三种重要仓储害虫的检测及其寄主定位的化学机制
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摘要
赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)、谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)、以及谷象Sitophilus granarius (L.)是三种最重要的世界性仓储害虫。快捷、可靠、简便的储粮质量检测对国际检验检疫、储藏、及整个粮食供应链都至关重要。顶空挥发性物质的变化可作为储粮质量下降与害虫危害的判断依据。弄清仓储害虫及其与储粮间的化学通讯机制,揭示储粮害虫的寄主寻找与定位机制,可为及时调整储藏条件、有效进行害虫管理提供科学依据。
本研究采用固相静态微萃取-气象色谱(SPME-GC)与固相静态微萃取-气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)等技术检测了小麦含水量、储藏温度、及储藏时间对小麦顶空挥发性物质的影响;分离、鉴定了小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、及谷象等三种仓储害虫的挥发性物质,以及分别受这三种仓储害虫为害的小麦的挥发性物质,分析、比较了这三类挥发性物质的图谱。为更好地理解仓储害虫的寄主寻找与定位机制,采用触角电位仪(EAG)与嗅觉仪行为测定等方法,鉴定、证实了能引起这三种仓储害虫电生理和行为反应的挥发性物质及其活性。主要研究结果如下:
1.建立了一种新的、快捷、可靠的储粮与仓储害虫的挥发性物质的检测方法。SPME-GC-MS被证实为一种诊断小麦、仓储害虫小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、谷象、及分别受这三种害虫为害的小麦挥发性物质有效方法。推荐使用二乙烯苯/聚二甲基硅烷(CAR/PDMS)萃取头提取、收集谷物与赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、及谷象等的挥发性物质。
2.储藏条件(包括含水量、储藏时间与储藏温度)共同影响小麦的挥发性物质。含水量的作用相对更重要,即使在15oC低温条件下,含水量低的小麦与含水量高的挥发性物质即显出差异;25oC差异更为显著,且储藏时间越长,含水量高低不等的小麦的挥发性物质差异越显著。含水量越高,挥发性物质越复杂。储藏时间影响小麦挥发性物质的释放。
3.从健康麦粒的顶空挥发性物质中鉴定出15种化合物,分别为二甲基硫、丙酮、甲醇、乙醇、2,3-丁二酮、2-丁醇、己醛、2-甲基-1-丙醇、1-丁醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正戊醇、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇、1-己醇、1-十五烯;从赤拟谷盗成虫中鉴定出甲基苯醌、甲氢醌、及4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚;从谷蠹中鉴定出(E)-2-甲基-2-戊烯酸(S)-(+)-1-甲基丁基酯1和(E)-2,4-二甲基-2-戊烯酸(S)-(+)-1-甲基丁基酯2;首次从谷象中鉴定出3-羟基-2-丁酮。
4.行为学研究发现,赤拟谷盗成虫不受单纯的未受害小麦面粉与麦粒吸引,而偏好小麦面粉+赤拟谷盗成虫。麦粒+谷蠹成虫也有较好的引诱效果,而麦粒+谷象则具有排斥效果。赤拟谷盗幼虫比成虫对潜在的食物与受害的小麦面粉更为敏感。
5.赤拟谷盗雄成虫触角对所测定的化合物在各个浓度下均有反应,其反应强度随化合物浓度的增加而增强。其中甲基苯醌在1000μg/10μl浓度时达到最强,为2.63±0.90 mV,其次为4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚, 2.23±0.41 mV;3-羟基-2-丁酮,1.95±0.69 mV,甲氢醌, 1.19±0.34 mV。甲氢醌虽然能引起触角反应,强度值随浓度的增加而增大,所测定的各浓度都比对照的值大,但各浓度之间、化合物与对照之间没有显著性差异,表明赤拟谷盗对甲氢醌没有明显反应。测定的其余三种化合物的各浓度之间、化合物与对照之间均存在显著性差异,表明赤拟谷盗对这三种化合物均有明显反应。雌虫触角对甲基苯醌在1000μg/10μl浓度时反应强度最大(2.04±0.81 mV),其次分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮1.82±0.68 mV和甲氢醌1.54±0.32 mV,而对4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚无反应。
6. 3-羟基-2-丁酮对谷象的排斥或示警信息素功能在行为学中得到了证实。在低浓度1 ng/10μl条件下,该化合物对谷象具轻微吸引作用,但随着浓度增至10μg/10μl则开始显示出排斥作用。无论其浓度高低,1-十五烯对谷象均显示排斥效果。
7.谷象雌、雄虫对3-羟基-2-丁酮均有明显的反应。其中雄虫的反应比雌虫在所测定的浓度条件下稍强。雄虫对该化合物的反应强度随浓度的升高而增强,在1000μg/10μl条件下达到最大,为5.35±0.82 mV;其次为10μg/10μl, 3.66±0.61 mV;0.1μg/10μl,1.92±0.38 mV;0.001μg/10μl,0.95±0.11 mV。方差分析显示,不同浓度的化合物引起的触角反应强度存在显著差异。雌虫对化合物的反应强度随浓度的升高而增强,在1000μg/10μl条件下达到最大,为4.99±0.64 mV,其次为10μg/10μl,3.36±0.48 mV;0.1μg/10μl,1.88±0.46 mV;0.001μg/10μl,0.94±0.26 mV。方差分析显示,不同浓度的化合物引起的触角反应强度存在差异显著性。
本研究首次提出并证实了仓储害虫的寄主定位化学机制模型;研究并建立了一套健康小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、谷象及分别受这三种害虫为害的小麦等的挥发性物质图谱;建立了一种新的、简便有效的仓储害虫检测方法;通过研究,证实一些代表性挥发性物质对仓储害虫的电生理与行为学影响,探究了仓储害虫的化学通讯及其对寄主的寻找与定位的化学机制;并以小麦为代表深入探究了谷物含水量、储藏温度、及储藏时间对其挥发性物质的影响。
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) are among the top list of serious insect pests of stored grains worldwide. Rapid, reliable and simple methods to detect the quality and change in quality of stored grain are critical for international quarantine inspection, domestic storage and the whole supply chain. Changes to headspace volatile patterns may be an early observable symptom of reduced grain quality and infestation by pests. Understanding the mechanism of chemical communication between the stored grain insects and stored grain, and that of host locating in stored grain pests could provide scientific and practical guidance for timely adjustment of storage conditions and accurate pest management.
In the present study, headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with GC (SPME-GC) and GC-MS techniques were used to evaluate the influence of moisture content, storage temperature and storage length on the patterns of volatile compounds produced by wheat grain. The volatile chemicals from wheat, T. castaneum, R. dominica and S. granarius and wheat infested by each of the above three species were separated and identified. Electroantennogram (EAG) assay and olfactometer studies were carried out to identify and confirm particular behaviourally active volatile compounds, and to understand if and how these volatiles function on chemical communication and host location in stored grain pests. The main results are shown as follows:
1. An innovative method for the rapid and reliable analysis of the volatiles of stored grain and insects was established. The HS-SPME technique coupled to GC-MS proved a useful tool for diagnosing volatiles in wheat, stored grain pests as well as those from infested wheat. The CAR/PDMS coating fibre was recommended for the extraction of volatiles in grains infested with the tested species R. dominica, T. castaneum and S. granarius.
2. Volatile chemicals from wheat with two levels of moisture content stored under different temperatures and storage times were tracked. Moisture content, storage time, and temperature together exerted complex impacts on volatile profile of wheat. Moisture content played an important role in the volatile emanating from wheat. Even at low temperature, i.e. 15 oC, the volatile profiles of wheat with standard moisture content could be easily distinguished from that of wheat with higher moisture content. When stored at 25oC, the volatile profiles of wheat with different moisture contents were evidently different no matter the storage time. The higher the moisture content, the more complicated and difficult to precast the condition. The difference went significantly with time.
3. Volatile chemicals from wheat, insects and those from wheat infested by insects were collected, separated and identified with HS-SPME-GC-MS technology. In total, 15 main volatile components from wheat were identified, including dimethyl sulphide, acetone, methanol, ethanol, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanol, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 1-hexanol, and 1-pentadecene; methylbenzoquinone, methylhydroquinone and 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol from T. castaneum; (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure1) and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure2) from R. dominica. The compound 3-hydroxy-2-butanone was reported in adult grain weevil for the first time.
4. The influence of particular volatile chemicals functioning in tuning host finding behavior in T. castaneum was investigated. The adults were not attracted by clean flour or clean wheat grain. Wheat flour + T. castaneum adults proved the most attractive for T. castaneum. Wheat grain + R. dominica served a good attractants as well (p = 0.016). Wheat grain + S. granarius functioned as a repellent for adult T. castaneum (p = 0.004). The larvae were more sensitive to potential food and infested flours than adults did.
5. Methylbenzoquinone triggered the highest antennal response in adult male T. castaneum as 2.63±0.90 mV at 1000μg/10μl, followed by 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol, 2.23±0.41 mV, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone 1.95±0.69 mV, methylhydroquinone, 1.19±0.34 mV. Antennae of female adult T. castaneum made no response to 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol, but made noticeable and the highest response to methylbenzoquinone as 2.04±0.81 mV at 1000μg/10μl, followed by 3-hydroxy-2-butanone 1.82±0.68 mV, methylhydroquinone, 1.54±0.32 mV. The intensity increased with the concentration.
6. The chemical 3-hydroxy-2-butanol as repellent or alarming pheromone in S. granarius was recorded and confirmed. In behaviour bioassay, S. granarius responded positively to 3-hydroxy-2-butanone at 1 ng/10ul, but turned negatively as the concentration increased by 10μg/10μl, and responded constantly negatively to 1-pentadecene with the concentrations increasing from 1 ng/10μl to 1000μg/10μl.
7. The antennal response of male grain weevils to 3-hydroxy-2-butanone intensified with the increase of concentration from 5.35±0.82 mv at 1000μg/10μl, 3.66±0.61 mV at 10μg/10μl, 1.92±0.38 mV at 0.1μg/10μl, to 0.95±0.11 mV at 0.001μg/10μl. For female grain weevil, the intensity was recorded as 4.99±0.64 mV, at 1000μg/10μl, 3.36±0.48 mV at 10μg/10μl, 1.88±0.46 mV at 0.1μg/10μl, 0.94±0.26 mV at 0.001μg/10μl.
For the first time, a hypothesis for the chemical mechanism of host locating in stored grain insects in a relatively closed system of stored grain was proposed and confirmed. The GC chromatogram profiles of volatile from wheat, T. castaneum, R. dominica, S. granarius, and those of wheat infested by T. castaneum, R. dominica, S. granarius each were established. A new simple and efficient method to detect stored grain pest was established. The chemical communication and host locating mechanism in stored grain pests were investigated through EAG and behaviour study. In addition, taking wheat as an example, the effect of moisture content of grain, storage temperature, and storage time on the volatile chemicals of grain were examined.
本研究采用固相静态微萃取-气象色谱(SPME-GC)与固相静态微萃取-气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)等技术检测了小麦含水量、储藏温度、及储藏时间对小麦顶空挥发性物质的影响;分离、鉴定了小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、及谷象等三种仓储害虫的挥发性物质,以及分别受这三种仓储害虫为害的小麦的挥发性物质,分析、比较了这三类挥发性物质的图谱。为更好地理解仓储害虫的寄主寻找与定位机制,采用触角电位仪(EAG)与嗅觉仪行为测定等方法,鉴定、证实了能引起这三种仓储害虫电生理和行为反应的挥发性物质及其活性。主要研究结果如下:
1.建立了一种新的、快捷、可靠的储粮与仓储害虫的挥发性物质的检测方法。SPME-GC-MS被证实为一种诊断小麦、仓储害虫小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、谷象、及分别受这三种害虫为害的小麦挥发性物质有效方法。推荐使用二乙烯苯/聚二甲基硅烷(CAR/PDMS)萃取头提取、收集谷物与赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、及谷象等的挥发性物质。
2.储藏条件(包括含水量、储藏时间与储藏温度)共同影响小麦的挥发性物质。含水量的作用相对更重要,即使在15oC低温条件下,含水量低的小麦与含水量高的挥发性物质即显出差异;25oC差异更为显著,且储藏时间越长,含水量高低不等的小麦的挥发性物质差异越显著。含水量越高,挥发性物质越复杂。储藏时间影响小麦挥发性物质的释放。
3.从健康麦粒的顶空挥发性物质中鉴定出15种化合物,分别为二甲基硫、丙酮、甲醇、乙醇、2,3-丁二酮、2-丁醇、己醛、2-甲基-1-丙醇、1-丁醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正戊醇、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇、1-己醇、1-十五烯;从赤拟谷盗成虫中鉴定出甲基苯醌、甲氢醌、及4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚;从谷蠹中鉴定出(E)-2-甲基-2-戊烯酸(S)-(+)-1-甲基丁基酯1和(E)-2,4-二甲基-2-戊烯酸(S)-(+)-1-甲基丁基酯2;首次从谷象中鉴定出3-羟基-2-丁酮。
4.行为学研究发现,赤拟谷盗成虫不受单纯的未受害小麦面粉与麦粒吸引,而偏好小麦面粉+赤拟谷盗成虫。麦粒+谷蠹成虫也有较好的引诱效果,而麦粒+谷象则具有排斥效果。赤拟谷盗幼虫比成虫对潜在的食物与受害的小麦面粉更为敏感。
5.赤拟谷盗雄成虫触角对所测定的化合物在各个浓度下均有反应,其反应强度随化合物浓度的增加而增强。其中甲基苯醌在1000μg/10μl浓度时达到最强,为2.63±0.90 mV,其次为4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚, 2.23±0.41 mV;3-羟基-2-丁酮,1.95±0.69 mV,甲氢醌, 1.19±0.34 mV。甲氢醌虽然能引起触角反应,强度值随浓度的增加而增大,所测定的各浓度都比对照的值大,但各浓度之间、化合物与对照之间没有显著性差异,表明赤拟谷盗对甲氢醌没有明显反应。测定的其余三种化合物的各浓度之间、化合物与对照之间均存在显著性差异,表明赤拟谷盗对这三种化合物均有明显反应。雌虫触角对甲基苯醌在1000μg/10μl浓度时反应强度最大(2.04±0.81 mV),其次分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮1.82±0.68 mV和甲氢醌1.54±0.32 mV,而对4-乙基-1,3-苯二酚无反应。
6. 3-羟基-2-丁酮对谷象的排斥或示警信息素功能在行为学中得到了证实。在低浓度1 ng/10μl条件下,该化合物对谷象具轻微吸引作用,但随着浓度增至10μg/10μl则开始显示出排斥作用。无论其浓度高低,1-十五烯对谷象均显示排斥效果。
7.谷象雌、雄虫对3-羟基-2-丁酮均有明显的反应。其中雄虫的反应比雌虫在所测定的浓度条件下稍强。雄虫对该化合物的反应强度随浓度的升高而增强,在1000μg/10μl条件下达到最大,为5.35±0.82 mV;其次为10μg/10μl, 3.66±0.61 mV;0.1μg/10μl,1.92±0.38 mV;0.001μg/10μl,0.95±0.11 mV。方差分析显示,不同浓度的化合物引起的触角反应强度存在显著差异。雌虫对化合物的反应强度随浓度的升高而增强,在1000μg/10μl条件下达到最大,为4.99±0.64 mV,其次为10μg/10μl,3.36±0.48 mV;0.1μg/10μl,1.88±0.46 mV;0.001μg/10μl,0.94±0.26 mV。方差分析显示,不同浓度的化合物引起的触角反应强度存在差异显著性。
本研究首次提出并证实了仓储害虫的寄主定位化学机制模型;研究并建立了一套健康小麦、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、谷象及分别受这三种害虫为害的小麦等的挥发性物质图谱;建立了一种新的、简便有效的仓储害虫检测方法;通过研究,证实一些代表性挥发性物质对仓储害虫的电生理与行为学影响,探究了仓储害虫的化学通讯及其对寄主的寻找与定位的化学机制;并以小麦为代表深入探究了谷物含水量、储藏温度、及储藏时间对其挥发性物质的影响。
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) are among the top list of serious insect pests of stored grains worldwide. Rapid, reliable and simple methods to detect the quality and change in quality of stored grain are critical for international quarantine inspection, domestic storage and the whole supply chain. Changes to headspace volatile patterns may be an early observable symptom of reduced grain quality and infestation by pests. Understanding the mechanism of chemical communication between the stored grain insects and stored grain, and that of host locating in stored grain pests could provide scientific and practical guidance for timely adjustment of storage conditions and accurate pest management.
In the present study, headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with GC (SPME-GC) and GC-MS techniques were used to evaluate the influence of moisture content, storage temperature and storage length on the patterns of volatile compounds produced by wheat grain. The volatile chemicals from wheat, T. castaneum, R. dominica and S. granarius and wheat infested by each of the above three species were separated and identified. Electroantennogram (EAG) assay and olfactometer studies were carried out to identify and confirm particular behaviourally active volatile compounds, and to understand if and how these volatiles function on chemical communication and host location in stored grain pests. The main results are shown as follows:
1. An innovative method for the rapid and reliable analysis of the volatiles of stored grain and insects was established. The HS-SPME technique coupled to GC-MS proved a useful tool for diagnosing volatiles in wheat, stored grain pests as well as those from infested wheat. The CAR/PDMS coating fibre was recommended for the extraction of volatiles in grains infested with the tested species R. dominica, T. castaneum and S. granarius.
2. Volatile chemicals from wheat with two levels of moisture content stored under different temperatures and storage times were tracked. Moisture content, storage time, and temperature together exerted complex impacts on volatile profile of wheat. Moisture content played an important role in the volatile emanating from wheat. Even at low temperature, i.e. 15 oC, the volatile profiles of wheat with standard moisture content could be easily distinguished from that of wheat with higher moisture content. When stored at 25oC, the volatile profiles of wheat with different moisture contents were evidently different no matter the storage time. The higher the moisture content, the more complicated and difficult to precast the condition. The difference went significantly with time.
3. Volatile chemicals from wheat, insects and those from wheat infested by insects were collected, separated and identified with HS-SPME-GC-MS technology. In total, 15 main volatile components from wheat were identified, including dimethyl sulphide, acetone, methanol, ethanol, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanol, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 1-hexanol, and 1-pentadecene; methylbenzoquinone, methylhydroquinone and 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol from T. castaneum; (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure1) and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure2) from R. dominica. The compound 3-hydroxy-2-butanone was reported in adult grain weevil for the first time.
4. The influence of particular volatile chemicals functioning in tuning host finding behavior in T. castaneum was investigated. The adults were not attracted by clean flour or clean wheat grain. Wheat flour + T. castaneum adults proved the most attractive for T. castaneum. Wheat grain + R. dominica served a good attractants as well (p = 0.016). Wheat grain + S. granarius functioned as a repellent for adult T. castaneum (p = 0.004). The larvae were more sensitive to potential food and infested flours than adults did.
5. Methylbenzoquinone triggered the highest antennal response in adult male T. castaneum as 2.63±0.90 mV at 1000μg/10μl, followed by 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol, 2.23±0.41 mV, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone 1.95±0.69 mV, methylhydroquinone, 1.19±0.34 mV. Antennae of female adult T. castaneum made no response to 4-ethyl-1,3-benzodiol, but made noticeable and the highest response to methylbenzoquinone as 2.04±0.81 mV at 1000μg/10μl, followed by 3-hydroxy-2-butanone 1.82±0.68 mV, methylhydroquinone, 1.54±0.32 mV. The intensity increased with the concentration.
6. The chemical 3-hydroxy-2-butanol as repellent or alarming pheromone in S. granarius was recorded and confirmed. In behaviour bioassay, S. granarius responded positively to 3-hydroxy-2-butanone at 1 ng/10ul, but turned negatively as the concentration increased by 10μg/10μl, and responded constantly negatively to 1-pentadecene with the concentrations increasing from 1 ng/10μl to 1000μg/10μl.
7. The antennal response of male grain weevils to 3-hydroxy-2-butanone intensified with the increase of concentration from 5.35±0.82 mv at 1000μg/10μl, 3.66±0.61 mV at 10μg/10μl, 1.92±0.38 mV at 0.1μg/10μl, to 0.95±0.11 mV at 0.001μg/10μl. For female grain weevil, the intensity was recorded as 4.99±0.64 mV, at 1000μg/10μl, 3.36±0.48 mV at 10μg/10μl, 1.88±0.46 mV at 0.1μg/10μl, 0.94±0.26 mV at 0.001μg/10μl.
For the first time, a hypothesis for the chemical mechanism of host locating in stored grain insects in a relatively closed system of stored grain was proposed and confirmed. The GC chromatogram profiles of volatile from wheat, T. castaneum, R. dominica, S. granarius, and those of wheat infested by T. castaneum, R. dominica, S. granarius each were established. A new simple and efficient method to detect stored grain pest was established. The chemical communication and host locating mechanism in stored grain pests were investigated through EAG and behaviour study. In addition, taking wheat as an example, the effect of moisture content of grain, storage temperature, and storage time on the volatile chemicals of grain were examined.
引文
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