河西绿洲农业区不同水氮条件对酿酒葡萄水分利用的影响及水碳耦合模拟研究
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摘要
石羊河流域是甘肃省河西走廊三大内陆河流域之一，该流域有限的水资源承载了过多的人口与经济活动，造成了水资源的严重匮乏。酿酒葡萄种植产业是石羊河流域乃至整个河西走廊地区重点发展产业。作为典型的内陆干旱地区，水资源匮乏、土壤盐碱化等环境条件与当地不合理的灌溉、施肥管理制度之间的矛盾严重制约了当地酿酒葡萄产业的健康发展。
本文以当地酿酒葡萄“梅鹿辄”为研究对象，通过利用热平衡原理的茎流计对不同水氮条件下的酿酒葡萄在2010-2012年间进行了连续三年的茎流观测，并通过对葡萄植株叶片生长、生理，果实性状及产量和耗水的监测与测量，研究荒漠绿洲区不同水氮条件下酿酒葡萄耗水机制、生理特征及干物质积累规律，在此基础上，对不同氮素条件下的水碳耦合模拟进行了深入研究和探索。具体的研究结果如下：
（1）酿酒葡萄植株对不同水分、氮素条件表现出不同的响应特征。施氮量的增加会促进植株叶面积的生长和叶绿素含量的升高，但会降低作物根系的生长量，而一定程度上的水分亏缺会导致葡萄的细根向深层方向增长；在传统灌溉方式下，一定程度上施氮量的增加会提高作物的产量，并降低作物耗水，但同时会有限降低酿酒葡萄可溶性固形物含量；水分亏缺会在降低作物产量的同时提高浆果可溶性固形物含量，而小管出流灌溉会在一定范围内提高高氮条件下的可溶性固形物含量。
（2）酿酒葡萄液流在生育初期与叶面积呈很强的线性关系，而在中后期，各环境因子成为影响液流的主要因素。通过区分晴天（日照百分率＞60%）和阴天（日照百分率＜60%）后发现，在生育中后期，葡萄植株液流对净辐射、大气温湿度和土壤水分在不同天气下的响应形式存在显著差异：阴天液流与辐射和大气温湿度的相关性明显高于晴天，而液流与土壤水分的相关性则明显低于晴天；不同天气条件下影响液流的主要气象因子亦有所不同：晴天主要为净辐射，阴天则主要为空气相对湿度。
（3）在全生育期内，酿酒葡萄茎液流量的日变化都表现出明显的呈单峰或双峰曲线而变化的规律；酿酒葡萄生育期内的日茎液流量呈现明显的季节变化特征，生育前期和后期液流较低，中期液流较高。适量的提高施氮量会提高茎液流速率，而当年总施氮量达到260kg/ha以上时，土壤氮素过多导致的土壤基质势降低会降低酿酒葡萄的茎液流速率，如2011年，全生育期高(HN)、中(MN)、低氮(LN)的单位茎干截面积累加量分别为：20.30L/cm~2、30.94L/cm~2和34.70L/cm~2，中氮和低氮处理的液流量累加值分别是高氮的1.52倍和1.71倍。
（4）土壤水分亏缺会导致叶片光合速率的降低，但适度水分亏缺会提高酿酒葡萄的叶片水分利用效率。在果实生长前期，高氮条件下水分亏缺会有限降低光合速率，但叶片水分利用效率提高1.7%，而在果实生长中后期，土壤含水量在55%θf条件下光合速率不仅略有提升，且水分利用效率达到1.70μmol·CO2·(mmol·H2O)-1，高于其他各处理。通过光合、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及叶片水分利用效率对光强响应曲线的研究可以看出，氮素通过控制气孔的开度，调节蒸腾速率，并在改善植株生理特性的基础上提高植株的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率等光合指标，从而达到提高叶片水分利用效率的目的。
（5）通过对西北旱区不同氮素条件下的酿酒葡萄采用MAESTRA模型模拟蒸腾速率和净同化速率后发现，对不同氮素条件下的酿酒葡萄参数化后会得到不同的模型参数，氮素的提升改变了植株的叶面积、光合行为及气孔行为，因此，本文在对不同氮素条件下酿酒葡萄的模型模拟过程中，考虑了氮素对模型生理参数和物理参数两方面的影响，且在酿酒葡萄全生育期内不同的时间采用不同的生理参数可以提高模型精度。从模拟结果可以看出，不同氮素条件下的全生育期净光合速率在初期并无太大差别，从7月开始，由于氮素对植物生理指标和物理指标的影响， HN净光合速率逐渐高于其它处理，直至生育期末，施氮量的不同也影响了植株干物质量的积累。
Shiyang River Basin is one of three continental river basins in the Hexi Corridor in Gansuprovince in China, the limited water resources in the basin carries too much population andeconomic activity, and resulting in a serious shortage of water resources. Wine grape industryis a key industry of the Shiyang River Basin and the whole region of the Hexi Corridor. As atypical inland arid region, the contradiction between water scarcity, soil salinization andunreasonable irrigation, fertilization management had seriously hampered the healthydevelopment of the grape industry.
This study use wine grapes Merlot as the research object. Wine grapes sap flow wasobserved in2010-2012under the different water and nitrogen conditions, and thought themeasured of leaf area, berry diameter, chlorophyll content, soluble solid, yield and leafphysical signs, we studied wine grape transpiration mechanism, physiological feature andregularity of dry matter accumulation under different moisture, nitrogen condition in desertoasis. And base on it, we studied water-carbon model under different nitrogen condition. Thespecific research results are as follows:
Wine grapes on different moisture and nitrogen conditions showed different responsecharacteristics, the increased amount of nitrogen will promote the growth of the plant leaf areaand chlorophyll content, but it will reduce the crop root growth. And limited moisture deficitwill make grape fine root growth to the soil depth direction; under the traditional irrigationmethod, nitrogen can increase the yield of vine grape, and decrease water consumption, butnitrogen will reduce soluble solid content of wine grape. water deficit could decrease the yieldof wine grape, meanwhile it can also increase soluble solid content of grape berry, on the otherhand, small tube flow irrigation can increase the soluble solid content under high nitrogensupply.
Vinetree sap flow was mainly controlled by the leaf area indexat initial growth stage,while by radiation, air temperature and humidity and soil moisture at the mid and latergrowthstage. But the response patterns of vine-tree sap flow to these environmental factors werenotably differentunder different weather conditions. The agreement between sap flow and such meteorological factors, such asradiation, air temperature and humidity in the cloudy days wassignificantly higher than that in the clear days, while the agreement between sap flow and soilmoisture in cloudy days was notably lower than that clear days. Inaddition, the sap flow waspredominantly affected by radiation in clear days, while by air humidity in the cloudydays.
At the whole growing season, diurnal variations of vine grape sap flow all shows assignificant unimodal or bimodal curves. The daily sap flow values of the vine grape showedobvious seasonal variations in the whole growth season. There are lower sap flow velocityatearlier and latter stages of growth season, and higher sap flow velocity at the middle stage.Enhance nitrogen supply appropriatecan increase sap flow velocity, but Excessive nitrogenapplication can result salt stresson plants and reduce the sap flow velocity of vine grape. Forinstance, in2011, the unit cross-sectional area stems sap flow accumulation of highnitrogen(HN), middle nitrogen(MN) and low nitrogen(LN) supply are20.30,30.94and34.70L/cm~2, respectively, and the values of middle nitrogen(MN) and low nitrogen(LN)supply are1.52and1.71times of high nitrogen.
Soil moisture deficit will lead to the reduction of photosynthetic rate, but moderate waterdeficit will improve leaf water use efficiency of wine grape. In the fruit growth stage, waterdeficit reduced under high nitrogen condition limitedly the photosynthetic rate, but water useefficiency increased by1.7%, while in fruit growth medium stage, photosynthetic rate was notonly a slight increase with the soil moisture content at55%θf, but water use efficiency reachedat1.70μmol·CO2·(mmol·H2O)-1, higher than the other treatments. Based on the photosynthesisrate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf water use efficiency of the curve ofresponse to light intensity can be seen, the nitrogen regulated transpiration rate by controllingthe degree of stomatal opening, and improved the physiological characteristics of plants toincrease the plant maximum net photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency and otherphotosynthetic indicators, so as to achieve the purpose to improve water use efficiency.
MAESTRA model simulated transpiration rate and net assimilation rate of wine grapes inthe North west Arid Area of different nitrogen conditions then found that it would get differentmodel parameters of the wine grape parameterized under different nitrogen conditions, and theenhanced nitrogen changed the plant leaf area, photosynthetic and stomatal behavior. In thesimulation process of the model, considering the impact of nitrogen on the model couldimprove the accuracy of the model; using different physiological parameters during the wholegrowth period of the wine grape different times could also improve the model accuracy. Thenet photosynthetic rate of the whole growth period under different nitrogen conditions was notmuch difference at a nearly stage, while because of the impact of nitrogen on plantphysiological indicators and physical indicators, the net photosynthetic rate of HN was gradually higher than other treatments until the end of the growth period. Increasing nitrogensupply also affected the amount dry weight accumulation.
本文以当地酿酒葡萄“梅鹿辄”为研究对象，通过利用热平衡原理的茎流计对不同水氮条件下的酿酒葡萄在2010-2012年间进行了连续三年的茎流观测，并通过对葡萄植株叶片生长、生理，果实性状及产量和耗水的监测与测量，研究荒漠绿洲区不同水氮条件下酿酒葡萄耗水机制、生理特征及干物质积累规律，在此基础上，对不同氮素条件下的水碳耦合模拟进行了深入研究和探索。具体的研究结果如下：
（1）酿酒葡萄植株对不同水分、氮素条件表现出不同的响应特征。施氮量的增加会促进植株叶面积的生长和叶绿素含量的升高，但会降低作物根系的生长量，而一定程度上的水分亏缺会导致葡萄的细根向深层方向增长；在传统灌溉方式下，一定程度上施氮量的增加会提高作物的产量，并降低作物耗水，但同时会有限降低酿酒葡萄可溶性固形物含量；水分亏缺会在降低作物产量的同时提高浆果可溶性固形物含量，而小管出流灌溉会在一定范围内提高高氮条件下的可溶性固形物含量。
（2）酿酒葡萄液流在生育初期与叶面积呈很强的线性关系，而在中后期，各环境因子成为影响液流的主要因素。通过区分晴天（日照百分率＞60%）和阴天（日照百分率＜60%）后发现，在生育中后期，葡萄植株液流对净辐射、大气温湿度和土壤水分在不同天气下的响应形式存在显著差异：阴天液流与辐射和大气温湿度的相关性明显高于晴天，而液流与土壤水分的相关性则明显低于晴天；不同天气条件下影响液流的主要气象因子亦有所不同：晴天主要为净辐射，阴天则主要为空气相对湿度。
（3）在全生育期内，酿酒葡萄茎液流量的日变化都表现出明显的呈单峰或双峰曲线而变化的规律；酿酒葡萄生育期内的日茎液流量呈现明显的季节变化特征，生育前期和后期液流较低，中期液流较高。适量的提高施氮量会提高茎液流速率，而当年总施氮量达到260kg/ha以上时，土壤氮素过多导致的土壤基质势降低会降低酿酒葡萄的茎液流速率，如2011年，全生育期高(HN)、中(MN)、低氮(LN)的单位茎干截面积累加量分别为：20.30L/cm~2、30.94L/cm~2和34.70L/cm~2，中氮和低氮处理的液流量累加值分别是高氮的1.52倍和1.71倍。
（4）土壤水分亏缺会导致叶片光合速率的降低，但适度水分亏缺会提高酿酒葡萄的叶片水分利用效率。在果实生长前期，高氮条件下水分亏缺会有限降低光合速率，但叶片水分利用效率提高1.7%，而在果实生长中后期，土壤含水量在55%θf条件下光合速率不仅略有提升，且水分利用效率达到1.70μmol·CO2·(mmol·H2O)-1，高于其他各处理。通过光合、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及叶片水分利用效率对光强响应曲线的研究可以看出，氮素通过控制气孔的开度，调节蒸腾速率，并在改善植株生理特性的基础上提高植株的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率等光合指标，从而达到提高叶片水分利用效率的目的。
（5）通过对西北旱区不同氮素条件下的酿酒葡萄采用MAESTRA模型模拟蒸腾速率和净同化速率后发现，对不同氮素条件下的酿酒葡萄参数化后会得到不同的模型参数，氮素的提升改变了植株的叶面积、光合行为及气孔行为，因此，本文在对不同氮素条件下酿酒葡萄的模型模拟过程中，考虑了氮素对模型生理参数和物理参数两方面的影响，且在酿酒葡萄全生育期内不同的时间采用不同的生理参数可以提高模型精度。从模拟结果可以看出，不同氮素条件下的全生育期净光合速率在初期并无太大差别，从7月开始，由于氮素对植物生理指标和物理指标的影响， HN净光合速率逐渐高于其它处理，直至生育期末，施氮量的不同也影响了植株干物质量的积累。
Shiyang River Basin is one of three continental river basins in the Hexi Corridor in Gansuprovince in China, the limited water resources in the basin carries too much population andeconomic activity, and resulting in a serious shortage of water resources. Wine grape industryis a key industry of the Shiyang River Basin and the whole region of the Hexi Corridor. As atypical inland arid region, the contradiction between water scarcity, soil salinization andunreasonable irrigation, fertilization management had seriously hampered the healthydevelopment of the grape industry.
This study use wine grapes Merlot as the research object. Wine grapes sap flow wasobserved in2010-2012under the different water and nitrogen conditions, and thought themeasured of leaf area, berry diameter, chlorophyll content, soluble solid, yield and leafphysical signs, we studied wine grape transpiration mechanism, physiological feature andregularity of dry matter accumulation under different moisture, nitrogen condition in desertoasis. And base on it, we studied water-carbon model under different nitrogen condition. Thespecific research results are as follows:
Wine grapes on different moisture and nitrogen conditions showed different responsecharacteristics, the increased amount of nitrogen will promote the growth of the plant leaf areaand chlorophyll content, but it will reduce the crop root growth. And limited moisture deficitwill make grape fine root growth to the soil depth direction; under the traditional irrigationmethod, nitrogen can increase the yield of vine grape, and decrease water consumption, butnitrogen will reduce soluble solid content of wine grape. water deficit could decrease the yieldof wine grape, meanwhile it can also increase soluble solid content of grape berry, on the otherhand, small tube flow irrigation can increase the soluble solid content under high nitrogensupply.
Vinetree sap flow was mainly controlled by the leaf area indexat initial growth stage,while by radiation, air temperature and humidity and soil moisture at the mid and latergrowthstage. But the response patterns of vine-tree sap flow to these environmental factors werenotably differentunder different weather conditions. The agreement between sap flow and such meteorological factors, such asradiation, air temperature and humidity in the cloudy days wassignificantly higher than that in the clear days, while the agreement between sap flow and soilmoisture in cloudy days was notably lower than that clear days. Inaddition, the sap flow waspredominantly affected by radiation in clear days, while by air humidity in the cloudydays.
At the whole growing season, diurnal variations of vine grape sap flow all shows assignificant unimodal or bimodal curves. The daily sap flow values of the vine grape showedobvious seasonal variations in the whole growth season. There are lower sap flow velocityatearlier and latter stages of growth season, and higher sap flow velocity at the middle stage.Enhance nitrogen supply appropriatecan increase sap flow velocity, but Excessive nitrogenapplication can result salt stresson plants and reduce the sap flow velocity of vine grape. Forinstance, in2011, the unit cross-sectional area stems sap flow accumulation of highnitrogen(HN), middle nitrogen(MN) and low nitrogen(LN) supply are20.30,30.94and34.70L/cm~2, respectively, and the values of middle nitrogen(MN) and low nitrogen(LN)supply are1.52and1.71times of high nitrogen.
Soil moisture deficit will lead to the reduction of photosynthetic rate, but moderate waterdeficit will improve leaf water use efficiency of wine grape. In the fruit growth stage, waterdeficit reduced under high nitrogen condition limitedly the photosynthetic rate, but water useefficiency increased by1.7%, while in fruit growth medium stage, photosynthetic rate was notonly a slight increase with the soil moisture content at55%θf, but water use efficiency reachedat1.70μmol·CO2·(mmol·H2O)-1, higher than the other treatments. Based on the photosynthesisrate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf water use efficiency of the curve ofresponse to light intensity can be seen, the nitrogen regulated transpiration rate by controllingthe degree of stomatal opening, and improved the physiological characteristics of plants toincrease the plant maximum net photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency and otherphotosynthetic indicators, so as to achieve the purpose to improve water use efficiency.
MAESTRA model simulated transpiration rate and net assimilation rate of wine grapes inthe North west Arid Area of different nitrogen conditions then found that it would get differentmodel parameters of the wine grape parameterized under different nitrogen conditions, and theenhanced nitrogen changed the plant leaf area, photosynthetic and stomatal behavior. In thesimulation process of the model, considering the impact of nitrogen on the model couldimprove the accuracy of the model; using different physiological parameters during the wholegrowth period of the wine grape different times could also improve the model accuracy. Thenet photosynthetic rate of the whole growth period under different nitrogen conditions was notmuch difference at a nearly stage, while because of the impact of nitrogen on plantphysiological indicators and physical indicators, the net photosynthetic rate of HN was gradually higher than other treatments until the end of the growth period. Increasing nitrogensupply also affected the amount dry weight accumulation.
引文
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