含非球面头罩的光学系统像差校正技术研究
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摘要
为实现最优的气动外形结构，设计飞行器光学头罩时往往采用流线型非球面形状替代传统的半球形。含非球面头罩的光学系统（以下简称非球面头罩光学系统）通常利用俯仰-偏航支架来进行扫描成像，在扫描视角不为零时，非球面头罩将体现出严重的非旋转对称特性，给光学系统引入大量像差，且像差的大小随视轴角的改变而发生剧烈变化。由于非球面头罩光学系统的大偏心、大倾斜特性，经典几何像差和波像差理论难以应用于该光学系统的像质分析；传统光学结构形式也难以校正该系统的动态像差，给光学设计提出了巨大难题。
本文致力于非球面头罩光学系统的像差特性分析与像差校正理论研究。主要创新性成果为：针对目前作为导引头整流罩重点发展方向的椭球形头罩，提出了两种新颖的像差校正理论与方法；并探索了两种空气动力学性能良好，同时引入像差较小的新型非球面头罩外形。主要研究工作和结果如下：
1.首先对非球面光学头罩的几何特性和三阶像差特性进行分析：建立了非球面光学头罩几何参数与光学设计软件输入参数之间的转化关系式；将泽尼克多项式像差理论和矢量形式的波像差理论相结合，构建非球面头罩光学系统像差评价模型，并根据矢量像差场中心偏移的特性，指出可利用偏心元件来平衡头罩倾斜引起的彗差。在以上理论基础上深入探讨了非球面头罩光学系统的几何外形特征与像差特性间的关联，指出非球面头罩子午和弧矢曲率半径差值较大，以及光束透过非球面头罩后产生的视轴偏差和非对称光瞳特性是引入严重像差的根本原因。
2.根据非球面头罩光学系统结构和像差特性，选取几种适用于进行非球面头罩像差校正的复杂面形函数，包括透射式Wassermann-Wolf曲面、平面对称表面和高斯径向基函数表面等，分析它们因自身数理模型而表现出的有利于非球面头罩像差校正的光学特性，为以上面形在后文应用于像差校正元件设计建立了理论依据。
3.为解决非球面头罩光学系统难以建立合理的初始结构的问题，提出一种反射式Wassermann-Wolf方程设计理论。以反射定律和光路计算方法为基础，首次推导了一对适用于指导高度非旋转对称的折反射式系统设计的Wassermann-Wolf方程，利用该方程并结合最小二乘拟合的方法，解算出的两镜像差校正器初始结构能够兼顾各个子扫描视场的像差校正需求。利用平面对称的矢量像差理论，分析了该平面对称反射式系统的像差特性，提出了利用反射镜倾斜来进行残余动态像差补偿的设计方案。最后基于以上理论完成了完整非球面头罩光学系统设计实例，该系统在各子扫描视场成像质量接近衍射极限。
4.为解决以往非球面头罩光学系统搜索视场偏小的问题，提出一种基于拱形像差校正元件和动态校正器的非球面头罩像差补偿方法。拱形校正板利用平面对称面形设计，以满足子午和弧矢方向不同的像差补偿需求。采用高斯径向基函数表征动态校正器表面面形并证明了其可行性，实现了变形反射镜的表面光学特性的精确仿真。通过设计实例验证以上像差补偿方法的有效性，设计结果表明该方法同时实现了超大扫描视场与良好成像质量。
5.为从根本上解决现有非球面头罩像差校正手段过于复杂的问题，设计了两种新型非球面头罩，即球-圆锥面和球-圆锥-多项式面头罩。构造了球-圆锥面和球-圆锥-多项式面的数学模型，并证明这两种面形是光滑连续的。之后推导了应用这两种面形的头罩的几何参数设计公式，并通过仿真，证实这两种头罩不但具备良好气动性能，同时在±75°特大扫描视场内仅引入极小像差，从而大大简化了校正系统结构，降低系统重量和成本并增加其可靠性。
As the technique as radar detection and precision anti-missile developmentrapidly, the requirement of aerodynamic performance for the aircraft becomes higherand higher. In order to realize the optimial aerodymanic outer shape, the traditionalhemispheric shape is frequently replaced by the streamline aspheric shape in thedesign of the optical dome on aircraft. The optical system with an aspheric dome(hereinafter referred to as aspheric dome optical system) usually uses the pitch-yawgimbal to scan and image, when the scaning angle is not zero, the aspheric dome willshow serious asymmetrical performance, and induce a mass of aberration for theoptical system, and the amount of the aberration acutely changes as the scaningangle. Due to the serious decenter and tilt performance of the aspheric dome opticalsystem, the classical optical aberration theory and wavefront aberration theorycannot be used in the analysis of this system, and traditional optical structures arefailed to correct the dynamic aberrations of this system, which brings a greatchallenge for the optical design.
This thesis concentrated on the analysis of aberration characteristics and theresearch of aberration correcting theory for the aspheric dome optical system. Themain innovate productions are: focus on the ellipsoidal dome, which is the maindevelopment direction of the seeker dome, two novel aberration correcting theory and method are proposed. And two novel aspheric dome shapes which have goodaerodyamnic performance and induce less aberration are bringed forward. Thedominating work and results in this paper are as follows:
1. At first, the geometrical performance and third-order aberration characteristicsfor the aspheric optical dome are analyzed: The transformation between geometricalparameters of an aspheric dome and the input of optical design software isestablished. Zernike polynomials aberration theory and vector wavefront aberrationtheory are combined to establish the aberration evaluation model for the asphericdome optical system. Based on the displacement property of the vector aberrationfield center, the design idea of using a decentered corrector to balance the comainduced by the tilt of the dome is proposed. On the base of above work, the contactof geometrical characteristics and aberration performance for the aspheric domeoptical system is deeply discussed, and the fundamental causes of the production oflarge aberration are pointed out: Firstly, there is a dramatic difference betweentangential and sagittal radius of curvatures of the aspheric dome; secondly, when theray fan pass through the aspheric dome, the line of sight deviation and asymmetricalpupil distribution present themselves.
2. Based on the structure and aberration characteristics of the aspheric opticaldome, a few complex surfaces, including the dioptric Wassermann-Wolf surfaces, theplane symmetric surface and the Gaussian radial basis function surface, are selected.These surface types are fit for being used in aberration correcting for the asphericdome. The optical characteristics of them which are beneficial to aberrationcorrecting for the aspheric dome are discussed. These optical characteristics are rootin the mathsmatic models of these surfaces. The discussion provides a theoreticfoundation for the application of these surface types in the design of aberrationcorrectors below.
3. To solve the problem that a reasonable intial structure of the aspheric domeoptical system is difficult to established, a design theory based on reflectiveWassermann-Wolf (W-W) equations is proposed. On the basis of reflection law and light path caculation method, a pair of Wassermann-Wolf (W-W) equations relatingto designs of highly non-rotationally symmetric reflective systems are derived forthe first time. Combined this way with the least square fitting method, we can get anintial structure of a two-mirror aberration corrector concerned theaberration-corrected need of every field-of-regard(FOR) point. Based on theplane-symmetric vector aberration theory, the aberration properties of thisplane-symmetric reflective system is analyzed, and the design scheme of tiltingmirrors to compensate the residual dynamical aberration in different FOR. Finally,the integrated aspheric dome optical system design example is finished, and theimaging quality of this system approaches to the diffraction limit.
4. To overcome the problem that the searching FORs of existing aspheric domeoptical systems are relatively narrow, an aberration compensating method for theaspheric dome optical system based on the combination of an arch corrector and adynamic corrector is proposed. The arch corrector is designed in plane-symmetricsurfaces to satify different aberration-corrected needs in tangential and sagittaldirections. The surface shape of the dynamic corrector is represented by Gaussianradial basis function, and the feasibility of this represented method is proved. Theaccurate simulation of the optical properities of the deformable mirror is achieved.Through a design example the validity of this aberration compensating method isproved, and the design result indicates that this method reaches the requirements ofsuper wide FOR and high imaging quality at the same time.
5. To radically solve the problem that the existing correcting methods areexcessively complex, two novel aspheric dome, sphere-cone (SC) andsphere-cone-polynomial (SCP) domes, are designed. The mathematic models of SCand SCP surfaces are established. The smoothness and continuity of these twosurfaces are proved. The equations used to decide geometrical parameters of domeswith these shapes are deduced. Through the simulations, it is proved that these twodomes have not only good aerodynamic performance, but also introduce the minimalamount of aberration in±75°super scanning field. So the correcting system structure is significantly simplified, which reduces the weight and cost and enhances thereliability of the system.
本文致力于非球面头罩光学系统的像差特性分析与像差校正理论研究。主要创新性成果为：针对目前作为导引头整流罩重点发展方向的椭球形头罩，提出了两种新颖的像差校正理论与方法；并探索了两种空气动力学性能良好，同时引入像差较小的新型非球面头罩外形。主要研究工作和结果如下：
1.首先对非球面光学头罩的几何特性和三阶像差特性进行分析：建立了非球面光学头罩几何参数与光学设计软件输入参数之间的转化关系式；将泽尼克多项式像差理论和矢量形式的波像差理论相结合，构建非球面头罩光学系统像差评价模型，并根据矢量像差场中心偏移的特性，指出可利用偏心元件来平衡头罩倾斜引起的彗差。在以上理论基础上深入探讨了非球面头罩光学系统的几何外形特征与像差特性间的关联，指出非球面头罩子午和弧矢曲率半径差值较大，以及光束透过非球面头罩后产生的视轴偏差和非对称光瞳特性是引入严重像差的根本原因。
2.根据非球面头罩光学系统结构和像差特性，选取几种适用于进行非球面头罩像差校正的复杂面形函数，包括透射式Wassermann-Wolf曲面、平面对称表面和高斯径向基函数表面等，分析它们因自身数理模型而表现出的有利于非球面头罩像差校正的光学特性，为以上面形在后文应用于像差校正元件设计建立了理论依据。
3.为解决非球面头罩光学系统难以建立合理的初始结构的问题，提出一种反射式Wassermann-Wolf方程设计理论。以反射定律和光路计算方法为基础，首次推导了一对适用于指导高度非旋转对称的折反射式系统设计的Wassermann-Wolf方程，利用该方程并结合最小二乘拟合的方法，解算出的两镜像差校正器初始结构能够兼顾各个子扫描视场的像差校正需求。利用平面对称的矢量像差理论，分析了该平面对称反射式系统的像差特性，提出了利用反射镜倾斜来进行残余动态像差补偿的设计方案。最后基于以上理论完成了完整非球面头罩光学系统设计实例，该系统在各子扫描视场成像质量接近衍射极限。
4.为解决以往非球面头罩光学系统搜索视场偏小的问题，提出一种基于拱形像差校正元件和动态校正器的非球面头罩像差补偿方法。拱形校正板利用平面对称面形设计，以满足子午和弧矢方向不同的像差补偿需求。采用高斯径向基函数表征动态校正器表面面形并证明了其可行性，实现了变形反射镜的表面光学特性的精确仿真。通过设计实例验证以上像差补偿方法的有效性，设计结果表明该方法同时实现了超大扫描视场与良好成像质量。
5.为从根本上解决现有非球面头罩像差校正手段过于复杂的问题，设计了两种新型非球面头罩，即球-圆锥面和球-圆锥-多项式面头罩。构造了球-圆锥面和球-圆锥-多项式面的数学模型，并证明这两种面形是光滑连续的。之后推导了应用这两种面形的头罩的几何参数设计公式，并通过仿真，证实这两种头罩不但具备良好气动性能，同时在±75°特大扫描视场内仅引入极小像差，从而大大简化了校正系统结构，降低系统重量和成本并增加其可靠性。
As the technique as radar detection and precision anti-missile developmentrapidly, the requirement of aerodynamic performance for the aircraft becomes higherand higher. In order to realize the optimial aerodymanic outer shape, the traditionalhemispheric shape is frequently replaced by the streamline aspheric shape in thedesign of the optical dome on aircraft. The optical system with an aspheric dome(hereinafter referred to as aspheric dome optical system) usually uses the pitch-yawgimbal to scan and image, when the scaning angle is not zero, the aspheric dome willshow serious asymmetrical performance, and induce a mass of aberration for theoptical system, and the amount of the aberration acutely changes as the scaningangle. Due to the serious decenter and tilt performance of the aspheric dome opticalsystem, the classical optical aberration theory and wavefront aberration theorycannot be used in the analysis of this system, and traditional optical structures arefailed to correct the dynamic aberrations of this system, which brings a greatchallenge for the optical design.
This thesis concentrated on the analysis of aberration characteristics and theresearch of aberration correcting theory for the aspheric dome optical system. Themain innovate productions are: focus on the ellipsoidal dome, which is the maindevelopment direction of the seeker dome, two novel aberration correcting theory and method are proposed. And two novel aspheric dome shapes which have goodaerodyamnic performance and induce less aberration are bringed forward. Thedominating work and results in this paper are as follows:
1. At first, the geometrical performance and third-order aberration characteristicsfor the aspheric optical dome are analyzed: The transformation between geometricalparameters of an aspheric dome and the input of optical design software isestablished. Zernike polynomials aberration theory and vector wavefront aberrationtheory are combined to establish the aberration evaluation model for the asphericdome optical system. Based on the displacement property of the vector aberrationfield center, the design idea of using a decentered corrector to balance the comainduced by the tilt of the dome is proposed. On the base of above work, the contactof geometrical characteristics and aberration performance for the aspheric domeoptical system is deeply discussed, and the fundamental causes of the production oflarge aberration are pointed out: Firstly, there is a dramatic difference betweentangential and sagittal radius of curvatures of the aspheric dome; secondly, when theray fan pass through the aspheric dome, the line of sight deviation and asymmetricalpupil distribution present themselves.
2. Based on the structure and aberration characteristics of the aspheric opticaldome, a few complex surfaces, including the dioptric Wassermann-Wolf surfaces, theplane symmetric surface and the Gaussian radial basis function surface, are selected.These surface types are fit for being used in aberration correcting for the asphericdome. The optical characteristics of them which are beneficial to aberrationcorrecting for the aspheric dome are discussed. These optical characteristics are rootin the mathsmatic models of these surfaces. The discussion provides a theoreticfoundation for the application of these surface types in the design of aberrationcorrectors below.
3. To solve the problem that a reasonable intial structure of the aspheric domeoptical system is difficult to established, a design theory based on reflectiveWassermann-Wolf (W-W) equations is proposed. On the basis of reflection law and light path caculation method, a pair of Wassermann-Wolf (W-W) equations relatingto designs of highly non-rotationally symmetric reflective systems are derived forthe first time. Combined this way with the least square fitting method, we can get anintial structure of a two-mirror aberration corrector concerned theaberration-corrected need of every field-of-regard(FOR) point. Based on theplane-symmetric vector aberration theory, the aberration properties of thisplane-symmetric reflective system is analyzed, and the design scheme of tiltingmirrors to compensate the residual dynamical aberration in different FOR. Finally,the integrated aspheric dome optical system design example is finished, and theimaging quality of this system approaches to the diffraction limit.
4. To overcome the problem that the searching FORs of existing aspheric domeoptical systems are relatively narrow, an aberration compensating method for theaspheric dome optical system based on the combination of an arch corrector and adynamic corrector is proposed. The arch corrector is designed in plane-symmetricsurfaces to satify different aberration-corrected needs in tangential and sagittaldirections. The surface shape of the dynamic corrector is represented by Gaussianradial basis function, and the feasibility of this represented method is proved. Theaccurate simulation of the optical properities of the deformable mirror is achieved.Through a design example the validity of this aberration compensating method isproved, and the design result indicates that this method reaches the requirements ofsuper wide FOR and high imaging quality at the same time.
5. To radically solve the problem that the existing correcting methods areexcessively complex, two novel aspheric dome, sphere-cone (SC) andsphere-cone-polynomial (SCP) domes, are designed. The mathematic models of SCand SCP surfaces are established. The smoothness and continuity of these twosurfaces are proved. The equations used to decide geometrical parameters of domeswith these shapes are deduced. Through the simulations, it is proved that these twodomes have not only good aerodynamic performance, but also introduce the minimalamount of aberration in±75°super scanning field. So the correcting system structure is significantly simplified, which reduces the weight and cost and enhances thereliability of the system.
引文
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