东营凹陷北带深层油气充注机理及成藏模式研究
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摘要
近年来,济阳坳陷勘探目标逐渐转向勘探难度较大的深层,主要勘探目的层系也由沙三中段及其以上的中浅部地层向沙三下段、沙四段和孔店组等深部地层转移。东营凹陷北带民丰、胜坨和利津等地区深层油气勘探实践证明济阳坳陷深层资源潜力较大。然而,与中浅部地层相比,深层由于埋藏较深,储层物性较差,温度和压力较高,油气成藏条件与中浅层有较大差别,仅仅依靠中浅层所建立的油气成藏理论无法有效地指导深层油气勘探。深层油气充注机理及成藏模式研究是当前亟待解决的问题。本文主要以东营凹陷北带利津、民丰和胜坨地区深层为研究对象,通过对东营凹陷北带29口井144块流体包裹体样品进行分析,从油气充注幕次、成藏期次、成藏时期、天然气成因及古温压场和古流体势场恢复等几个方面来探讨深层油气充注机理及成藏模式。通过研究,取得了以下主要认识：
1、东营凹陷北带利津、民丰和胜坨地区深层均发育两期油气成藏。其中,利津地区第一期对应充注时间38.4～24.7 Ma,即沙三中期-东营组末期；第二期12.5-0 Ma,即馆陶组中期-现今,以第二期油充注为主；胜坨地区第一期对应充注时间39-31.9 Ma,即沙三中期-东营组沉积时期；第二期13.0～0 Ma,即馆陶中期～现今；民丰地区第一期对应充注时间41-36 Ma,即沙三中期～沙二末期；第二期13.4～0 Ma,即馆陶中期～现今。胜坨和民丰地区第一期油和第二期油均有大量充注,但主要还是以第二期油充注为主。
2、利津地区压力系数呈现两个旋回性,对应于两期油气充注,即第一期38.4-24.7Ma油气充注以常压-超压系统为特征,第二期12.5-O.OMa油气充注发育较强的异常超压；胜坨地区第一期39-31.9Ma油气充注以常压-超压系统为特征,第二期13-0.OMa油气充注发育中等～较强的异常超压；民丰地区第一期油气充注的41-36Ma期间为常压—超压系统,第二期油气充注的13.4-OMa阶段为超压～常压系统,随着时间演化出现压力下降的趋势。
3、根据北带大量流体包裹体均一温度测试数据建立的古地温演化曲线表明,现今古地温很可能都不是古地层经历的最高温度,尤其以民丰洼陷最明显,其次为利津和胜坨地区。而流体包裹体古温度测定和古压力模拟精度分析表明,所获得的流体包裹体古温压数据是可靠的。利津最后一期包裹体均一温度约高于今地层温度41℃左右,胜坨约高31℃左右,民丰高45℃左右。出现这种系统“差值”,反映了东营凹陷由于处于裂后热沉降阶段,盆地出现“冷却”的地质过程。
4、油包裹体内的原油密度总体上随着深度的增加逐渐减小,这可能与地质历史时期来自多套烃源岩生成的不同成熟度原油由深部向浅层多期次运移充注以及深部高温油藏内的原油再度裂解或气侵有关。深层由于地层压力增大及温度升高等因素的影响,油气充注的孔隙度下限减小,因此,深层油气的临界充注条件也变小。该区深层两期古流体势特征表现出不同的特点：第一期高油势区主要分布在胜坨地区坨710井附近并向两边呈递减趋势,民丰洼陷是一个次级的高油势中心；第二期发育利津地区和民丰地区两大与烃源岩相关的高油势中心,围绕这两个高油势中心的周边区域为第二期相对低势的有利油气充注带。
5、基于以上研究分别总结了三个地区的成藏模式：利津地区第一期洼陷中心形成的中质油沿着超压形成的裂缝及断裂向上运移,第二期油气充注时期进入裂解干气阶段,并认为利津地区主要以晚期干酪根裂解气充注为主；胜坨地区第一期主要以低成熟度油为主,早期生成的油气沿断层、不整合面及连通砂体沿斜坡带向上运移形成古油藏,第二期主要以高成熟度油气充注为主,油气主要沿连通砂体、超压形成的裂缝沿扇根和扇中砂体向上运移。民丰地区第一期以正常原油充注为主,由于流体势能较小,生成的油气未到达构造高部位,第二期原油充注量较大,正常原油充注后,紧接着开始凝析气充注,由于凝析气充注的温度较高,导致早期充注的油开始裂解,裂解气主要沿微裂缝向上运移。
In recent years, exploration targets are gradually turning to the more difficult deep formations of the lower third Member, the fourth Member of Shahejie Formation and Kongdian Formation from the upper middle third Member of Shehejie Formation in Dongying depression. Deep hydrocarbon explorating fruits has suggested that there is high exploration potential in the deep formation of Jiyang depression. However, compared with the shallow formation, deep reservoir quality is poorer, and the temperature and pressure are higher, which show there are great difference for hydrocarbon accumulation condition between them. The model established in the shallow formation can not be directly applied to the deep petroleum exploration. Hydrocarbon charging mechanism and forming model in deep formations become the problem to be solved. In this research, fluid inclusion analyses including fluorescence colors, homogenization temperature and salinity measurements have been exerted on 144 samples from 29 wells in north belt of Dongying depression.This paper studied the hydrocarbon charging mechanism and forming model by researching the timing of hydrocarbon accumulation, the origin of natural gas, the paleo-temperature, paleo-pressure and the paleo-fluid potential. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. There were two phases of hydrocarbon charging in this three area, the first phase is between 38.4-24.7Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third member of Shahejie Formation to the end of Dongying Formation and the second phase is between 12.5～0Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Lijin area. The main period of hydrocarbon charging was in the second period in Lijin area. The first phase is between 39-31.9Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third Member of Shahejie Formation to Dongying Formation and the second phase is from 13.0～0 Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Shengtuo area. The first phase is between 41～36Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third Member of Shahejie Formation to the end of the second Member of Shahejie Formation and the second phase is from 13.4～0 Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Minfeng area. There are a large amount of hydrocarbon charging in the first and the second period in Shengtuo and Minfeng area, but the second period is the main charging period.
2. The evolution of paleo-pressure experienced two phases, corresponding to the two hydrocarbon accumulation. The first phase of 38.4-24.7Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 12.5～0Ma began to appear strong abnormal overpressure in Lijin area; The first phase of 39-31.9Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 13～0Ma began to appear medium-strong abnormal overpressure in Shengtuo area. The first phase of 41-36Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 13.4～.0Ma began to appear abnormal overpressure-normal pressure in Minfeng area. The pressure coefficient decreased through time evolution.
3. The accuracy of the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and PVT modeling have been proved to be reliable. The homogenization temperature of the last phase of hydrocarbon charging is about 41℃higher than present-day formation temperature in Lijin area, about 31℃higher in Shengtuo area and about 45℃higher in Minfeng area, which reflects Dongying depression experienced a automatic cooling geological process in the thermal subsidence phase.
4. Crude oil densities in hydrocarbon inclusions decreased with burial depth, this is probably caused by hydrocarbon muti-stages migration and charging from deep to shallower formations, and may also related to nature oil cracking and gas inclusion. The deep reservoir quality is not better than that of the shallower formations because of the higher pressure and higher temperature, and critical conditions of oil and gas charging also become smaller in the deep buried formations. The two phases of paleo-fluid potential are different. In the first phase, higher potential area is distributed around Tuo710 well of Shengtuo area, the second higher potential area is Minfeng depression. In the second phase, Linjin and Minfeng area are two high potential areas, the surrounding area with lower potential is the favorable hydrocarbon accumulation belt.
5. Based on the above research, the hydrocarbon reservoir model of the three areas are built: medium oil in the centre of Lijin area migrate upward along fractures formed by overpressure discgarging in the first period. The second period is mainly charging for crack gas, and it is considered that kerogen-cracking gas charging is the primary charging in Lijin area. In the first period, it is mostly charging with lower mature oil in Shengtuo area, early generated oil and gas migrate upward along the fault, unconformity surface and the connected sand bodies, and oil reservoir formed. It is mainly charging for highly mature oil in the second period, the late generated oil and gas migrate upward along the connected sand body, the fractures formed by overpressure. It is mainly charged with normal mature oil in the first period of Minfeng area, oil and gas did not reach in the structural high location due to low fluid potential, there is a large amount of crude oil charging in the second period. It is charged with condensate gas after the normal crude oil charging, temperature is high in the period of condensate gas filling, the crude oil began to crack, the cracking gas migrate upward along microfractures.
1、东营凹陷北带利津、民丰和胜坨地区深层均发育两期油气成藏。其中,利津地区第一期对应充注时间38.4～24.7 Ma,即沙三中期-东营组末期；第二期12.5-0 Ma,即馆陶组中期-现今,以第二期油充注为主；胜坨地区第一期对应充注时间39-31.9 Ma,即沙三中期-东营组沉积时期；第二期13.0～0 Ma,即馆陶中期～现今；民丰地区第一期对应充注时间41-36 Ma,即沙三中期～沙二末期；第二期13.4～0 Ma,即馆陶中期～现今。胜坨和民丰地区第一期油和第二期油均有大量充注,但主要还是以第二期油充注为主。
2、利津地区压力系数呈现两个旋回性,对应于两期油气充注,即第一期38.4-24.7Ma油气充注以常压-超压系统为特征,第二期12.5-O.OMa油气充注发育较强的异常超压；胜坨地区第一期39-31.9Ma油气充注以常压-超压系统为特征,第二期13-0.OMa油气充注发育中等～较强的异常超压；民丰地区第一期油气充注的41-36Ma期间为常压—超压系统,第二期油气充注的13.4-OMa阶段为超压～常压系统,随着时间演化出现压力下降的趋势。
3、根据北带大量流体包裹体均一温度测试数据建立的古地温演化曲线表明,现今古地温很可能都不是古地层经历的最高温度,尤其以民丰洼陷最明显,其次为利津和胜坨地区。而流体包裹体古温度测定和古压力模拟精度分析表明,所获得的流体包裹体古温压数据是可靠的。利津最后一期包裹体均一温度约高于今地层温度41℃左右,胜坨约高31℃左右,民丰高45℃左右。出现这种系统“差值”,反映了东营凹陷由于处于裂后热沉降阶段,盆地出现“冷却”的地质过程。
4、油包裹体内的原油密度总体上随着深度的增加逐渐减小,这可能与地质历史时期来自多套烃源岩生成的不同成熟度原油由深部向浅层多期次运移充注以及深部高温油藏内的原油再度裂解或气侵有关。深层由于地层压力增大及温度升高等因素的影响,油气充注的孔隙度下限减小,因此,深层油气的临界充注条件也变小。该区深层两期古流体势特征表现出不同的特点：第一期高油势区主要分布在胜坨地区坨710井附近并向两边呈递减趋势,民丰洼陷是一个次级的高油势中心；第二期发育利津地区和民丰地区两大与烃源岩相关的高油势中心,围绕这两个高油势中心的周边区域为第二期相对低势的有利油气充注带。
5、基于以上研究分别总结了三个地区的成藏模式：利津地区第一期洼陷中心形成的中质油沿着超压形成的裂缝及断裂向上运移,第二期油气充注时期进入裂解干气阶段,并认为利津地区主要以晚期干酪根裂解气充注为主；胜坨地区第一期主要以低成熟度油为主,早期生成的油气沿断层、不整合面及连通砂体沿斜坡带向上运移形成古油藏,第二期主要以高成熟度油气充注为主,油气主要沿连通砂体、超压形成的裂缝沿扇根和扇中砂体向上运移。民丰地区第一期以正常原油充注为主,由于流体势能较小,生成的油气未到达构造高部位,第二期原油充注量较大,正常原油充注后,紧接着开始凝析气充注,由于凝析气充注的温度较高,导致早期充注的油开始裂解,裂解气主要沿微裂缝向上运移。
In recent years, exploration targets are gradually turning to the more difficult deep formations of the lower third Member, the fourth Member of Shahejie Formation and Kongdian Formation from the upper middle third Member of Shehejie Formation in Dongying depression. Deep hydrocarbon explorating fruits has suggested that there is high exploration potential in the deep formation of Jiyang depression. However, compared with the shallow formation, deep reservoir quality is poorer, and the temperature and pressure are higher, which show there are great difference for hydrocarbon accumulation condition between them. The model established in the shallow formation can not be directly applied to the deep petroleum exploration. Hydrocarbon charging mechanism and forming model in deep formations become the problem to be solved. In this research, fluid inclusion analyses including fluorescence colors, homogenization temperature and salinity measurements have been exerted on 144 samples from 29 wells in north belt of Dongying depression.This paper studied the hydrocarbon charging mechanism and forming model by researching the timing of hydrocarbon accumulation, the origin of natural gas, the paleo-temperature, paleo-pressure and the paleo-fluid potential. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. There were two phases of hydrocarbon charging in this three area, the first phase is between 38.4-24.7Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third member of Shahejie Formation to the end of Dongying Formation and the second phase is between 12.5～0Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Lijin area. The main period of hydrocarbon charging was in the second period in Lijin area. The first phase is between 39-31.9Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third Member of Shahejie Formation to Dongying Formation and the second phase is from 13.0～0 Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Shengtuo area. The first phase is between 41～36Ma, which was occurred from the middle of the third Member of Shahejie Formation to the end of the second Member of Shahejie Formation and the second phase is from 13.4～0 Ma, which was occurred from the middle of Guantao Formation to the present in Minfeng area. There are a large amount of hydrocarbon charging in the first and the second period in Shengtuo and Minfeng area, but the second period is the main charging period.
2. The evolution of paleo-pressure experienced two phases, corresponding to the two hydrocarbon accumulation. The first phase of 38.4-24.7Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 12.5～0Ma began to appear strong abnormal overpressure in Lijin area; The first phase of 39-31.9Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 13～0Ma began to appear medium-strong abnormal overpressure in Shengtuo area. The first phase of 41-36Ma is characterized of normal- abnormal overpressure system, and the second phase of 13.4～.0Ma began to appear abnormal overpressure-normal pressure in Minfeng area. The pressure coefficient decreased through time evolution.
3. The accuracy of the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and PVT modeling have been proved to be reliable. The homogenization temperature of the last phase of hydrocarbon charging is about 41℃higher than present-day formation temperature in Lijin area, about 31℃higher in Shengtuo area and about 45℃higher in Minfeng area, which reflects Dongying depression experienced a automatic cooling geological process in the thermal subsidence phase.
4. Crude oil densities in hydrocarbon inclusions decreased with burial depth, this is probably caused by hydrocarbon muti-stages migration and charging from deep to shallower formations, and may also related to nature oil cracking and gas inclusion. The deep reservoir quality is not better than that of the shallower formations because of the higher pressure and higher temperature, and critical conditions of oil and gas charging also become smaller in the deep buried formations. The two phases of paleo-fluid potential are different. In the first phase, higher potential area is distributed around Tuo710 well of Shengtuo area, the second higher potential area is Minfeng depression. In the second phase, Linjin and Minfeng area are two high potential areas, the surrounding area with lower potential is the favorable hydrocarbon accumulation belt.
5. Based on the above research, the hydrocarbon reservoir model of the three areas are built: medium oil in the centre of Lijin area migrate upward along fractures formed by overpressure discgarging in the first period. The second period is mainly charging for crack gas, and it is considered that kerogen-cracking gas charging is the primary charging in Lijin area. In the first period, it is mostly charging with lower mature oil in Shengtuo area, early generated oil and gas migrate upward along the fault, unconformity surface and the connected sand bodies, and oil reservoir formed. It is mainly charging for highly mature oil in the second period, the late generated oil and gas migrate upward along the connected sand body, the fractures formed by overpressure. It is mainly charged with normal mature oil in the first period of Minfeng area, oil and gas did not reach in the structural high location due to low fluid potential, there is a large amount of crude oil charging in the second period. It is charged with condensate gas after the normal crude oil charging, temperature is high in the period of condensate gas filling, the crude oil began to crack, the cracking gas migrate upward along microfractures.
引文
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