23( 10):1780-1883.
[184]李文龙,韩晓卓,李自珍,等.沙区人工固沙植物的种间生态位关系与系统模拟研究[J].西北植物学报,2006, 26(7): 1420-1427.
[185]张继义,赵哈林,张铜会,等.科尔沁沙地植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2741-2746.
[186]尚玉昌.现代生态学中的生态位理论[J ].生态学进展,1988,5(2):77-84.
[187]廖国藩,贾幼陵.中国草地资源[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996,1-l4.
[188]韩永伟,高吉喜.中国草地主要生态环境问题分析与防治对策[J].环境科学研究, 2005, 18(3):60-62.
[189]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第三版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:527.
[190] Foster B L,Gross K L.Species richness in a succesional grassland:effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter[J]. Ecology,1998,71:2593-2602.
[191]孙斌.三种改良措施对高寒退化草地植被的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):797-801.
[192]沈景林,孟杨,胡文良,等.高寒地区退化草地改良试验研究[J].草业学报,1999,8(3):9-14.
[193]程积民,贾恒义,彭详林.施肥草地群落生物量结构的研究[J].草业学报, 1997, (6)2:22-27.
[194]程积民,贾恒义,彭详林.施肥草地植被群落结构和演替的研究[J].水土保持研究, 1996, 3(4): 124-128.
[195]李新荣,张景光,刘立超,等.我国干旱沙漠地区人工植被与环境演变过程中植物多样性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000, 24 (3) 257-261.
[196]刘彦随,倪绍祥,查勇.陕北风沙滩地土地退化机理及治理对策[J].自然资源学报,1997,12 (4):357-362.
[197]王堃,吕进英,邵新庆.沙漠化草地的恢复与重建途径[J].草地学报,2004,12(3):240-245.
[198]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启基,等.不同类型高寒草地群落物种特征和均匀度的重要性[J].草地学报, 2005, 13(4): 320-323.
[199] Morse D R,Lawton J H,Dodson M.., et a1. Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths[J]. Nature, 1985,314:731-732.
[200] Elly P H Best,F H H Jacobs. Production, nutrient availability, and elemental balances of two meadows affected by different fertilization and water table regimes in The Netherlands[J]. Plant Ecology 2001,155: 61-73.
[201]王辉,任继周,袁宏波.黄河源区高寒草地沙化进程中土壤物理性质的变化(简报)—以玛曲为例[J].草业学报,2007,16(1):30-33.
[202] Mitelbach, G.G., Steiner, C. F., Scheiner, S.M., Gross, K L. et al. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity?Ecology, 82:2381-2396.
[203]王刚.植物群落中生态位重叠的计测[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1984,8(4): 329-334.
[204]韩苑鸿,汪诗平,陈佐忠.以放牧率梯度研究内蒙古典型草原主要种群的生态位[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):204-210.
[205]陈波,周兴明.三种嵩草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析[J].植物生态学报, 1995,19:158-169.
[206]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,等.高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场主要植物种群的生态位[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(11):1323-1327.
[207]张林静,岳明,赵桂仿.生态位不同计测方法在绿洲荒漠交错带应用的比较[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4):71-75.
[208]鄢燕,张锦华,张建国.青藏公路沿线高寒草甸次生群落特征及生态修复[J ].草地学报,2006,14(12):156-159.
[209]李文龙,张彦宇,李自珍,等.高寒草地植物生态位适宜度与生产力和多样性的关系及其对放牧的响应[J ].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(2):53-57.
[2]任继周.草地农业系统持续发展的原则理解[J].草业学报.1997, (4):2-6.
[3]邱波.高寒草甸植物群落的物种多样性研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2004.
[4]邱波,杜国祯.高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性和生产力关系的光竞争研究[J].西北植物学报.2004, 24(9): 646-650.
[5]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,等.东祁连山高寒草地不同生境类型植物群落α及β多样性的初步研究[J].草业科学. 2006,23(6):1-5.
[6]高琼,李建东,郑慧莹.碱化草地景观动态及其对气候变化的响应与多样性和空间格局的关系[J].植物学报,1995,38(1):18-30.
[7]杨持,叶波,邢铁鹏.草原区域气候变化对物种多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(1):35-40.
[8]王长庭,王启基,龙瑞军,等.高寒草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿海拔梯度变化的研究[J].植物生态学报. 2004,28(2):240-245.
[9]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.
[10]方精云,神崎护,王襄平,等.西藏珠峰-卓奥友峰普士拉地区的高山植被的群落特征及小地形的影响[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):190-199.
[11]贾宝全,闰顺,李国旗,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源区高山带植被及其生物多样性初步研究[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(2):17-20.
[12]郭正刚,高新华,刘兴元等.甘南草地类型的生态经济价值与功能及其分类经营[J].山地学报.2004,22(6): 655-660.
[13] Yoda K A. Preliminary survey of the forest vegetation of eastem Nepal[J]. Journal of College Arts and Science. Chiba University(Natural Science),1967, 5: 99-140.
[14] Whittake R H. Vegetation of Siskiyou Mountains[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1960, 26: 1-80.
[15] Tilman D & J A D owning. Biodiversity and stability in grassland[J]. Nature. 1994, 367: 363-367.
[16]杜国桢,覃光莲,李自珍,等.高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度和生产力的关系研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(1):125-132.
[17]尚占环,姚爱兴,龙瑞军.干旱区山地植物群落物种多样性与生产力关系分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(1):74-78.
[18] Bai Y F, Han X G, Wu J G, et a1. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J]. Nature, 2004, 431: 181-184.
[19]彭少麟,黄忠良.生产力与物种多样性之间的相互关系研究概述[J].生态科学. 2000, 19(1): 1-9.
[20]杨福囤,王启基,何海菊.青藏高原植物热值含量与畜牧业生产[J].资源科学. 1986, 2:7-9.
[21]张树源,武海,沈振西,等.青海高原小麦叶片净光合速率日变化的中午降低现象对环境中生态因素的响应[J].西北植物学报.1995, 3:35-38.
[22]车敦仁.青海高寒牧区施磷施氮对栽培禾草营养成分含量的影响[J]青海畜牧兽医杂志. 1990,(02):52-54.
[23]李英年.高寒草甸植物地上生物量生长过程的某些特征[J].中国农业气象. 1998, 19(6):44-47.
[24]黄大明,李凌浩.放牧压力下高寒草甸夏秋草场潜在生产力的研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1998, 38(2): 91-94.
[25]李政海,鲍雅静,寇香玉.不同人为干扰对草原植物与群落净初级生产力的影响[J].内蒙古人学学报(自然利学版), 1999, 30(6): 745-750.
[26] Miteldach,G G &Steiner, C. F.& Schemer, S. M.&Gross, K. L. What is theobserved relationship between species richness and productivity? [J]. Ecology.2001, 82(9)2381-2396.
[27] Waide,R .B.,W illig,M .R.,S teiner,C .F.,M itelbach,G,Gough,L .,D odson,S .I.,Juday, G.P.& Parmenter, R. The relationship between productivity and species richness[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1999,30,257-300.
[28] Rosenzweig, M.L.& Abramsky, Z. How Are Diversity and Productivity Related ?Species Diversity in Ecological Communities:H istorical and Geographical Perspectives( eds R .E. Ricklefs & D.Schluter) [M].University of Chicago Perss ,Chicago. 1993:52-65.
[29] Gross, K.L., Willig, M.R., Gough, L,Inouye, R.&Cox, S.B. Paterns of spe ci es d iversity and productivity at diferents patials cales in herbaceous plant communities[J]. Oikos, 2000, 89: 417-427.
[30] Guo Q.F.&W.Berry. Species richness and biomass:dissection of the hump-shaped relationship[J]. Ecology,1998,79:2555～2559.
[31]袁建立.生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的实验研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2004.
[32]邱波,罗燕江.不同施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的影响[J].兰州大学学报. 2004,40(3):56-59.
[33]覃光莲.高寒草甸植物群落中物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学, 2003.
[34]覃光莲,杜国祯,李自珍,等.高寒草甸植物群落中物种多样性与生产力关系研究[J].植物生态学报.2002, 26(增刊):57-62.
[35] Gary G. Mittelbach, et al. What is the observed relation between species richness and productivity[J]. Ecology.2001,82(9):2381-2396.
[36]周志宇,付华,陈业明等.阿拉善荒漠草地恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化[J].草业学报. 2003, (1):34-40.
[37] Aarssen,L.W. High productivitying rassland ecosystem:effected by species or productive species? [J].Oikos. 1997,80:183-184.
[38] Tilman D.,J.Knops,D.Wedin,et al. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes[J].Science. 1997, 277:1300-1302.
[39]赵忠,王安禄,马海生等.青藏高原东缘草地生态系统动态定位监测与可持续发展要素研究[J ].草业科学. 2002, 19(6):9-13.
[40]王长庭,龙瑞军,丁路明.高寒草甸不同草地类型功能群多样性及组成对植物群落生产力的影响[J].生物多样.2004,12 (4):403-409.
[41] Kassen,R., B.Angus, B.Graham, et al. Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm[J].Nature.2000,406:508-51.
[42] Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J.Knops, et al. Diversity and productivity in a long_term grassland experiment[J].Science. 2001, 294:843-845.
[43] Darwin (著)周建人,叶笃庄,方宗熙(译).物种起源(第6版)北京:商务印书馆.1872.127.
[44] McCann K S. The diversity-stability dabate[J]. Nature. 2000, 405:228-233.
[45] Connell J H, Orias E. The ecological regulation of species diversity[J]. Am.Nat. 1964, 9 8:399-414.
[46] Leigh EG Jr. On the relationship betweenp roductivity,biomass, diversity and stability of a community[M].Proc.NatI.Acad. Sci.USA. 1965,53: 77- 83.
[47] Piank,E.R. On lizard species diversity:North American fla tl an d deserts[J]. Ecology. 1967, 48:465-476.
[48] Brown J .H. & Davidson,D.W. Competition between seed-eating rodents and ants in desert ecosystems[J]. Science.1977,196:880-882.
[49] Wardle R B,et a1.The relationship between productivity and species richness[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Evstematics. 1999,30:257-300.
[50] Huston MA. A general hypothesis of species diversity[J]. Am. Nat. 1979,113: 81-101.
[51] Fridley,Jason D. Resource availability dominates and alters the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity in experimental plant communities[J]. Oecologia. 2002, 132: 271-277.
[52] Tilman D, Wedin D and J Knops. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems[J]. Nature. 1996, 379:718-720.
[53] Kais J . Rif t over biodiversity divides ecologists[J].Science.2000, 289:1282-1283.
[54] Givnish T J. Does diversity beget stability[J]? Nature.1994, 371:113-114.
[55] Tilman D, Downing J A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J].Nature , 1994, 367: 363-365.
[56] Huston M A. Hidden treatments in ecological experiment: re-evaluating the ecosytem function of biodiversity[J]. Oecologia.l997,110: 449- 460.
[57] Loreau M,et al, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowldge and future challenges[J]. Science.2001,294:804-808
[58] Naeem S,L J Tompson,S P Lawler,etal. Declining biodiversity Ganater the performance of ecosystems[J].Nature.1994,368:734-737.
[59] Hector A,et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in Europe an grassland[J]. Science. 1999, 286:1123-1127.
[60] Lawton J H . The theory and practice of the science of biodiversity:a personal assessment[M]. In: Kato M(ed),The Biology of Biodiversity. Springer, Berlin ,2000:107-131
[61] Huston M A, etal. Noconsistent effect of plant diversity on productivity[J]. Science.2000, 289 :1255.
[62] Hooper D U and P M Vitousek. The effect of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J]. Science. 1997,277:1302-1305.
[63] Hooper D U. The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem reponses to variation in plant diversity[J]. Ecology.1998,79 :704-719.
[64] Leps J.,J.Osbornoa-Kosinova,K.Rejmanek et al.Community stability,complexity and life history strategies.Vegetation,1982,51:53-63.
[65] Kaiser J.,J.Gallagher.Does diversity lure invader?Science,1997,277:1204-1205.
[66] MacGillivaty C.W.,J.P.Grim,S.R.Band,et al..Testing predictions of the resistance and resilienceof vegetation subjected to extreme events.Functional Ecology,1995,9:640-649
[67] Grime J.P.Biodiversity and ecosystem function:the debate deepens. Science, 1997, 277: 1260-1261.
[68] Chapin F.S.,B.H.Walker,R.J.Hobbs,et al.Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science,1997,277:500-504.
[69] White P S. Piekett S T A. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. NewYolk: Acad Press,1985,3-13.
[70] Grime J P. The C-S-R model of primary plant strategies[M].In Gottlieb L. D, Jain S. K. (eds).Plant Evolutionary Biology. London: Chapman and Hall. 1988:71-393.
[71]李政海.人为干扰对草原的影响极其调控途径的研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学生态与环境科学系, 1998.
[72]刘志明.植物适应干扰机制和干扰对植被过程影响的若干例证研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2001.
[73]王仁忠.干扰对草地生态系统生物多样性的影响[J].东北师大学报自然科学版. 1996 (3):112-115 .
[74] Noss R.F.Managing rangelands.In:Noss and Cooperrider(eds),Saving Nature’s Legacy.Island Press, 1994,220-263.
[75] Austin M P,O B Williams.L Belbin Grassland dynamivs under sheep grazing in an Australian Mediteereanean type climate[J].Vegetatio.1981,46:201-212.
[76] Bakker J P. Nature management by Grazing and cutting (Geobotany 14) [J].Kluwer Academic Plubisher.1989:11-17 .
[77]王仁忠,李建东.放牧对松嫩平原羊草草地植物种群分布的影响[J].草业科学. 1993, 10 (3):27-300.
[78] Whittaker R H. Evolution of species diversityinl and communities[J]. Evolutionary Biology.1977,10:1-67.
[79] Sousa W P. The role of disturbance in natural community[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and systematics.1984,15:353-392.
[80] Collins S L. Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie; a field experiment[J]. Ecology.1987.68(5):1243-1250.
[81] Woodmansee R G, Duncan D A. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and budget in annual grassland[J]. Ecology. 1980, 61(4):893-904.
[82] Weiner J .The effects of plant density, potassium-phosphorus fertilization on species proportion and interference between Trifolium incarnatum and Lolium multiflorum with limited nitrogen supply[J]. Journal of Ecology. 1980, 68(3):969-979.
[83] Deborah E. Goldberg. Effect of different resouce additions on species diversity in an annual plant community[J]. Ecology.1990,71(1):213-225.
[84]周道玮,刘仲龄.火烧对羊草草原群落的组成的影响[J].应用生态学报.1994, 5 (4): 371-377.
[85]周道玮.火烧对草地的生态影响[J].中国草地. 1992, (2):74-77.
[86] Anderson H G, Bailey A W. Effects of annual burning on grassland in the aspen parkland of east-central Alberta[J]. Canadan Journal of Eotany.1980,58:985-996.
[87]葛滢,刘庚长,张宝田等.松嫩平原重碱地改良方法的初步研究[C].中国草地科学研究与发展战略—中国草原学会第三届代表大会暨第五次全国学术会议论文选编. 1990: 223-226.
[88]陈自胜,赵明清.退化羊草草场松土与施肥的研究[C].中国草地科学研究与发展战略—中国草原学会第三届代表大会暨第五次全国学术会议论文选编.1990 ,227-229.
[89] Fresquez ,P. R. R. E. Francis & G. L. Dennis. Soil and vegetation responses to sewage sludge on a degraded semiarid broom snake weed/ blue grama plant community[J]. Journal of Range Management .1990 ,43 :325 - 331.
[90]袁有福,罗新义等.半干旱低产草地改良配套技术的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧科技. 1992 , 1 :17-24.
[91] Heady H. F. & R. D. Child . Rangeland Ecology & Management[M] . Westview Press. Bouder , Colorado.1994.
[92]何锦林,谭红.酸性土壤施石灰对白三叶草养分影响的研究[J],中国草地.1995 ,3 :34-37.
[93]刘树强,史有财,李茂林.羊草草地松土复壮效果研究[J].草业科学.1989 ,6 (3) :50-53.
[94] Hillard J .B. et al. Effects of limestone and phosphorus on nutrient availability and coastal bermudagrass yield on Ultisol[J]. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis .1992 ,23 (12) :175-188.
[95]李昌平,杨政.不同补播方式改良草地的效果评价(初报)[J].草业科学.1989 ,6 (2) :39-41.
[96]祁德才,沈继宏,刘光俭.固原东部半干旱黄土丘陵区干草原草场改良方法初探[J].草业科学,1990 ,7 (5) :62 -65.
[97]张卫国.试论草地的补播改良[J].草业科学.1990 ,7 (2) :57-59.
[98]傅林谦,祝廷成.沙地飞播植被演替规律初探[J].草业科学.1993 ,10 (5) :12-16.
[99] Ralphs ,M. H. T. D. whitson & D. N. Ueckert . Herbicide control of poisonous plants[J]. Rangelands. 1991, 13 :73 - 77.
[100]萨赫都拉,霍曼.醉马草及其防治措施[J].草业科学.1992 ,9 (5) :36-37.
[101]候丰.科尔沁西部天然草地有毒有害植物及其防治措施[J],草业科学.1995 ,12 (5) : 29-34.
[102]涂鹤龄,曹致中,柴惠等.克芜踪净化红豆草播种地杂草试验[J].草业科学. 1995, 12(3) : 40-43.
[103]张武舜,孙休荣,苏红.江苏沿海滩涂牧草混播的增产效果[J].草与畜杂志. 1992, 2 : 17-19.
[104]赵彪.利用白花草木樨改田治盐[J].草与畜杂志. 1993 ,2 :25-25.
[105]李松.豆科牧草对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响研究[J].草业科学.1993 ,10 (5) :20-23.
[106] Krysl ,L. J . M. L. Galyean ,M.B. J udkins , et al. Digestive physiology of steers grazing ferilized and non- fertilized blue grama rangeland [J]. Journal of Range Management. 1987, 40(5): 496 -501.
[107] Berg ,W. A. . Effect of 20 years of low N rate pasture fertilization on soil acidity [J].Joumal of Range Management.1986 ,35(5) :505 - 507.
[108]马志广,陈敏.草地改良理论、方法与趋势[J].中国草地. 1994 ,4 :63-66.
[109]任继生.蒿属退化草场松土补播改良试验[C].中国北方天然草原改良技术交流会议资料汇编,1986 ,43-48.
[110]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲等.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究.草业科学. 2005,22(1):59-63.
[111]江小蕾,张卫国,杨振宇等.不同干扰类型对高寒草甸群落结构和植物多样性的影响[J].西北植物学报. 2003,23( 9):1479-1485.
[112]沈景林,谭刚,乔海龙等.草地改良对高寒退化草地植被影响的研究[J].中国草地. 2000(5):49-54.
[113]周华坤,赵新全,周立等.青藏高原高寒草甸的土壤退化与植被退化特征研究[J].草业学报. 2005.14(3): 31-40.
[114]周兴民,王启基.不同放牧强度下高寒草甸演替规律的数量分析[J].植物生态学与地植物学报.1987, 11 (4):276-285.
[115]李希来.高寒草甸草地全封育下的植物量变化[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志.1999,24(4):9-11.
[116]李青云,董全民.围栏封育对高寒草甸退化植被的作用[J].青海草业.2002,11(3):1-4.
[117] Grime J. P. Control of species diversity in herbaceous vegetation[J]. Journal of Environmental Management.1973,1:151-167.
[118] A1-Mufti, M. M.,Sydes C. L.,Funess S. B.,et al. A quantitative analysis of shoot phonology and dominance in herbaceous vegetation[J]. Journal of Ecology. 1977,65:759-791.
[119] Stevens,M.H.H. & Carson,w.p. The significance of assemblage-level thining for species richness[J]. J. Ecol. 1999a,87:490-502.
[120] Stevens,M.H.H. & Carson,w.p..Plant density determines species richness along an experimental fertility gradient[J]. Ecology, 1999b, 80:455-465.
[121] Rajaniemi,T. K..Why does fertilization reduce plant species diversity? Testing three competition-based hypotheses[J]. J. Ecol. 2002, 90:316-324.
[122] Abrams. P. A. Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients: what does competition theory predicts? [J]. Ecology .1995,76:2019-2017.
[123] Rajaniemi,T. K. Explain diversity-productivity relationships in plants[J]. Oikos. 2003, 101: 449-457.
[124] Rajaniemi,T. K. Explaining the productivity-diversity relationship in plant: changing effects of competition on the community[J]. Biology. University of Michigan, 2001:259.
[125] Tilman, D. & S. Pacala. The maintance of species richness in plant communities[M]. in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, USA. 1993: 13-25.
[126] Oksanen, J. Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass and artifact due to plot size[J]? Journal of Ecolgy. 1996,84:293-295.
[127]邱波,罗燕江,杜国祯.施肥梯度对甘南高寒草甸植被特征的影响[J].草业学报. 2004, 13(6):65-68.
[128]周青平,金继运,德科加等.不同施氮水平对高寒草地牧草增产效益的研究[J].土壤肥料. 2005(3):29-31.
[129]仁青吉,罗燕江,王海洋等.青藏高原典型高寒草甸退化草地的恢复—施肥刈割对草地质量的影响[J].草业学报. 2004,13(2):43-49.
[130]陈亚明,李自珍,杜国祯.施肥对高寒草甸植物多样性和经济类群的影响[J].西北植物学报. 2004,24(3):424-429.
[131]杜国祯,王刚.甘南亚高山草甸人工草地的演替和质量变化[J].植物学报. 1995, 37(4):306-313.
[132] Bakelaar R G, Eugene O P. Community and population level responses to fertilization in an old field ecosystem[J]. Ecology.1978,59(4):660-665
[133]李志华,聂朝阳,陈宝书.氮磷钾肥单施与混施对燕麦生产性能的影响[J].草业科学.1994, 11(4):24-26.
[134]郭克贞.改良退化天然草地综合技术经济效益研究[J].草业科学. 1996,13(2):24-28.
[135]文亦芾,蒋文兰,冉繁军.改良云贵高原退化红壤人工草地的施肥效应研究[J].草原与草坪. 2001,(2):46-48.
[136]罗燕江.施肥刈割对高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学, 2003.
[137] Koerselman, W.,Meuleman, A. F. M. The vegetation N:P ratio:a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J]. Journal of Applied Ecollogy. 1996, 33:1441-1450.
[138] Verhoeven, J. T. A. , Kemmer, R. H. , Koerselman,W. Nutrient enrichment of freshwaterwetlands Landscape [J]. Ecology of a Stressed Environment, 1993, 33-59.
[139] Veroeven, J. T. A.,Koerselman, W.,Meuleman, A. F. M. Nitrogen or phosphorus limitedgrowth in herbceous,wet vegetation:relations with atmospheric inputs andmanagement regimes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1996, 11:494-497.
[140]刘欣,李青云,英陶.封育、灌溉、补播改良荒漠草地的效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志. 1995, (3): 14-16.
[141]卜繁超,姚文军.天然草地机械化补精改良技术及配套机具[J].新疆农机化. 2002, (5):10-12.
[142]安源.沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究[J].草地学报,1997,(1):33.
[143]魏振凯.工程与生物措施结合改良简化草地效果[J].辽宁畜牧兽医.1999,(2):12-13.
[144]李希来,黄葆宁.治理“黑土滩”退化草地补种禾草和嵩草试验初报[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志.1996,(4):9-11.
[145]李希来.补播禾草恢复“黑土滩”植被的效果[J].草业科学.1996,13(5):17-19.
[146]陈亚明.退化嵩草型高山草地补播豆科牧草的研究[J].草业学报.1999,8(2):71-75.
[147]马金祥,桑永燕,尕松代吉.四种禾草补播“黑土型”退化草地效果的初步观测[J].青海草业. 2006,15(3):5-6,23.
[148]刘振恒,陈昕,梁国栋,等.甘南玛曲草地退化现状及恢复重建初探[J].草业与畜牧,2006,(8):21-24,29.
[149]彭敏,陈桂深.青海湖地区植被演变趋势的研究[J].植物生态与地植物学学报. 1993,17 (3):217-233.
[150]李永宏.蒙古高原典型草原植物群落的生物多样性特征机器放牧动态规律[J].植物学通报. 1993, 10(增刊):23-24.
[151]张堰青.不同放牧强度下高寒关丛群落特征和演替规律的数量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报.1990,14 (4):358-3650.
[152]马玉寿,郎百宁,李青云等.江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究[J].草业科学. 2002, 19(9):1-5.
[153]王启基,周立,王发刚.放牧强度对冬春草场植物群落结构及功能的效应分析[J].高寒草甸生态系统. 1995, (4):353-363.
[154] Molles M . Ecology:Conceptsa ndA pplications, McGraw-Hill 81. Morin, 1999.
[155] Ju Qian, Genxu Wang, Yongjian Ding et al. The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2006 ,(116): 137-156.
[156]刘兴元,陈全功,王永宁.甘南草地退化对生态安全与经济发展的影响[J].草业科学, 2006,23(12):39-42.
[157]杨青平,刘振恒,梁国栋,等.甘肃省玛曲县草地资源及其开发利用中存在的问题与对策[J].青海草业. 2006,15(1):39-42.
[158]袁宏波,王辉,李晓兵,等.玛曲县天然草地沙化动态及现状分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报. 2006,41(1): 73-78.
[159]王辉,袁宏波,徐向宏,等.黄河源区沙化草地区域景观特征[J].应用生态学报. 2006,17(9):1665-1670.
[160]尚燚,秦建宏,尚小生,等.玛曲县草地畜牧业存在的问题及可持续发展对策[J].青海草业. 2006,15(2): 28-30.
[161]姜雪城.“高原之肾”-黄河首曲湿地严重退化[J].草业科学,2004,21(11):38.
[162]王海洋.施肥与刈割对亚高山草甸常见禾草及群落生产力的影响—植物个体、种群与群落对刈割的补偿反应[D].博士后学位论文.重庆:西南农业大学.2001.
[163]罗燕江.退化和恢复中的植物群落[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2006.
[164]韩文武.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落退化过程和恢复机理的研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2006.
[165]王辉.玛曲高寒草甸沙化特征及沙化驱动机制研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学.2007.
[166]张志强,孙成权,吴新年,等.论甘南高原生态建设与可持续发展战略[J ].草业科学, 2000, 17 (5):59-64.
[167]李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.118-119.
[168]董鸣.陆地生物群落调查观察与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.17-19.
[169] Levins R. Evolution in changing environments: Some theoretical explorations[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, l968.
[170] Hurlbet S H. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives[J]. Ecology, 59:67-77.
[171] Pianka E R. The structure of lizard community[J]. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 1973, 4: 53-74.
[172]王大明.试论高寒人工草地施氮的增产效应[J].中国草地,1994(2):76-80.
[173]孙斌.三种改良措施对高寒退化草地植被的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):797-801.
[174]纪亚君.青海高寒天然草地施氮肥试验[J].中国草地,2005,27(6): 67-69.
[175]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,等,施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究: I群落特征及其物种多样性[J].草业学报,2004,13(1):26-31.
[176]李自珍,韩晓卓,李文龙,等.高寒湿地植物群落的物种多样性保护及生态恢复对策[J].西北植物学报, 2004 (24) 3:363-369
[177]赵丽娅,李锋瑞,王先之.草地沙化过程地上植被与土壤种子库变化特征[J].生态学报, 2003, 23(9):1745-1756.
[178]王仁忠.浑善达克沙化草地C4植物资源及其与植被演替的关系[J].生态学报,2004, 24(10): 2225-2229.
[179]郑翠玲,曹子龙,王贤,等.围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化草地植被恢复中的作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(3):78-81.
[180] Grinnell, J. Field tests of theories concerning distributional control[J ]. American Naturalist, 1917, 51:115-128.
[181] Elton C S. Animal Ecology[M]. Lodon: Sidgewick and Jackson,1927.
[182]王仁忠.放牧影响下羊草草地主要植物种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21 (4):304-311.
[183]王志高,王孝安,肖娅萍.太白红杉群落优势种的生态位研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23( 10):1780-1883.
[184]李文龙,韩晓卓,李自珍,等.沙区人工固沙植物的种间生态位关系与系统模拟研究[J].西北植物学报,2006, 26(7): 1420-1427.
[185]张继义,赵哈林,张铜会,等.科尔沁沙地植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2741-2746.
[186]尚玉昌.现代生态学中的生态位理论[J ].生态学进展,1988,5(2):77-84.
[187]廖国藩,贾幼陵.中国草地资源[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996,1-l4.
[188]韩永伟,高吉喜.中国草地主要生态环境问题分析与防治对策[J].环境科学研究, 2005, 18(3):60-62.
[189]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第三版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:527.
[190] Foster B L,Gross K L.Species richness in a succesional grassland:effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter[J]. Ecology,1998,71:2593-2602.
[191]孙斌.三种改良措施对高寒退化草地植被的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):797-801.
[192]沈景林,孟杨,胡文良,等.高寒地区退化草地改良试验研究[J].草业学报,1999,8(3):9-14.
[193]程积民,贾恒义,彭详林.施肥草地群落生物量结构的研究[J].草业学报, 1997, (6)2:22-27.
[194]程积民,贾恒义,彭详林.施肥草地植被群落结构和演替的研究[J].水土保持研究, 1996, 3(4): 124-128.
[195]李新荣,张景光,刘立超,等.我国干旱沙漠地区人工植被与环境演变过程中植物多样性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000, 24 (3) 257-261.
[196]刘彦随,倪绍祥,查勇.陕北风沙滩地土地退化机理及治理对策[J].自然资源学报,1997,12 (4):357-362.
[197]王堃,吕进英,邵新庆.沙漠化草地的恢复与重建途径[J].草地学报,2004,12(3):240-245.
[198]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启基,等.不同类型高寒草地群落物种特征和均匀度的重要性[J].草地学报, 2005, 13(4): 320-323.
[199] Morse D R,Lawton J H,Dodson M.., et a1. Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths[J]. Nature, 1985,314:731-732.
[200] Elly P H Best,F H H Jacobs. Production, nutrient availability, and elemental balances of two meadows affected by different fertilization and water table regimes in The Netherlands[J]. Plant Ecology 2001,155: 61-73.
[201]王辉,任继周,袁宏波.黄河源区高寒草地沙化进程中土壤物理性质的变化(简报)—以玛曲为例[J].草业学报,2007,16(1):30-33.
[202] Mitelbach, G.G., Steiner, C. F., Scheiner, S.M., Gross, K L. et al. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity?Ecology, 82:2381-2396.
[203]王刚.植物群落中生态位重叠的计测[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1984,8(4): 329-334.
[204]韩苑鸿,汪诗平,陈佐忠.以放牧率梯度研究内蒙古典型草原主要种群的生态位[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):204-210.
[205]陈波,周兴明.三种嵩草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析[J].植物生态学报, 1995,19:158-169.
[206]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,等.高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场主要植物种群的生态位[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(11):1323-1327.
[207]张林静,岳明,赵桂仿.生态位不同计测方法在绿洲荒漠交错带应用的比较[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4):71-75.
[208]鄢燕,张锦华,张建国.青藏公路沿线高寒草甸次生群落特征及生态修复[J ].草地学报,2006,14(12):156-159.
[209]李文龙,张彦宇,李自珍,等.高寒草地植物生态位适宜度与生产力和多样性的关系及其对放牧的响应[J ].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(2):53-57.