煤矸石风化物的复垦特性及其改良措施研究
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摘要
煤矸石作为我国第一大固体废弃物,由于其资源化利用的要求和成本较高,所以煤矸石山复垦(进行种植绿化)仍然是煤矸石山治理的主要途径。目前我国煤矸石山的农林复垦利用方式主要有直接种植和覆土种植两种,而直接种植效果较差,厚层覆土往往存在土方及工程量大、运输困难、费用昂贵、水土流失、土源紧缺等问题,已被大多数学者接受的浅层覆土(5cm左右)也在种植过程中出现了诸如土壤板结、保水性较差等问题。因此,探索我国更为适宜的煤矸石山复垦改良措施,可为降低煤矸石山复垦费用、改善煤矸石山复垦效果提供依据。
本次试验从植物生长不可缺少的水分研究出发,通过野外蒸发试验、室外蒸发试验、室内渗透试验,引进粉煤灰作为煤矸石风化物复垦改良物料,采用煤矸石风化物、粉煤灰和黄土不同比例均匀混合的方法,探索成本较低的可行的煤矸石风化物复垦改良措施,并用盆栽试验加以验证。通过大豆生长生物指标和种植前后各处理土样土壤性状分析,得出针对煤矸石上覆土5cm的较优的煤矸石风化物复垦改良措施。
(1) 野外蒸发试验室外蒸发试验表明,煤矸石山在模拟降雨36d后,煤矸石风化物相对同区同期同深度的黄土含水量具有较强的保水性,即煤矸石颗粒大、下渗快、低蒸发;但是其含水量随着深度的增加而增大,如能把含水层提升到植物根系易于吸收的深度,将为煤矸石山复垦创造水分条件。
(2) 室外蒸发试验中设定的6个处理取相同体积在室外自然阳光、温度、浇水量相同的条件下,历时72d的观测显示:其含水量由高到低的顺序为:煤矸石风化物、煤矸石风化物上覆粉煤灰5cm、煤矸石和粉煤灰1:1、煤矸石风化物和粉煤灰2:1、煤矸石与粉煤灰和黄土4:1:1、煤矸石上覆土5cm的处理;验证了野外蒸发试验中煤矸石风化物不易蒸发的特性,同时得出相对煤矸石上覆土,用粉煤灰改良煤矸石风化物复垦特性的可行性。
(3) 室内渗透试验得出结论:煤矸石渗透系数随着粒径的增大而增大,而且各粒级之间的渗透系数呈跳跃式,中间没有连续性,表明各粒级之间的渗透特性有着明显的差别;煤矸石风化物相对黄土和粉煤灰有非常强的渗透性,用煤矸石与黄土、粉煤灰不同比例混合有利于减小煤矸石表层渗水,增加煤矸石表层储水。
(4) 采用煤矸石风化物、黄土、粉煤灰不同比例混合的方法,以煤矸石风化物上覆土5cm为对照,确定了煤矸石风化物复垦9种改良措施,经过盆栽试验得出以下结论:
Coal wastes mountain in our country farming and forestry is at the moment reclaimed and is utilized again chiefly is covering earth to grow , What is confronted to cover earth to grow badly needed such as the earth source , transportation hardship , reveal during the earth of expense expansively with covers is grown the earth is harden , organic character lack , thorough the quality worse and soil fertility limit and so on the problem .The amendment step is reclaimed by the coal waste decency matters that land occupation condition on our country coal waste mountain was probed the more suitable kind again .The useful references of closing supplying shall be reclaimed again to the coal waste mountain .This is tested through coal waste decency matter water content researching to start off , the experiment evaporate by means of the field , the experiment is evaporated in the outside , the osmosis of interior is tested, selecting out some relatively feasible in the coal waste decency matters initially reclaims the amendment step again , moreover means in the way of the grown in a pot experiment , by means of the living beings target an earth type alternation situation ought to be demonstrated further with grows , obtaining the more splendid coal waste decency matters that in view of the coal covers earth 5cm on the waste reclaims the amendment step again .Not rigidly adhere to the coal waste on the cover in the experiment anticipates to reclaim" the limit which grown again , by means of evaporates the research that the osmosis awaited to coal waste decency matter water content , the distinguishing feature seeing in view of the coal waste decency matters , bold the adopting coal waste blendes against the distinct proportions of loess , means that the coal waste blendes against the distinct proportions of coal ash , thereby the great pellet aim attain to fill in the coal waste decency matters , causing the coal waste decency matters reclaim the amendment step again still more suitable kind of quality .The conclusions below can be obtained by the experiment:Coal wastes and coal ash blend to possess the soy bean flora to come out the growth , the coal waste decency matter amendment steps can be done worthwhile , yet is limited to this experiment time the limit does not find the optimum proportion , then may confirm that coal which fixed waste together with coal ash are tested to things 2:1, 3:1, 4:1. Not pertaining to this is tested the demand and opposites to each other that the coal covers earth still more some proportions on the waste , yet realizes at least in case in the way of coal ash amendment coal waste decency matters kind character property , lift coal waste decency matters suitable kind of quality , the coal ash blending proportion should over 1/3.This is tested in four serious of handles which fixed , with coal waste together with loess 2:1, Biomass is the largest test , Whether or being the rate of emergence , Survival rate , It is stem tall , It is piece elder , Path , The living beings targets such as growth index number and so on wholly are more than the comparison coal to be covered earth 5cm on the waste to handle , put in order is living first ;Coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1. Also being more than the comparison coal covers the handle of earth 5cm on the waste to put in order being living second ;Yet every the handle water content situation is see through grows about , Coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1. Guarantor's ability in swimming is in good health to coal waste together with loess 2:1; In immediate future this obtains two handles more splendid therefore being tested: Coal waste together with loess 2:1. And coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1.
本次试验从植物生长不可缺少的水分研究出发,通过野外蒸发试验、室外蒸发试验、室内渗透试验,引进粉煤灰作为煤矸石风化物复垦改良物料,采用煤矸石风化物、粉煤灰和黄土不同比例均匀混合的方法,探索成本较低的可行的煤矸石风化物复垦改良措施,并用盆栽试验加以验证。通过大豆生长生物指标和种植前后各处理土样土壤性状分析,得出针对煤矸石上覆土5cm的较优的煤矸石风化物复垦改良措施。
(1) 野外蒸发试验室外蒸发试验表明,煤矸石山在模拟降雨36d后,煤矸石风化物相对同区同期同深度的黄土含水量具有较强的保水性,即煤矸石颗粒大、下渗快、低蒸发;但是其含水量随着深度的增加而增大,如能把含水层提升到植物根系易于吸收的深度,将为煤矸石山复垦创造水分条件。
(2) 室外蒸发试验中设定的6个处理取相同体积在室外自然阳光、温度、浇水量相同的条件下,历时72d的观测显示:其含水量由高到低的顺序为:煤矸石风化物、煤矸石风化物上覆粉煤灰5cm、煤矸石和粉煤灰1:1、煤矸石风化物和粉煤灰2:1、煤矸石与粉煤灰和黄土4:1:1、煤矸石上覆土5cm的处理;验证了野外蒸发试验中煤矸石风化物不易蒸发的特性,同时得出相对煤矸石上覆土,用粉煤灰改良煤矸石风化物复垦特性的可行性。
(3) 室内渗透试验得出结论:煤矸石渗透系数随着粒径的增大而增大,而且各粒级之间的渗透系数呈跳跃式,中间没有连续性,表明各粒级之间的渗透特性有着明显的差别;煤矸石风化物相对黄土和粉煤灰有非常强的渗透性,用煤矸石与黄土、粉煤灰不同比例混合有利于减小煤矸石表层渗水,增加煤矸石表层储水。
(4) 采用煤矸石风化物、黄土、粉煤灰不同比例混合的方法,以煤矸石风化物上覆土5cm为对照,确定了煤矸石风化物复垦9种改良措施,经过盆栽试验得出以下结论:
Coal wastes mountain in our country farming and forestry is at the moment reclaimed and is utilized again chiefly is covering earth to grow , What is confronted to cover earth to grow badly needed such as the earth source , transportation hardship , reveal during the earth of expense expansively with covers is grown the earth is harden , organic character lack , thorough the quality worse and soil fertility limit and so on the problem .The amendment step is reclaimed by the coal waste decency matters that land occupation condition on our country coal waste mountain was probed the more suitable kind again .The useful references of closing supplying shall be reclaimed again to the coal waste mountain .This is tested through coal waste decency matter water content researching to start off , the experiment evaporate by means of the field , the experiment is evaporated in the outside , the osmosis of interior is tested, selecting out some relatively feasible in the coal waste decency matters initially reclaims the amendment step again , moreover means in the way of the grown in a pot experiment , by means of the living beings target an earth type alternation situation ought to be demonstrated further with grows , obtaining the more splendid coal waste decency matters that in view of the coal covers earth 5cm on the waste reclaims the amendment step again .Not rigidly adhere to the coal waste on the cover in the experiment anticipates to reclaim" the limit which grown again , by means of evaporates the research that the osmosis awaited to coal waste decency matter water content , the distinguishing feature seeing in view of the coal waste decency matters , bold the adopting coal waste blendes against the distinct proportions of loess , means that the coal waste blendes against the distinct proportions of coal ash , thereby the great pellet aim attain to fill in the coal waste decency matters , causing the coal waste decency matters reclaim the amendment step again still more suitable kind of quality .The conclusions below can be obtained by the experiment:Coal wastes and coal ash blend to possess the soy bean flora to come out the growth , the coal waste decency matter amendment steps can be done worthwhile , yet is limited to this experiment time the limit does not find the optimum proportion , then may confirm that coal which fixed waste together with coal ash are tested to things 2:1, 3:1, 4:1. Not pertaining to this is tested the demand and opposites to each other that the coal covers earth still more some proportions on the waste , yet realizes at least in case in the way of coal ash amendment coal waste decency matters kind character property , lift coal waste decency matters suitable kind of quality , the coal ash blending proportion should over 1/3.This is tested in four serious of handles which fixed , with coal waste together with loess 2:1, Biomass is the largest test , Whether or being the rate of emergence , Survival rate , It is stem tall , It is piece elder , Path , The living beings targets such as growth index number and so on wholly are more than the comparison coal to be covered earth 5cm on the waste to handle , put in order is living first ;Coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1. Also being more than the comparison coal covers the handle of earth 5cm on the waste to put in order being living second ;Yet every the handle water content situation is see through grows about , Coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1. Guarantor's ability in swimming is in good health to coal waste together with loess 2:1; In immediate future this obtains two handles more splendid therefore being tested: Coal waste together with loess 2:1. And coal waste together with loess , Coal ash 4:1:1.
引文
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[3] 谢宏全,张光灿.煤矸石山对生态环境的影响及治理对策[M].北京工业职业技术学院学报,2002,(3):27-30,62.
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