硅基参量放大及射频宽带接入网光源技术的研究
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摘要
随着光传送网和光纤接入网的深入发展,高性能全光网络的实现对器件性能的要求越来越高,并且不断向交换、无线通信、光互连和传感器等领域扩展,光器件的研究对整个光通信网络的发展起着举足轻重的作用,是推动光纤通信进步的重要动力,其中放大器及光源作为关键器件一直受到了广泛关注。光参量放大器(optical parametric amplifier, OPA)可以在低噪声放大信号的同时,实现通信频段的全覆盖,被认为是下一代光网络中很有发展潜力的放大及全光信号处理器件。射频宽带接入(radio-on-fiber, ROF)技术则将光纤通信与无线通信有机的结合在了一起,实现了射频信号的大容量低损耗传输,是接入网中很有应用前景的技术。本论文主要研究了硅基OPA的性能与ROF系统(radio-on-fiber, ROF)中光源技术的实现,具体工作分为以下两个部分：
(一)硅基OPA的研究
本文在分析光传输经典量子理论的基础上,一方面研究了硅基中相位敏感参量放大器(phase sensitive optical parametric amplifier, PS-OPA)的增益、噪声及相位再生性能。另一方面研究了硅基微环谐振腔(Microring resonator, MR)中相位不敏感参量放大器(phase insensitive optical parametric amplifier, PI-OPA)的性能,并对其相关参数取值范围进行了优化。主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)从光传输的经典量子理论出发,通过对光子数期望、方差的计算,建立了OPA系统中NF的理论模型并在高增益假设情况下进行深入分析。结果表明PI-OPA的量子极限噪声为3dB,而在PS-OPA中,通过选择合适的输入相位,可以获得最低0dB的量子噪声,进而对PS-OPA低噪声机理做出了理论解释。
(2)研究了硅基简并型PS-OPA的增益及噪声性能,分析了硅基中固有的双光子吸收效应(Two photon absorption, TPA)及自由载流子吸收效应(Free earrier absorption, FCA)对FWM效率的影响,讨论了其对泵浦功率及硅基自由载流子寿命的依赖性。同时对相位再生性能进行了理论分析,仿真结果表明,通过选取合适的硅基色散、自由载流子寿命及输入相对相位等参数,可以实现相位再生性能的优化。
(3)分析了硅基非简并型PS-OPA的增益及噪声性能,结果表明硅基波导中的PS-OPA性能与输入初始相对相位密切相关并随其发生周期性变化。同时指出硅基非简并型PS-OPA不仅可以直接降低线性PN的积累,而且可以对输入信号的相位波动进行抑制,当输入相位波动为0.05π时,输出信号相位波动被压缩到一半以下。另外,为了获得净增益及低噪声,自由载流子寿命应小于400ps。
(4)建立了MR中OPA的理论模型并对其性能进行了分析。通过对介质、泵浦相关参数的仿真,为参数的取值范围作出了合理化建议,为了获得大的稳定净增益,自由载流子寿命需保持在100ps以内,耦合系数к值在0.25-0.5范围内取值。分析结果表明,MR的使用可以降低OPA所需的泵浦功率,减小非线性作用所需的波导尺寸。以上结果对于硅基微环中的OPA实现提出了有益的建议。
(二)ROF光载毫米波的生成
(1)提出了基于超连续谱切割的适用于波分复用(Wavelength division multiplexing,WDM) ROF系统的多通道光载毫米波生成方案并进行了实验验证。方案中采用飞秒超快激光器作为泵浦源,使用正负色散光子晶体光纤的级联结构产生超连续谱,并利用SFBG对超连续谱进行了切割,进而研究了WDM-ROF多通道毫米光载波的性能。详细分析了不同泵浦功率和波长的情况下超连续谱的演变过程,通过调节泵浦功率和泵浦波长,实现了通信波段平坦度在±0.15dBm的超连续谱。同时采用了实验室自行设计制作的SFBG进行了梳状滤波,制得的多路ROF光源功率波动不超过±0.3dBm,通道内峰值功率差最小为0.01dBm。
(2)提出了利用高非线性光纤中的饱和OPA效应生成光载毫米波方案并对其性能进行了仿真分析。本方案有如下优点：首先,该方案中避免了高速外部调制器和高频射频源的使用,有效地降低了成本且提高了系统的稳定性。其次,参量放大深度饱和时,中心波长处的光功率会很大程度的传递给信号光及所产生的闲频光进而直接产生OCS调制格式的毫米波,在放大载波功率的同时避免了窄带滤波器的使用,简化了系统结构且降低了系统成本
Along with the development of optical transport network and optical access network, the the requirement of the devices quality increases and continues to expand to the areas of switching, wireless communication, optical interconnection and sensors, the research of the optical devices play an important role to influence and work as a driving force to promote the development of the whole optical communication network. Among all the optical devices, the amplifier and optical source gain a lot of interests. The optical parametric amplifier (OPA) can realize low noise amplification and full coverage of communication band, so it is considered as a potential device for amplification and signal processing in next generation optical network. Radio on fiber (ROF) technology can combine the merits of optical and wireless communication network and realize the wideband wireless access. It is a promising technology in access network. This article is mainly focused on silicon-based OPA and the optical source for ROF system.
The main research work of this dissertation are classified as two aspects and listed as below:
I Silicon-based OPA technologies
Based on the quantum theory of optical transmission, on one hand, net gain, noise figure and phase regeneration of phase-sensitive optical parametric amplifier (PS-OPA) have been studied. On the other hand, the phase-insensitive optical parametric amplifier (PI-OPA) in silicon microring resonator has been investigated, several loss mechanisms involved and coupling coefficient have been discussed and optimized. The work mainly includes the following parts:
(1)Based on the classical quantum theory, by calculating photon-number expectation and variance, the function of NF has been deduced and analyzed under the assumption of large photon number. The results show that the NF of phase insensitive (PI) OPA is 3dB, NF of the phase sensitive (PS) OPA is OdB. The reason of low noise for PS OPA is discovered and explained in detail.
(2) The net gain and NF of symmetric-pump (SP) PS-OPA have been analyzed in theory. Influence of inherent nonlinear effects in silicon like two photon absorption (TPA) and free carrier absorption (FCA) are discussed. In addition, the phase regeneration performance of SP-PS-OPA has been analyzed and optimized by choosing suitale dispersion, free carrier lifetime and input phase.
(3)The net gain and noise of non-degenerate PS-OPA have been analyzed in detail. The results showed that the input relative phase plays an important role in silicon non-degenerate PS-OPA. The net gain, NF and output phase changed periodically along with the input phase. In silicon-based PS-OPA, while nonlinear phase noise (PN) can be declined directly, linear phase fluctuation can also be depressed. Assuming the linear phase fluctuation of input signal is 0.05Πthe fluctuation of output phase can be decreased to below the half of input fluctuation. For net gain and low noise, free carrier lifetime should be kept below 400ps.
(4) OPA in a silicon-based microring resonator is proposed and modeled. Net gain can be achieved by properly adjusting pulse width, repetition rate of the pump and free carrier lifetime of material to reduce the nonlinear losses caused by TPA and FCA. For high steady net OPA in MRs, the carrier lifetimes should be kept below 100ps and coupling coefficientκshould be keep in the suitable range from 0.25 to 0.5. Furthermore, the MR with high enhancement factor can reduce the pump power and waveguide length. These capabilities enable the integration of OPA. These results make some useful suggestions to the practical use of integration OPA.
ⅡThe source for ROF system
(1)A millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multi-channel source generating method for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) radio-on-fiber (ROF) systems is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In this scheme, a femto-second semiconductor mode-locked laser is used as the source, two 5-m-long photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with opposite dispersion are used to generate supercontinuum, then a sampled fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) is used to slice the generated supercontinuum. Based the supercontinuum with flatness of±0.15dBm, more than 10 channels millimeter-wave optical carriers have been generated with±0.3dBm Peak fluctuation for WDM-ROF system. These ten-channel carriers have some characteristics like small gain fluctuation, large modulation depth and narrow width, and so on. Besides, the whole system can be easily integrated due to simple structure and small insertion loss.
(2)The optical carrier suppression (OCS) mm-wave generation based on saturated OPA effect in the high nonlinear fiber has been proposed and simulated. This proposed scheme can enhance the sensitivity of receiver and decline the penalty after long-haul transmission. Meanwhile, it can also simplify the system and reduce the cost of ROF system by avoiding the use of high rate external modulator, high-frequency RF sources and narrow-band filters.
(一)硅基OPA的研究
本文在分析光传输经典量子理论的基础上,一方面研究了硅基中相位敏感参量放大器(phase sensitive optical parametric amplifier, PS-OPA)的增益、噪声及相位再生性能。另一方面研究了硅基微环谐振腔(Microring resonator, MR)中相位不敏感参量放大器(phase insensitive optical parametric amplifier, PI-OPA)的性能,并对其相关参数取值范围进行了优化。主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)从光传输的经典量子理论出发,通过对光子数期望、方差的计算,建立了OPA系统中NF的理论模型并在高增益假设情况下进行深入分析。结果表明PI-OPA的量子极限噪声为3dB,而在PS-OPA中,通过选择合适的输入相位,可以获得最低0dB的量子噪声,进而对PS-OPA低噪声机理做出了理论解释。
(2)研究了硅基简并型PS-OPA的增益及噪声性能,分析了硅基中固有的双光子吸收效应(Two photon absorption, TPA)及自由载流子吸收效应(Free earrier absorption, FCA)对FWM效率的影响,讨论了其对泵浦功率及硅基自由载流子寿命的依赖性。同时对相位再生性能进行了理论分析,仿真结果表明,通过选取合适的硅基色散、自由载流子寿命及输入相对相位等参数,可以实现相位再生性能的优化。
(3)分析了硅基非简并型PS-OPA的增益及噪声性能,结果表明硅基波导中的PS-OPA性能与输入初始相对相位密切相关并随其发生周期性变化。同时指出硅基非简并型PS-OPA不仅可以直接降低线性PN的积累,而且可以对输入信号的相位波动进行抑制,当输入相位波动为0.05π时,输出信号相位波动被压缩到一半以下。另外,为了获得净增益及低噪声,自由载流子寿命应小于400ps。
(4)建立了MR中OPA的理论模型并对其性能进行了分析。通过对介质、泵浦相关参数的仿真,为参数的取值范围作出了合理化建议,为了获得大的稳定净增益,自由载流子寿命需保持在100ps以内,耦合系数к值在0.25-0.5范围内取值。分析结果表明,MR的使用可以降低OPA所需的泵浦功率,减小非线性作用所需的波导尺寸。以上结果对于硅基微环中的OPA实现提出了有益的建议。
(二)ROF光载毫米波的生成
(1)提出了基于超连续谱切割的适用于波分复用(Wavelength division multiplexing,WDM) ROF系统的多通道光载毫米波生成方案并进行了实验验证。方案中采用飞秒超快激光器作为泵浦源,使用正负色散光子晶体光纤的级联结构产生超连续谱,并利用SFBG对超连续谱进行了切割,进而研究了WDM-ROF多通道毫米光载波的性能。详细分析了不同泵浦功率和波长的情况下超连续谱的演变过程,通过调节泵浦功率和泵浦波长,实现了通信波段平坦度在±0.15dBm的超连续谱。同时采用了实验室自行设计制作的SFBG进行了梳状滤波,制得的多路ROF光源功率波动不超过±0.3dBm,通道内峰值功率差最小为0.01dBm。
(2)提出了利用高非线性光纤中的饱和OPA效应生成光载毫米波方案并对其性能进行了仿真分析。本方案有如下优点：首先,该方案中避免了高速外部调制器和高频射频源的使用,有效地降低了成本且提高了系统的稳定性。其次,参量放大深度饱和时,中心波长处的光功率会很大程度的传递给信号光及所产生的闲频光进而直接产生OCS调制格式的毫米波,在放大载波功率的同时避免了窄带滤波器的使用,简化了系统结构且降低了系统成本
Along with the development of optical transport network and optical access network, the the requirement of the devices quality increases and continues to expand to the areas of switching, wireless communication, optical interconnection and sensors, the research of the optical devices play an important role to influence and work as a driving force to promote the development of the whole optical communication network. Among all the optical devices, the amplifier and optical source gain a lot of interests. The optical parametric amplifier (OPA) can realize low noise amplification and full coverage of communication band, so it is considered as a potential device for amplification and signal processing in next generation optical network. Radio on fiber (ROF) technology can combine the merits of optical and wireless communication network and realize the wideband wireless access. It is a promising technology in access network. This article is mainly focused on silicon-based OPA and the optical source for ROF system.
The main research work of this dissertation are classified as two aspects and listed as below:
I Silicon-based OPA technologies
Based on the quantum theory of optical transmission, on one hand, net gain, noise figure and phase regeneration of phase-sensitive optical parametric amplifier (PS-OPA) have been studied. On the other hand, the phase-insensitive optical parametric amplifier (PI-OPA) in silicon microring resonator has been investigated, several loss mechanisms involved and coupling coefficient have been discussed and optimized. The work mainly includes the following parts:
(1)Based on the classical quantum theory, by calculating photon-number expectation and variance, the function of NF has been deduced and analyzed under the assumption of large photon number. The results show that the NF of phase insensitive (PI) OPA is 3dB, NF of the phase sensitive (PS) OPA is OdB. The reason of low noise for PS OPA is discovered and explained in detail.
(2) The net gain and NF of symmetric-pump (SP) PS-OPA have been analyzed in theory. Influence of inherent nonlinear effects in silicon like two photon absorption (TPA) and free carrier absorption (FCA) are discussed. In addition, the phase regeneration performance of SP-PS-OPA has been analyzed and optimized by choosing suitale dispersion, free carrier lifetime and input phase.
(3)The net gain and noise of non-degenerate PS-OPA have been analyzed in detail. The results showed that the input relative phase plays an important role in silicon non-degenerate PS-OPA. The net gain, NF and output phase changed periodically along with the input phase. In silicon-based PS-OPA, while nonlinear phase noise (PN) can be declined directly, linear phase fluctuation can also be depressed. Assuming the linear phase fluctuation of input signal is 0.05Πthe fluctuation of output phase can be decreased to below the half of input fluctuation. For net gain and low noise, free carrier lifetime should be kept below 400ps.
(4) OPA in a silicon-based microring resonator is proposed and modeled. Net gain can be achieved by properly adjusting pulse width, repetition rate of the pump and free carrier lifetime of material to reduce the nonlinear losses caused by TPA and FCA. For high steady net OPA in MRs, the carrier lifetimes should be kept below 100ps and coupling coefficientκshould be keep in the suitable range from 0.25 to 0.5. Furthermore, the MR with high enhancement factor can reduce the pump power and waveguide length. These capabilities enable the integration of OPA. These results make some useful suggestions to the practical use of integration OPA.
ⅡThe source for ROF system
(1)A millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multi-channel source generating method for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) radio-on-fiber (ROF) systems is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In this scheme, a femto-second semiconductor mode-locked laser is used as the source, two 5-m-long photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with opposite dispersion are used to generate supercontinuum, then a sampled fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) is used to slice the generated supercontinuum. Based the supercontinuum with flatness of±0.15dBm, more than 10 channels millimeter-wave optical carriers have been generated with±0.3dBm Peak fluctuation for WDM-ROF system. These ten-channel carriers have some characteristics like small gain fluctuation, large modulation depth and narrow width, and so on. Besides, the whole system can be easily integrated due to simple structure and small insertion loss.
(2)The optical carrier suppression (OCS) mm-wave generation based on saturated OPA effect in the high nonlinear fiber has been proposed and simulated. This proposed scheme can enhance the sensitivity of receiver and decline the penalty after long-haul transmission. Meanwhile, it can also simplify the system and reduce the cost of ROF system by avoiding the use of high rate external modulator, high-frequency RF sources and narrow-band filters.
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