太平洋战争时期美国对华文化援助研究
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摘要
提到二战时期美国的对华援助,人们耳熟能详的大多是美国对华经济、军事援助,实际战时中美两国间还蜿蜒着一条鲜为人知的文化交流纽带。为使中国在东方战场上努力抗击日本、对华传输自由民主文化价值观,美国国务院对中国实行了文化援助计划,主要包括专家学者交流；援助中国留学生；邀请中国技术人员赴美深造；以书籍和微缩胶片援华等几个方面。
太平洋战争时期是中美文化关系发展的重要时段,该时段的文化援华计划是中美文化关系史的重要组成部分,反映了二战时期中美两国的战略同盟关系。虽为美国主导的文化交往,但有着深刻的时代内涵：它是中美文化关系史的转折点,一定程度上改变了美国文化对华单向辐射的模式,并把中美文化交流全面提高到官方化的层面,标志着中美文化外交的开端。但一定程度上也激发了美国文化扩张主义与中国传统文化之间的冲突。
本文以充分翔实的档案资料为基础、审视文化援华计划中美国政策转变的历史根源、剖析援华计划实施的真正动机、细致解读文化援助的各个子计划,分析全局进展、解密细枝末节,突出文化计划在中美文化交流史中的作用。历史的因果关系蕴藏在历史过程之中。总结太平洋战争时期美国文化援华的历史,对当代中美文化交流亦有借鉴意义。
The author selects one of the most important period (1942-1946) in the history of China-America relationship. The thesis mainly covers:American experts giving aids to China, Chinese scholars going to America for study, inviting Chinse technicians to America, American Library Association giving aids to China, microfilm, movies and broadcast helping China, copying textbooks, publishing papers, and translating books, etc. In this study, by putting the whole process of the history in the background of the Second World War, Sino-US relation, and US foregin policy, the author tries to analyse the detailed question from a broad perspective in order to make the argument and clarification deep and accurate.
Besides Chapter 1 (Introduction and Conclusion), the main body of the thesis is divided into five chapters.
Chapter 2 is about "the plan of Amerca sending experts to give aids to China". During the Ocean War, the Burma railway was cut off by the Japanese Army, and both militray and material supplies for China could only be through air transport. At that time, America hoped to inspire the anti-Japanese spirit of Chinese soldiers, so they decided to give teachnical assistance by sending experts to China. This chapter mainly clarifies the making of assistance policy of America for China as well as the response of the government of Kuomintang, and also introduces the work of experts from the areas of agriculture, industry, newspaper, and medicine.The experts who assisted China led the development of Chinese technology and brought the advanced scientific belief to the lag-behind China. In this sense, China is the beneficiary of cultural diplomacy. But America never intended to send high-tech experts to China, and experts who assisted China also were attached the tasks of investigating the Chinese economy. America even took advantage of experts to invade China's economy. When the anti-fascist war was won, America also sent social scientists to give China cultural infiltration.
Chapter 3 focuses on "America inviting Chinese experts to America for investigation."As far as America is concerned, cultural diplomacy towards China should be a mutually beneficial measure. In view of it, America did a great deal of investigation on each collge and university in China, and also invited excellent college and university scholars to America for study. However, just as the first batch of scholars were going abroad, they were strongly interfered and blocked by Kuomintang, who arranged some of their members in those scholars and all the scholars who went to America must accept the training of central training league. The interference of Kuomintang upset the American initial arrangement. This chapter mainly explores the making process of visiting America policies, the selection of colleges and universities, as well as the investigation of American diplomatic personnel into the internal organization of Kuomintang. In the end, there were four batches of experts going to America for investigation. By using the abundant materials, the author gives a detaild analysis and textual research on their experiences, rearching process in America and the contribution to Sino-US cultral communication.Just as how American experts assisted China, when the war was ended, America changed its cultral policy towards China. When inviting the fourth batch of the experts, America actively invited experts from the circles of literature and art, attempting to contend against the Soviet Union. Under the impact of both eastern and western literature and culture, both Chinese and American plays, literature, dance, and drawing got melted with one another rationally. In addition, America also invited the experts of the Communist Party. However, because of all kinds of reasons, the four experts who were dispatched by the Communist Party failed to go to America.
During the war, though America boasted that the cultural diplomacy towards China is mutually beneficial, but the actural operation was still led by America and was passively responded by China. At that time, the Sino-US cultural communication policy was promoted to the official level, but the traditional one-way transmission model was not thoroughly broken.
The main content of the Chpater 4 is "America giving aids to Chinese students stuying overseas and inviting Chinese technicians to America". From the end of 1930s to the beginning of 1940s, because of the overall break-out of the anti-Japanese war, the number of students studying abroad was once quite worrying, and also there were many Chinese students who couldn't return home because of the war. In the background of anti-fascist national cooperation, the interests of America and China were unavoidably connected with each other. America provided the money and working opportunities for those students.
Because of the lack of large quanties of technique workers in America, and China also needed to be rebuilt after the war, the United States Department of State planned to invite Chinese technician to America for training. However, during the process, the Kuomintang trained the personnel who were going abroad and they also sent learning detectives supervise the mind of of those students. This part mainly clarifies the process of the government of Kuomintang sending students to America, analyses the fights between the American"Harvard Group" and Jiang Jieshi's supervision on the students'mind as well as the process of issuing and abolishing the prohibition rules. On this basis, the thesis also unscrambles the essence of Kuomintang's supervision on the minds of students and analyses the features of Sino-US studying overs cause in this specific period.
Chapter 5 mainly analyses the "the plan of America library Association's assistance for China". Blocked by the ocean, the transportation which connects China with America is not convinient. While communicating with China, America also considers the seriousness of the dustruction of the books and materials in colleges and universities which were moved inland because of the war and both students'and scholars'shortage of books for studying and research. This chapter lays emphasis on the non-sate actors—the process of America library Assoction's assistance for China. By clarifying the aspects of American Libray Association raising money, sending personnel, editing catalogs, and transporting books, the thesis explores the elites of Americal Library Association (Brown, Miller, etc.)giving aids to china,decodes the relations between American Library Association and Sino-US culture officials, dialyse the cultural contribution of American national organization to China. From the failure of sending librarians and the coldness of Yuan Tongli towards Americal Library Association, this chapter further explores the beloging of American national orgnization in the cultural diplomacy.
Chapter 6 is about "America sending mircrofilm, movies, broadcast, copying textbooks, publishing papers and translating books". The content of this chapter, which belongs to non-person communication of the Sino-Us relations, is actually the continuation of the Chapter 5. And it mainly discusses the United States Department of State sending periodical materials to China in the form of microfilm, translating western scholars' achievements, using Planographic printing to slove the shortage of textbooks in colleges and universities, transmitting educational movies and broadcast to China, and reforming the traditional mind of Chinese people, etc.
太平洋战争时期是中美文化关系发展的重要时段,该时段的文化援华计划是中美文化关系史的重要组成部分,反映了二战时期中美两国的战略同盟关系。虽为美国主导的文化交往,但有着深刻的时代内涵：它是中美文化关系史的转折点,一定程度上改变了美国文化对华单向辐射的模式,并把中美文化交流全面提高到官方化的层面,标志着中美文化外交的开端。但一定程度上也激发了美国文化扩张主义与中国传统文化之间的冲突。
本文以充分翔实的档案资料为基础、审视文化援华计划中美国政策转变的历史根源、剖析援华计划实施的真正动机、细致解读文化援助的各个子计划,分析全局进展、解密细枝末节,突出文化计划在中美文化交流史中的作用。历史的因果关系蕴藏在历史过程之中。总结太平洋战争时期美国文化援华的历史,对当代中美文化交流亦有借鉴意义。
The author selects one of the most important period (1942-1946) in the history of China-America relationship. The thesis mainly covers:American experts giving aids to China, Chinese scholars going to America for study, inviting Chinse technicians to America, American Library Association giving aids to China, microfilm, movies and broadcast helping China, copying textbooks, publishing papers, and translating books, etc. In this study, by putting the whole process of the history in the background of the Second World War, Sino-US relation, and US foregin policy, the author tries to analyse the detailed question from a broad perspective in order to make the argument and clarification deep and accurate.
Besides Chapter 1 (Introduction and Conclusion), the main body of the thesis is divided into five chapters.
Chapter 2 is about "the plan of Amerca sending experts to give aids to China". During the Ocean War, the Burma railway was cut off by the Japanese Army, and both militray and material supplies for China could only be through air transport. At that time, America hoped to inspire the anti-Japanese spirit of Chinese soldiers, so they decided to give teachnical assistance by sending experts to China. This chapter mainly clarifies the making of assistance policy of America for China as well as the response of the government of Kuomintang, and also introduces the work of experts from the areas of agriculture, industry, newspaper, and medicine.The experts who assisted China led the development of Chinese technology and brought the advanced scientific belief to the lag-behind China. In this sense, China is the beneficiary of cultural diplomacy. But America never intended to send high-tech experts to China, and experts who assisted China also were attached the tasks of investigating the Chinese economy. America even took advantage of experts to invade China's economy. When the anti-fascist war was won, America also sent social scientists to give China cultural infiltration.
Chapter 3 focuses on "America inviting Chinese experts to America for investigation."As far as America is concerned, cultural diplomacy towards China should be a mutually beneficial measure. In view of it, America did a great deal of investigation on each collge and university in China, and also invited excellent college and university scholars to America for study. However, just as the first batch of scholars were going abroad, they were strongly interfered and blocked by Kuomintang, who arranged some of their members in those scholars and all the scholars who went to America must accept the training of central training league. The interference of Kuomintang upset the American initial arrangement. This chapter mainly explores the making process of visiting America policies, the selection of colleges and universities, as well as the investigation of American diplomatic personnel into the internal organization of Kuomintang. In the end, there were four batches of experts going to America for investigation. By using the abundant materials, the author gives a detaild analysis and textual research on their experiences, rearching process in America and the contribution to Sino-US cultral communication.Just as how American experts assisted China, when the war was ended, America changed its cultral policy towards China. When inviting the fourth batch of the experts, America actively invited experts from the circles of literature and art, attempting to contend against the Soviet Union. Under the impact of both eastern and western literature and culture, both Chinese and American plays, literature, dance, and drawing got melted with one another rationally. In addition, America also invited the experts of the Communist Party. However, because of all kinds of reasons, the four experts who were dispatched by the Communist Party failed to go to America.
During the war, though America boasted that the cultural diplomacy towards China is mutually beneficial, but the actural operation was still led by America and was passively responded by China. At that time, the Sino-US cultural communication policy was promoted to the official level, but the traditional one-way transmission model was not thoroughly broken.
The main content of the Chpater 4 is "America giving aids to Chinese students stuying overseas and inviting Chinese technicians to America". From the end of 1930s to the beginning of 1940s, because of the overall break-out of the anti-Japanese war, the number of students studying abroad was once quite worrying, and also there were many Chinese students who couldn't return home because of the war. In the background of anti-fascist national cooperation, the interests of America and China were unavoidably connected with each other. America provided the money and working opportunities for those students.
Because of the lack of large quanties of technique workers in America, and China also needed to be rebuilt after the war, the United States Department of State planned to invite Chinese technician to America for training. However, during the process, the Kuomintang trained the personnel who were going abroad and they also sent learning detectives supervise the mind of of those students. This part mainly clarifies the process of the government of Kuomintang sending students to America, analyses the fights between the American"Harvard Group" and Jiang Jieshi's supervision on the students'mind as well as the process of issuing and abolishing the prohibition rules. On this basis, the thesis also unscrambles the essence of Kuomintang's supervision on the minds of students and analyses the features of Sino-US studying overs cause in this specific period.
Chapter 5 mainly analyses the "the plan of America library Association's assistance for China". Blocked by the ocean, the transportation which connects China with America is not convinient. While communicating with China, America also considers the seriousness of the dustruction of the books and materials in colleges and universities which were moved inland because of the war and both students'and scholars'shortage of books for studying and research. This chapter lays emphasis on the non-sate actors—the process of America library Assoction's assistance for China. By clarifying the aspects of American Libray Association raising money, sending personnel, editing catalogs, and transporting books, the thesis explores the elites of Americal Library Association (Brown, Miller, etc.)giving aids to china,decodes the relations between American Library Association and Sino-US culture officials, dialyse the cultural contribution of American national organization to China. From the failure of sending librarians and the coldness of Yuan Tongli towards Americal Library Association, this chapter further explores the beloging of American national orgnization in the cultural diplomacy.
Chapter 6 is about "America sending mircrofilm, movies, broadcast, copying textbooks, publishing papers and translating books". The content of this chapter, which belongs to non-person communication of the Sino-Us relations, is actually the continuation of the Chapter 5. And it mainly discusses the United States Department of State sending periodical materials to China in the form of microfilm, translating western scholars' achievements, using Planographic printing to slove the shortage of textbooks in colleges and universities, transmitting educational movies and broadcast to China, and reforming the traditional mind of Chinese people, etc.
引文
1易经[M].奎章阁本.2 Kwang-Ching Liu.Americans and Chinese:A Historical Essay and a Bibliography [M].Cambridge,Massachusetts,1963:13.2哈佛大学教授塞缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel P.Huntington)教授对世界文明的划分,认为中国属于“儒家文化圈”,美国属于“基督教文化圈”,是两种不同的文化形态。4“9.11”事件的发生,使不少学者反思美国政府对伊斯兰国家的文化外交的失败,呼吁高度重视对伊斯兰国家的文化工作,文化外交时下成为热门话题。5早期来华美国人只是带些艺术品回国,1795年,也有中国木工赴美,但是这些人的社会构成和文化程度都不足以成为中美文化联系的使者。见张注洪主编：《中美文化关系的历史轨迹》,南开大学出版社2001年版,第1页。6 Francis Ross Carpenter.The Old China Trade[M].New York,1976:55-56.1即《蒲安臣条约》,是中国近代史上首个对等条约,1868年7月28日,由清廷全权使臣蒲安臣(Anson Burlingame)和西华德(William Henry Seward)分别代表中美两国政府签订。2威利斯·倍克(Willys Ruggles Peck,1783-1957)是美国外交界的著名人物,出生于中国天津,1907年起担任在华领事,担任过美国驻华大使馆参事和美国驻泰国公使多年。有关倍克的档案在美国胡佛研究所有藏,包括日记、信札、备忘录、传记、剪报等资料,多涉及中国内政与外交。3[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：16.1毛泽东.“友谊”,还是侵略,毛泽东选集(一卷本)[M].北京：人民出版社,1969：1395.2毛泽东.唯心历史观的破产,毛泽东选集(一卷本)[M].北京：人民出版社,1969：1403-1404.3 1971年中国邀请美国乒乓球队访华的文化外交。1971年4月10日,美国乒乓球队代表团及若干新闻记者抵达北京,成为自1949年以来第一批获批进入中国的美国人。“乒乓外交”推动了中美两国关系正常化。1如今,哈佛燕京学社的中美学者交流已经开展多年,两国政府主导的留学互访也如火如荼。1988年,中国留美生数量超过台湾,2003年1月7日的《人民日报》报导：“中美在教育领域的交流与合作发展迅速,特别是在美国各地渐渐兴起了学中文的热潮。过去3年,通过各种途径来华留学的美国学生超过5000人,目前美国开设中文课程的高校约有700多所,中小学有200多所。据统计,美国学习中文的人数是所有外语语种中增幅最快的。”见《人民日报》,2003年1月7日。美国《纽约时报》报道：“根据国际教育研究所年度报告显示,美国留学海外的学生数量创了纪录,尤其是表现在与中国进行的教育交流的强劲增长上。美国人在中国学习的人数增长了25%,中国人在美国学习的人数增长了20%,堪称‘2008门户开放年’”。见New York Times Nov.17.2008.通过中美两国新闻界之最权威报刊的报道表明：中美文化交流已经具有相当规模,形成了双向性井喷态势。在中国,留美人数占留学总人数的比重也是最大的。2010年11月15日,根据2010开放门户报告,美国高等教育机构中的中国学生人数从98235增至127628,比2009年增加29.9%,我国首度成为美国最大留学生来源国第21汉斯·摩根索(Hans Morgenthau)把对外援助分为六种类型：人道主义援助、生存援助、军事援助、贿赂、为了威望的援助、经济发展援助。3美国屡屡表现出一种文化扩张性,都是摆着一副“自由民主布道者”的嘴脸来到中国,仿佛它们就是文化的典范、文化之标杆,这和早期美国传教士来华如出一辙。这种发自内心之世界第一的“荣誉感”、“使命感”,以及美国“外张性”的文化力量,说明美利坚民族从政界到民间都怀有特殊的文化优越感,这种现象部分源于政治、经济的强大,但也和美国文化的深层结构息息相关。美国体育产业也常标榜自己是世界的霸主,尽管只是营利性的文体联盟。??NBA是美国国内职业篮球联盟,但它的总冠军戒指上却刻有“世界冠军”(World Champions)的英文字样；美国各个摔角联盟(WWE、TNA等),最高荣誉无一例外都是“世界重量级冠军”(World heavivy champion)头衔,形成一种唯我独尊的格局,说明了美国人的文化心理。1[英]约翰·汤林森,冯建三译,郭英剑校订.文化帝国主义[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1999.2[美]爱德华·赛义德,李琨译.文化与帝国主义[M].北京：三联书店,2003.3 Samuel P.Huntington.The Clash of Civilizations?[J]FOREIGN AFFAIRS Volume 72 No 3,1993.3[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿,周琪等译.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].北京：新华出版社,1998.4[美]约瑟夫·奈,门洪华译.硬权力与软权力[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005.5[美]约瑟夫·奈,吴晓辉等译.《软力量：世界政坛成功之道》[M].北京：东方出版社,2005.1[美]约瑟夫·奈,吴晓辉等译.《软力量：世界政坛成功之道》[M].北京：东方出版社,2005：10.2胡锦涛.与时俱进,继往开来,构筑亚非新型战略伙伴关系-----在亚非峰会上的讲话[N].人民日报：2005年4月23日.3中共中央关于深化文化体制改革推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣若干重大问题的决定(2011年10月18日中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第六次全体会议通过[N].人民日报海外版,2011-10-26.4刘德斌.软权力：美国霸权的挑战与启示[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2001(3).5刘德斌.“软权力”说的由来与发展[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2004(4)6门洪华.中国：软实力方略[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2007.7陈正良.中国软实力发展战略研究[M].北京：人民出版社,2008.8郑彪.中国软实力[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2001.9继《欧美人在中国的文化事业》之后,1929年,日本外务省文化事业部出版了《欧美人在中国的主要文化事业》,1938年,又出版了《欧美人在满洲及中国的文化事业》,我国著名留学史专家舒新城先生曾撰文《欧美人在中国的文化事业—中国近代史资料简介》对《欧美人在中国的文化事业》进行过详细介绍。另外,1917年山口畅的《支那与美国关系》(佐原研究室,1917)问世,估计是最早研究中美关系的著作；还有1919年石川实的《美国之东??渐(通俗国际文库)》(外交时报社(东京),1919)都是日本研究中美关系的成果。1 John White,History of a Vayage to the China Sea[M].Boston,1823.2 George H Danton,The Cultural Contacts of the United States and China:The Earliest Sino-American Culture Contacts,1784-1844[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1931.3费孝通.美国和美国人[M].上海：三联书店出版社,1985：85.4 Peck.Cultural Aid of U.S. State Department to China,U.S. Information Department[Z].Chongqing,1945.1威尔玛·费正清(Wilma Fairbank,1909-2002),美国著名汉学家费正清(John Fairbank,1907-1991)的夫人,是一位研究中国古代建筑艺术的学者,在中国抗战期间,曾任重庆美国大使馆文化参赞。费正清夫妇与许多中国学者建立了深厚有益,包括梁思成和林徽因。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976.(?)Wilma Fairbank.Liang and Lin:partners in exploring China's architectural past[M].Joreword by Jonathan Spence.p.cm.1994.4[美]费慰梅,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,1997.5 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M]Harper&Row,1982.6 Frank A.Ninkovich.The diplomacy of ideas U.S foreign policy and cultural relations 1938-1950[M].Cambridge??university press,1981.1 Frank A.Ninkovich.The diplomacy of ideas U.S foreign policy and cultural relations 1938-1950[M].Cambridge university press,1981:168.2 Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980.Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:498.4 Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:498.5 Frank Ninkovich.Requiem for Cultural Internationalism[J].History of Education Quarterly, Vol.26,No.2,1986:249-255.1[美]弗兰克·宁柯维奇.美国对外文化关系的历史轨迹,编译参考[J].1991：7,8.2 Taifa Yu.A Neglected Dimension of the Sino-U.S. Cultural Relationship:Cultural Exchanges,Cultural Diplomacy,and Cultural Interaction(Ph.D. Dissertation)[D].University of South Carolina,1988.(?)Lawlence W Chisolm.The Far East and American Culture[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1963.4 Chen Chi Pao.Chinese-American Cultural Relations[M].New York:China Institute in America and the American Association,1965.5 Benjamin D Rhodes.Colorado's "Tennessee Valley Authority for China,1943-1947"[M].Essays and Monographs on Colorado History,1989.2[美]柯伟林.民国时期中外经济技术合作一例：美国战时生产顾问团援华(1944-1946)[A],载张宪文等编.民国档案与民国史学术讨论会论文集[C],北京：档案出版社,1988.(?) Dorothy Day.The Exchange of Publications:China and the United Stated(M.A.Thesis)[M],University of Chicago.1969.1[美]罗伯特·布路姆编,北京编译社译.美国文化事务与对外关系[C].北京：世界知识出版社,1965.2 Rogbert Blum.The United States and China in World Affairs[M].Publishing for the Council on Foreign Relations N.Y.,1966.3 Joseph Din Widdle.Aid to Nationalist China[M],New York:Vantage Press,1957.4 Robert Lee Scott.Flying Tiger.Chennault of China[M],New York:Berkeley Publishing Co.,1960.5 Arthur N Young.China and the Helping Hand,1937-1945[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1963.6 Oliver J Caldwell.A Secret War:Americans in China,1944-1945[M].Carbondale,Southern Illinois University Press,1972.'William G. Grieve,American Aid to China in the 1930s and Early 1940s(Ph.D. Dissertation)[D],University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,1976.2国外研究现实主义国际援助的学者主要有汉斯·摩根索(Hans Morgenthau)、布鲁诺·弗雷、罗伯特·吉尔平(Robert Gilpin)、乔治·凯南(George Kennan)、郝思悌(K.J.Holsti)、戴维·鲍德温(David Baldwin)、史蒂文·胡克(Steven Hook)、卡罗尔·兰克斯特、霍里斯·钱纳里(Hollis Chenery)、戴维·沃尔(Divid Wall)、塞穆尔·巴特菲尔德(Samuel Butterfield)、霍华德·威尔达(Howard Wiarda)、维蒙·鲁坦(Vemon Ruttan)、亨利·纳乌(Henry Ruttan)、罗伊德·布莱克(Lloyd Black)、斯坦芬·布鲁尼(Stephen Browne)、爱德华·梅森(Edward S.Mason)、塞缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel Huntington)、约翰·怀特(John White)、罗杰·雷德尔(Roger Riddel)、爱德华·班菲尔德(Edward Banfield)、查尔1 Gary E. Kraske. Missionaries of the Book:The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].W. L. Williamson, The American Historical Review,1986, Vol.91, No.4.Priscilla C. Yu and Donald G. Davis.Jr.,A Chapter in International Cooperation[J].Libraries & Culture,Vol.33,No.4,Fall 1998.1卡尔·希斯汀斯·米勒姆(Carl Hastings Milam)是美国图书馆协会(American Library Association或ALA)的执行秘书,从1917年到1920年在芝加哥、伊利诺斯图书馆战时服务的助理主任。他是国务院文化关系一般咨询委员会(the General Advisory Committee on Cultural Relations to the Department of State)成员、美国教育部门理事会(the Executive Committee of the American Council on Education)的成员,他供职于俄克拉荷马大学图书馆、约翰·科里亚(John Crerar)图书馆,普渡大学图书馆,印第安纳公共图书馆委员会主任、伯明翰(阿拉巴马)公共图书馆的主任Carl Hastings Milam,Libraries,Scholars,and the War,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.235,International Frontiers in Education(Sep.,1944):106.4查尔斯·哈维·布朗(Charles Harvey Brown)(1875-1960)1875年12月23日生于纽约奥尔巴尼,家中五个孩子,父亲詹姆斯·哈维·布朗(James Harvey Brown)是卫理公会派(Methodist)牧师,母亲是玛丽·E史密斯·布朗(Mary E Smith Brown).由于家庭的关系他进入了卫斯理公会派大学(Wesleyan University),于1897年获得文学学士学位。毕业后,布朗在这所学校作为助理馆员两年,并且获得了数学硕士学位。在他的一生中,卫斯理公会派大学起到了至关重要的作用,1937年1月16日还授予他一个荣誉学位,1909年,布朗和芝加哥制造商霍华德·福斯特·海斯(Howard Foster Heath)的女儿茱莉亚·莱特·海斯(Julia Wright Heath)结婚。尽管家庭背景殷实,但是布朗夫人很快变成布朗事业的支持者、贤内助,布朗夫妇有两个儿子：生于1911年1月23日的罗伯特·海斯(Robert Heath)和生于1913年4月4日的查尔斯·霍华德(Charles Howard)。见Edward GHolley.Mr.ACRL:Charles Harvey Brown(1875-1960)[J].The Journal of Academic Librariansship 7(Nov.1981):271.5 Carl Hastings Milam.Libraries,Scholars,and the War[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.235,International Frontiers in Education(Sep.,1944):100-106.6 Carl Hastings Milam.Libraries,Scholars,and the War[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social??Science,Vol.235,International Frontiers in Education(Sep.,1944):100-106.1 Monuments to Milam.Library journal[J].December 15,1976.2 Monuments to Milam.Library Journal[J].December 15,1976.3 1934-46:The Long Last Lap,Cannadian Library Association[J].Feliciter·Issue#3,2004:112-115.4 Edward G.Holley.Mr.ACRL:Charles Harvey Brown(1875-1960)[J].The Journal of Academic Librarianship,vol 7 No 5:271-278.5 Charles Harvey Brown.A Hazard to Reserch[J].The Journal of Higher Education,Vol.2,No.8(Nov.,1931),Ohio State University Press:420-426.6 Philip West.Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations,1916-1952[M].Harvard University Press,1976.7 John K Fairbank.The Missionary Enterprise in China and America[M].Harvard University Press,1974.8 John K Fairbank.Missionaries, Chinese, and diplomats:the American protestant missionary movement in China, 1890-1952[M].Princeton University Press,1958.9 Lacy W.N.A Hundred Years of China Methodism[M].New York,1948.10二人即中文著作《远东国际关系史》作者马士·宓亨利。11 Macanair,H.F. and Lach, D.F.Modern Far Eastern International Relations[M].New York,1950.1 Johnson Gordon L.American Editorial Opinions of the Chinese Nationalists,1942-1946[D].(Ph.D. Dissertation),University of Chicago,1948.2 Morton Gordon.The American Press and Recent China Policy,1941-1949[M].University of Chicago,1950.3 George C Roche.Publilc Opinion and the China Policy of the United States,1941-1951[D].(Ph.D. Dissertation) University of Colorado,1965.4 Stephen R Mackinnon, Oris Friesn.China Reporting:An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s[M].,Berkeley:University of California Press,1987.5[美]麦金农.美国记者与战时中国(1937-1945)[J],见张宪文等编.民国档案与民国史学术讨论会论文集[C].北京：档案出版社,1988.6 Yung Wing.My Life in China and America[M].New York:Henry Holt and Company Press,1909.7容闳原著,徐凤石等原译,张叔芳补译,杨坚等校点.西学东渐记[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,1981；容闳著,杨坚等标点西学东渐记[M].长沙：岳麓书社,1985年.8 Chang Chiyun.The Centenary Celebration of Sino-American Intellectual Friendship[J].Far Eastern Quarterly.8,1944.9 Reuben A Holden,An Education[M].Yale University,Yale University,1951.1 A Survey of Chinese Students in American Universities and Colleges in the Past One Hundred Years [M].China Institute in America.New York.1954.Joyce K.Kallgren & Denis Fred Simon.eds.,Educational Exchanges:Essays on the Sino-American Experience[M],Institute of East Asia Studies,University of California Berkeley,1987.3 S.B. Thomas.Recent Educational Policy in China,Pacific Affairs[J],Vol.23,No.1,University of British Columbia(Mar.,1950):21-23.4 Ouyang Zhesheng.Hu Shi and Sino-American Cultural Exchange[J].Chinese Studies in History,vol.42,no.2,Winter 2008-9:56-83.5 YC.Wang.Chinese Intellectuals and the West,1872-1949[M].Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1966.6该委员会系芝加哥大学的一个特殊机构,由芝加哥大学史学家乃孚(John U.Nef)教授在1942年创立。乃孚鉴于美国大学训练人文学科与社会科学研究生的培养方向越来越偏狭,唯恐对未来文化产生不利影响,于是倡议筹备成立“社会思想委员会”。虽然名为“委员会”,但实际上是一个独立的学系,大部分教授都是专任,少数教授由系外知名教授兼任。该委员会宗旨是培养具有原创力的大学者。主要培养博士生。开创课程注重广博性和原创性。该委员会注重非本专业的原典精读,对我国博士生的培养具有借鉴意义。'Yi Chu Wang.Chinese Intellectuals and the West,1872-1949[M].Committee on Social Thought at The University of Chicago,1957.8笔者所见,在中外知名学者所撰著述中,很多都引用了汪一驹的这部著作。Tu Yueh-Sheng.(1888-1951):A Tentative Political Biography [J].The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.26,No.3(May,1967):433-455; Influence of YenFu and Liang Chi-chao on the San Min Chu I[J].The Pacific Historical Review,Vol.34, No.2 (May,1965):163-184; Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experiment in China,1942-1949[M],Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State, Washington,D.C.,1976;张朋园.立宪派与辛亥革命[M].长春：吉林出版社,2007；[美]张灏,高力克等译,李强校.危机中的知识分子[M].太原：山西人民出版社,1988；[美]西达·斯考切波著,何俊志,王学东译.国家与社会革命-对法国、俄国和中国的比较分析[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2007；[台湾]黄金鳞.历史、身体、国家：近代中国的身体形成(1895-1937)[M].台北：联经出版事业公司,2001;[美]史黛西·比勒,张艳译,张猛校订.中国留美学生史[M].北京：三联书店,2010.等等。9汪一驹,梅寅生译.中国知识分子与西方-留学生与近代中国(1872-1949)[M].台湾：台湾枫城出版社,1978；汪一驹著,梅寅生译.中国知识分子与西方-留学生与近代中国(1872-1949)[M].台湾：久大文化股份有限公司,1991.10 YC.Wang.Land taxation in imperial China,1750-1911[M].Cambridge:Harvard university press,1973.1 Stacey Bieler."Patriots"or "Traitors"?A History of American-Educated Chinese Students Armonk[M].NY:M.E.Sharpe,2004.2[美]史黛西·比勒,张艳译,张猛校订.中国留美学生史[M].北京：三联书店,2010.3[美]史黛西·比勒,张艳译,张猛校订.中国留美学生史[M].北京：三联书店,2010：428.4 Ruth Emily Mcmurry, Muna Lee.The Cultural Approach:Another way in International Relations[M].19475 Philip Coombs.The Fourth Dimension of Foreign Policy:Educational and Cultural Affairs[M].1964.6 Frank A.Ninkovich.The diplomacy of ideas U.S foreign policy and cultural relations 1938-1950[M].Cambridge university press,1981.1 Frank A.Ninkovich.U.S. Information Policy and Cultural Diplomacy[M]. The Foreign Policy Association,1996.2[美]雷迅马著,牛可译.作为意识形态的现代化社会科学与美国对第三世界政策[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2003.3[美]G.贝克著,朱启明等译.一个美国人在旧中国[M].三联书店,1987.4[美]许娘光,彭凯平,刘文静等译.美国人与中国人：两种生活方式比较[M].北京：华夏出版社,1989.5[美]许娘光.中美文化的价值差异[J],傅铿.文化：人类的镜子—西方文化理论导引[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1990.6[美]许娘光,薛刚译,尚会鹏校.宗族·种姓·俱乐部[M].北京：华夏出版社,1990：226-227.7[美]罗伯特·N·贝拉,翟宏彪等译.美国人生活中的个人主义和公共责任[M].北京：三联书店,1991：214.8齐藤秋男.中国人留学史中的中美关系—关于“亚洲留学生的综合研究”之一部[J].专修商学论集.1975(19)；日本对于中美教育交流的学者颇多,如阿部洋.中国人的留学美国—其现状与历史背景[J].中美教育交流的轨迹；“解放”前中国的人才培养与留学美国[J].中国近代文化史的展望.1982；中国人的留学美国—现在和过去[J].东亚.1984(201),都是有关中美文化关系的研究成果。9平塚益德.关于美国的对华教育活动[J].日本诸学振兴委员会研究报告,1943(18)；大塚丰.战时中国的欧美系大学[J].日本教育文化交流的摩擦—战前日本的在华教育事业；阿部洋.中美教育交流的历史轨迹—国际文化协作的历史教训[J].中美教育交流的轨迹,1985；霞山会.美国民间团体的对华教育交流计划—以亚洲基督教高等教育联合会为例[J].中美教育交流的轨迹,1985；大塚丰.中国对外交流的轨迹—以中美关系为中心[J].中美教育交流的轨迹,1985；大塚丰.中国欧美系大学的终焉[J].中美教育交流的轨迹,1985；大久保纯一郎.美国的对华教育政策.高??冈高等教育学校研究论集；上村孝次.关于在北京的美国学校和大东亚战争[J].东亚经济研究,1943(27)：3；野原四郎.美国研究中国的主要著作目录—以四十年代为主[J].美国的新亚洲观。1[日]山极晃,鹿锡俊译.中美关系的历史性展开(1941-1979)[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001.2相关著作有牛岛俊作.美国援助重庆的全貌[M].东亚研究会,1941；日本外务省通商局第三课.援蒋途径[M].日本外务省通商局,1941.等。3日本间谍吉川猛夫化名森村正,潜伏在珍珠港,刺探了美军舰队的编队、出航时间及规律等一手情报。见[日]吉川猛夫著,巩长金译.潜伏珍珠港—一个日本间谍的回忆[M].北京：解放军出版社,1986.4 Jon Thares Davidann.Cultural Diplomacy in U.S.-Japanese Relations,1919-1941[M].Palgrave Macmillan,2007.4张注洪主编.中美文化关系的历史轨迹[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2001.5《密勒氏评论报》(1917-1953),是美国侨民在中国上海创办的一份英文周刊,1917年6月9日在上海创刊,创办者是美国《纽约先驱论坛报》的驻远东记者T.F密勒(T.F.Millard).该报纸原名《密勒氏远东评论》(Millard's Review of the of East),曾更名为《远东每周评论》(the Far East Weekly Review),1922年11月,鲍威尔收购该报产权,1923年6月密勒去世,鲍威尔将该报名称改为(中国每周评论)(the China Weekly Review),中文名仍为《密勒氏评论报》。抗战爆发后该报遭到查封,主编鲍威尔被捕,被日本人折磨致残,1945年10月复刊。解放后,该报成为在新中国唯一一份美商传媒,1950年改为月刊,抗美援朝期间,由于该报揭露美军朝鲜战场的罪行,美国政府对其禁邮,不得不于1953年6月停刊。目前中国只有国家图书馆有大部馆藏,但并非全部。在(1937-1949)年期间,报纸刊登了很多同情中国,反对日本侵略,谴责国民党反动统治和思想控制的新闻。该报以国际国内时事和评论为主。大量报道了有关远东商贸、金融、文化、教育等多方面的信息,它以极具讽刺的新闻笔触,诙谐形象但不失真的漫画,以及日军屠杀我军民的一手图片,令人触目惊心。再现了当时远东的复杂局势。可以说,该报是了解掌握20世纪前半叶远东各种情况珍贵的一手资料。7 J.B.Powell.My Twenty-five Years in China[M].New York:The Macmillan 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China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:474.1 The President of the Chinese Executive Yuan and Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs (Chiang Kai-shek) to the American Ambassador (Gauss) June 20,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:712-713.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 27,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:707.3 Wilma Fairbank,Amenca's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:74.4 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:78.5 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:74.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:75.2 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:471.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:73.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:73.2 Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942,Memoramdum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:715.3 The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),October 3,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:723-724.4美国对华文化援助的初衷是：在战争时期增强中国军民士气,使其抗击日本侵略者。而总统应急资金的最终期限是到1946年6月30日,这已然超出太平洋战争时段。但是,文化计划的制定者却无法预测战争的胜利,1945年8月15日,反法西斯战争胜利,文化援华计划却没有立即结束。本文论述的专家援华计划；美国邀请的中国学者赴美计划；中国技术人员赴美；美国图书馆协会对华援助等项目,均有超出太平洋战争时段的例子。因此,本文如有超出太平洋战争时期内容,均属美国文化援华计划的合理延伸,属于历史发展的连贯性,也是援华计划制??定的连续性。但本文主要论及的时段是在1945年战争胜利前,有些内容涉及到1945年后,出于记述历史的连贯性和责任,笔者也做了相关论述。在此说明,后文不再赘述。1 Liaison between the Department of State and other Agencies Concerning Cultural Relations with China,Memorandum by Mr.Haldore Hanson of the Division of Cultural Relations,July 15,1942[Z].FRUS 1942, VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:717-719.2是民国时期采取征收田赋的方式。主要是按照土地征收实物税。由于抗战时期国民政府滥发纸币造成剧烈通货膨胀,物价上涨。山西和福建等政府规定,田赋按战前粮价折征实物。各省纷纷效仿,1941年7月,国民政府令田赋一律征收实物。1942年又大幅提高了征收标准。1943年开始在产棉区折征棉花。1944年扩大到糖类。抗战胜利后,国民政府只取消对棉纱、麦粉、糖类的实物征收,改征货币,但田赋征实的税收政策还在继续执行。3 Hugh H.Bennett.Walter Lowdermilk Called Again to China[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.55,No.5, Nov.,1942:485.4 The Ambassador in China(Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1127.1在英文中,这是一句押韵的话,奶粉(powdered milk)和罗德米尔克(Lowdermilk)(?)谐音。2由于1927年共产党举行八一南昌起义,罗德米尔克不得不在当年回国。3 Walter C.Lowdermilk, Malca Chall.Forests and Erosion in China,1922-1927[J].Forest History,Vol.16,No.1,1972:5.4罗德米尔克从华盛顿抵达巴拿马运河,沿着南美洲西部海岸,绕过合恩角,跨越南太平洋到达南非,乘飞机经过埃及和美索不达米亚,到达印度阿萨姆后,乘飞机飞越世界上最危险的航线——驼峰航线。旅途共计9000英里。甚至他还步行了一个月。罗德米尔克历尽艰辛,还要冒着战争的危险,因为有大批敌国潜艇伺机而动,他甚至还要借助雪橇在敌机经常出没的地区前行。5 Hugh H.Bennett.Walter Lowdermilk Called Again to China[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.55,No.5 (Nov.,1942):485.6 Lost Soil[J].USA Today Magazine,Vol.136,No.2747,2007:16.(?)T.Min Tieh.Soil Erosion in China[J].Geographical Review,Vol.31,No.4, Oct.,1941:570.8 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:I.The Fate of Conservation in Northern Shansi[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.5, May,1943:395.1 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:I.The Fate of Conservation in Northern Shansi[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.5, May,1943:393-413.W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:Ⅱ.Losses and Gains[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.6, Jun,1943:505-520.3 J.Douglas Helms.Walter Lowdermilk's Journey:Forester to Land Conservationist[J].Environmental Reviews, Vol.8,No.2,1984:140.4[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：8.5 W.C.Lowermilk and T.I.Li.Forestry in Denuded China[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.152,China (Nov.,1930):132-133.6 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:78.(?)W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.Ancient Irrigation in China Brought up to Date[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.55,No.3, Sep.,1942:209.8罗德米尔克在一篇访谈中又称黄河是“中国的悲哀”(China's sorrow")也许是因为渭河是黄河的支流,而二者都需要治理。Walter C.Lowdermilk,Malca Chall.Forests and Erosion in China,1922-1927[J].Forest Historv. Vol. 16.N0.1.1972:7.9 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:Ⅱ.Losses and Gains[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.6, Jun,1943:513.1 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.Ancient Irrigation in China Brought up to Date[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.55,No.3, Sep.,1942:225.2 W Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:77.3 W.C.Lowdermilk."Erosion in the Orient as Related to Soil Conservation in America"[J]Jour.Am.Soc. of Agron,Vol.21,No.4,April,1929;W.C.Lowermilk and T.I.Li.Forestry in Denuded China[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.152,China, Nov.,1930:138.4 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.Ancient Irrigation in China Brought up to Date[J].The Scientific Monthly, Vol.55,No.3,Sep.,1942:209-225.5 J.Douglas Helms.Walter Lowdermilk's Journey:Forester to Land Conservationist[J].Environmental Reviews, Vol.8,No.2,1984:141.1 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:Ⅱ.Losses and Gains[J].The Scientific Monthly.Vol.56.No.6,Jun.1943:513-514.Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:69.3 W.C.Lowermilk and T.I.Li.Forestry in Denuded China[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.152,China, Nov.,1930:133.4蒋廷黻·蒋廷黻回忆录[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2003：97-98.5 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:I.The Fate of Conservation in Northern??Shansi[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.5, May,1943:394.1 Marco Polo.The Travels of Marco Polo:a translation by Marsden[M].revised with selection of his notes:Edited by Thomas Wright,London,1854:249,302.2 Armand David.Journal de montroisieme voyaged'exploration dansl'empire chinois[M].Paris:Librairie Hachette e Cie,1875:72.3 W.C.Lowermilk and T.I.Li.Forestry in Denuded China[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.152,China, Nov.,1930:127-128.4 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:Ⅱ.Losses and Gains[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.6, Jun,1943:515.5 W.C.Lowdermilk and D.R.Wickes.China and America Against Soil Erosion:Ⅱ.Losses and Gains[J].The Scientific Monthly,Vol.56,No.6, Jun,1943:517-520.1[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：8.Willis C.Barrett,hydraulic engineering specialist,arrived in chungking on June 18 to begin work with the Chinese National Conservancy Commission.The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,February 1,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:732.3此位专家和罗德米尔克一同来华。4笔者通过对《美国国务院对华文化援助》、《美国外交文件》(FRUS)和《美国在华文化实验1942-1949))(Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949)几份史料的进行综合考证后,证明《美国国务院对华文化援助》文件的第8页、第9页所示几位未提及姓名的援华农牧业专家姓名依次为：沃尔特.C.罗德米尔克(Walter C.Lowdermilk),唐纳德·V·苏哈特(Donald V.Shuhart),西奥多.P.戴克斯特拉(Theodore P.Dykstra),拉尔夫.W.菲利普斯(Ralph W.Phillips),雷.G·约翰逊(Ray G.Johnson)。1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:72.Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:76.3 Memorandum by Mr.Willys R.Peck of the Division of Cultural Relations.June 14,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:741.4 Memorandum by Mr.Willys R.Peck of the Division of Cultural Relations.June 14,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:742.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:76-77.2 Ralph W.Phillips.Proceedings Seventh Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Research Institute[M].Washington,D.C. October 13-14,1958:19.3 China Adopts First Five-Year Mass Education Plan[N].The China Weekly Review,July 6,1940:213-214.1 Ralph W.Phillips.Proceedings Seventh Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Research Institute[M].October 13-14 Washington,D.C.,1958:22.2 Memorandum by the Agricultural Attache in China (Dawson),September 13,1945[Z].FRUS 1945,VolumeⅦ,The Far East China,Washington:GPO,1969:1440.3[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：9.1路易·艾黎(1897-1987)年,新西兰人,1927年来到中国,长期居住在中国,与中国人民风雨同舟,为中国人民解放事业奋斗了60年。是中国人民的朋友。2 R.Alley."Tour Once poor West Kansu Counties"[J].China Reconstructs.Vol.23,No.4 Apr.1974:25-28.2劳克斯工作的医院主要分布在中国重庆、成都、兰州、昆明、贵阳等地区。4 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:88.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:87-88.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:88.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:89.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:89-90.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:90.??11944年9月6日,美国战争生产委员会(the United States War Production Board)主席唐纳德·尼尔森(Donald Nelson)抵达重庆与蒋介石协商工业合作生产之问题,11月,中国战争生产委员会(the War Production Board of China)成立,委员会确定了中国工业生产的所需原材料。钢铁制造咨询委员会(The Advisory Committee for Manufacture of Iron and Steel)马上开始调查中国各个工厂的生产能力,并咨询中国陆军军械部门(the Ordnace Department of the Chinese Army)积极促进铸件和锻件订单的签署。此外,美国工业企业也积极支持援华工作。镍铬钼耐热钢辊子有限公司不但同意机械工程学教授威廉·金特纳(William W.Kintner)脱岗,还为他拨付2000美元,以便在中国计划中研究气锤技术之用。Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:85.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:85.1 Edwin K.Smith.Chinese Foundries[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vol.14,No.22 (Nov.7,1945):325.2美国宾夕法尼亚州著名工业城市,是美国钢铁工业的中心,有“世界钢铁之都”之称。1 Edwin K.Smith.Chinese Foundries[M].Far Eastern Survey,Vol.14,No.22 (Nov.7,1945):325.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:86.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:87.1从多宗不同的记录来看,费慰梅对宋美龄似乎有诸多不满。1943年宋美龄和董显光访美,申请新闻学者援华,费慰梅认为不妥,她认为这举动破坏了美国在二战中的欧战战略,实际文化援助举措对美国欧洲战略的影响实在是微乎其微；1943年4月4日,宋美龄在美国演讲,费慰梅对其演讲内容进行了“咬文嚼字”般讽刺(针对她曲解罗斯福总统的“四个自由”,有关“四个自由”的译法在《胡适日记全编7》第530页中,胡适之对其再推敲的基础上有准确的译法)。也许是她个性中复杂的一面,也许是她作为学者更欣赏才女林徽因般的睿智,认为政治家(蒋介石夫妇,陈立夫等人)知行不合。但更多可能是学者和政治家之间对事物观点的差异所致。(实际学者胡适也对宋美龄有很深的成见,见曹伯言整理的《胡适日记全编7》)。2 Michael Schaller.The U.S. and China in the Twentieth Century[M].New York:Oxford Oxford University Press,1990:54.3 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:493-494.4 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,July 14,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,Volume VI,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1146-1147.5 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China(Gauss),March 14,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, Volume VI,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1124.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:79.2 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China(Gauss),March 14,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,Volume VI,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1124.3国民政府1938年7月21日公布.修正抗战期间图书杂志审查标准[Z].宋原放主编,吴道弘辑注.中国出版史料现代部分(第2卷)[Z].济南：山东教育出版社,2001：766.4国民政府1940年9月6日公布.战时图书杂志原稿审查办法[Z].宋原放主编,吴道弘辑注.中国出版史料现代部分(第2卷)[Z].济南：山东教育出版社,2001：769.5国民政府1944年6月20日公布.战时出版品审查办法及禁载标准[Z].宋原放主编,吴道弘辑注.中国出版史料现代部分(第2卷)[Z].济南：山东教育出版社,2001：771.1日本间谍吉川猛夫化名森村正,潜伏在珍珠港,获取了美国航空母舰、驱逐舰、战列舰、巡洋舰的编队计划、出航规律、舰只数量,以及夏威夷天气等相关军事机密,致使日本空军能够在准确的时间对美国海军进行毁灭性打击。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:81.3大公报[N].1943-10-1.4 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,Volume VI,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1126.5刘景修.抗战时期国民党对外宣传纪事(续二),档案史料与研究[C],1990(3)：86.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:254.2刘景修.抗战时期国民党对外宣传纪事(续二),档案史料与研究[C],1990(3)：90.3 The Ambassador in China(Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, Volume VI,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1127-1128.4 The Ambassador in China(Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, Volume VI,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1127.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:62.82.2 Michael Schaller.The U.S. and China in the Twentieth Century[M].New York Oxford Oxford University Press,1990:51.3 The Ambassador in China(Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1127.4 Censorship Denied.The China Weekly Review[N].July 19,1947:192.5 The Ambassador in China(Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1127.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:84.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:81.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:81.1 Frank Ninchovich,Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:486.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:284.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:282.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:281.3 Frank Ninchovich,Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:485-486.4 Frank Ninchovich,Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945[J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:486.1 Frank Ninchovich,Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:487-488.1葛德石(George Babcock Cressey,1896-1963)美国地理学家,亚洲地理研究专家。1923年获得芝加哥大学地质学博士。1923-1929年曾在上海沪江大学任教,并在中国内地进行过广泛的野外考察。1931年获克拉克大学地理学博士,后长期担任锡拉丘兹大学地质地理学系主任,1949-1952年曾任国际地理学会主席。1956-1957年任美国地理学会会长。1959-1960年任美国亚洲研究会会长,为美国和世界地理学颇有影响的任务,在人文地理和地志学研究中有贡献。著有《中国的地理基础》(China's Geographic Foundations)(1934年),《苏联的国力》(Basis of Soviets Strength)(1945年)(与《五亿人民的国家—中国地理》等书。探讨了人口对土地的压力,评论过中国的资源和土地利用等问题,但其中有些观点是错误的,如说中国是贫油国家,此外还著有印度、缅甸等国地理书籍多种。参见杨展览、李希圣、黄伟雄主编：《地理学大辞典》,合肥：安徽人民出版社1992年版,第1042-1043页。2 Robert E.Dickinson.George Babcock Cressey[J].The Geographical Journal,Vol.130,No.1 (Mar.,1964):191.3 Theodore Herman.George Babcock Cressey,1896-1963 [J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vol.55,No.2(Jun.,1965):362.4 Preston E.James.George Babcock Cressey 1896-1963[J].Geographical Review,Vol.54,No.2 (Apr.,1964):2575 George B.Cressey.Foundations of Chinese Life,Economic Geography[J].Vol.15,No.1 (Jan.,1939):95.6研究葛德石地理学成果的论文及专著有很多,但少有从国际关系的角度来对葛德石进行具体分析,也没有对葛德石的个性进行中肯的评价。同时,对葛德石在太平洋战争时期在中国的经历,也鲜有学者提到。1 Description of Dr.Cressey's Duties in China,Memorandom by Mrs.Wilma C.Fairbank and Mr.Willys R.Peck of the Division of Cultural Relation,October 12,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:751-753.2 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson)June 25,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:742.11943年9月28日的会议所制定；除费慰梅女士和倍克先生外,下届文化关系司合作者有：拉尔夫·E·特纳(Ralph E.Turner)、保罗·迈耶(Paul Meyer)、威廉·H·丹尼斯(William H.Dennis)、乔治.B.葛德石(George B.Cressey)。备忘录副本发往驻华大使,另有450号指示,1943年11月17日(未印刷)。在指示中,国务院需要驻华使馆和葛德石教授合作。Description of Dr.Cressey's Duties in China,Memorandom by Mrs.Wilma C.Fairbank and Mr.Willys R.Peck of the Division of Cultural Relation,October 12,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:751-753.2 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),March 1,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1120-1123.(?) The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),March 1,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1121.1 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:24.1 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:18.1兹比格纽·布热津斯基,中国国际问题研究所译.大棋局—美国的首要地位及其地缘战略[M].上海：上海人民出版社1998：210.2吴稚晖.青年与工具[J].新青年(第2卷第2号),1916-10-1.3王涅.时局对于青年之教训[J].新青年(第2卷第1号),1916-9-1.4申报[N].1934-5-14.5蒋廷黻.蒋廷黻回忆录[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2003：139.6 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:19.1李璜.旅欧随感录[J].少年中国(第1卷第6期),1919-12-15.2陈立夫.成败之鉴—陈立夫回忆录[M].台北：正中书局,1994：242.3 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:19.1详见中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编(第五辑)(第一编)(政治)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1994的全部法规。2第二次中华民国教育年鉴[Z].上海：商务印书馆,1948：490.3陈立夫.成败之鉴—陈立夫回忆录[M].台北：正中书局,1994：247.4 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:20.1 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:23.2 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:21.1 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:22.2 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:22.1 George B.Cressey.The Land of the Five Hundred Million:A Geography of China[M].N.Y.:McGraw-Hill,1955:3.2 George B.Cressey.Foundations of Chinese Life,Economic Geography[J].Vol.15,No.1, Jan.,1939:104.3 George B.Cressey.Agricultural Regions of Asia.PartⅥChina[J].Economic Geography,Vol.10,No.2, Apr.,1934:109.4 George B.Cressey,Ralph E.Himstead.Educational Problems in China[J].Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors,1945,No.1,Vol.31:18.5葛德石著,薛贻源译.中国的地理基础[M].开明书店,1945原序：1.6 Robert E.Dickinson.George Babcock Cressey[J].The Geographical Journal,Vol.130,No.1, Mar.,1964:191.7George B.Cressey.The New Map of China[J].Geographical Review,Vol.20,No.4, Oct.,1930:652-656.8葛德石称中国新疆为中国的突厥斯坦。??1针对中国1953的人口普查,葛德石认为中国有两个特殊区域,其一是从内蒙古自治区到绥远及黑龙江西部,另外一个区域就是西藏。George B.Cressey.Changing the Map of China[J].Economic Geography,Vol.31,No.1, Jan.,1955:16.2笔者翻译了全文,以下是文章摘录。由此可以判断葛德石对于香港归属问题的观点,分析葛德石的价值观取向。葛德石认为：“香港是我们监听大陆新闻的最佳情报站。但那里没有报纸,人民常从边境线上过滤(笔者注：大陆居民的偷渡)。香港虽是一条双行线(two-way street),但去中国的人很少。然而,来自自由世界的宝贵思想如同涓涓细流一般流进他们的世界。……难以衡量相信共产主义的中国人在香港有多大分量。两年前,共产主义的旗帜在节假日还随处可见,但在今天相当稀少。”为了替美国争取香港,葛德石可谓煞费苦心。他表示：“如果香港这个桥头堡陷落,一定会发生叛乱,因为共产主义的威胁始终存在。”从国际政治的角度分析,如果美国忽视香港,必会损害其国家利益。所以“定要衡量香港这个意识形态桥头堡的政治利益,反之就会延误美国在亚洲的民主化进程。同时,葛德石还强调了香港在军事和经济方面的重要性。“香港是美英海军在西太平洋地区的重要基地,之于美国的贸易至关重要。美国和其他民主国家都会发现,缺少香港的国际贸易运转起来相当困难”。英国在战后逐渐丧失了世界霸主的地位,葛德石希望美国接手香港。但是中国拥有香港地区的法定主权,任何分离颠覆的企图都是要失败的。见George B.Cressey.Hongkong.Beachhead for Democracy[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vol.20,No.15 (Aug.22,1951):153-155.3 Preston E.James.George Babcock Cressey 1896-1963[J].Geographical Review,Vol.54,No.2 (Apr.,1964):254-257.4徐兆奎.葛德石反动地理学思想批判[J].地理学报,1958(1).5 Geogre Babcock Cressey Receives the Distinguished Service Award,1957[J].Journal of Geography,Vol 57:2,1958:86.1 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:53-54.2Nathaniel Peffer.The Price of Japanese Imperialism[J].Foreign Affairs,Vol.16,No.1,1937:21-33.3 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:51.4 Nathaniel Peffer,N.F.John,Edwin P.Reubens,Mr.Ewing,Mr.Lazarus.Japan's Capacity for Economic Survival[J].Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science,Vol.26,No.2,Europe and Asia:The Cases of Germany and Japan,Jan.,1955:18.5 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:53.6 Nathaniel Peffer.The New Far Eastern Conflict[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.258,Looking toward One World,Jul.,1948:27.1 Nathaniel Peffer.The New Far Eastern Conflict [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.258,Looking toward One World,Jul.,1948:28.2 Nathaniel Peffer.The New Far Eastern Conflict [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.258,Looking toward One World,Jul.,1948:28-29.3 Nathaniel Peffer.The New Far Eastern Conlhct[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.258,Looking toward One World,Jul.,1948:30.1 Nathaniel Peffer.Is America the New Holy Alliance?[J].Political Science Quarterly,Vol.60,No.2,Jun.,1945:170.2 Nathaniel Peffer.Is America the New Holy Alliance?[J].Political Science Quarterly,Vol.60,No.2,Jun.,1945:172.1 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:49.2 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:59.3 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:56.4 Nathaniel Peffer.Omens in the Far East[J].Foreign Affairs,1941,Vol.20,No.1:57-58.1 FRUS [Z].Oct,17 1946,X:388.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:90.2胡国台.抗战时期的教育经费与高等教育品质1937-1945[J].台湾：“中央”研究院近代史研究所集刊,1990(19).3 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:157.1 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:158.2 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:158.1 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:159.1蒋廷黻.中国近代史[M].商务印书馆,1938：128.2 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:159.3蒋中正.中国之命运.正中书局,1946：131.4艾思奇.论中国之命运.晓光社,1946：1.5 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:159.6位于成都,是私立大学。7[西班牙]奥尔特加·加塞特,徐小洲,陈军译.大学的使命[M].杭州：浙江教育出版社,2003：101.1 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:159.2 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:160.1 Nathaniel Peffer.China's Education:Casualty of Peace[J].Far Eastern Survey,Vo.16,No.14, Jul.23,1947:157-160.2人民日报[N].1947-7-6.3蒋廷黻.蒋廷黻回忆录[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2003：139.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:76.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:70.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:70.4[美]许烺光,薛刚译,尚会鹏校.宗族·种姓·俱乐部[M].北京：华夏出版社1990,226-227.1[美]罗伯特·N·贝拉,翟宏彪等译.美国人生活中的个人主义和公共责任[M].北京：三联书店,1991：214.2 Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Paul W.Meyer of the Division of Cultural Relations,December 20,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:763-764.3 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 5,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,Volume VI,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1111.1 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),February 21,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1117.2保罗.B.伊顿(Paul B.Eaton)教授曾抱怨大使馆不关心他的福利待遇。见The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 5,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,Volume VI,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1118-1119.3 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 5,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1119.4[美]爱德华.C.斯图尔特,密尔顿.J.贝内特,卫景宜译.美国文化模式—跨文化视野中的分析[M].天津：百花文艺出版社2000：110.5[美]许娘光著,彭凯平,刘文静等译.美国人与中国人：两种生活方式比较[M].北京：华夏出版社,1989：213.6顾维钧,中国社科院近代史研究所译.顾维钧回忆录,第6分册[M].北京：中华书局,1988：93.7[美]许烺光.中美文化的价值差异[J].傅铿.文化：人类的镜子—西方文化理论导引[C].上海：上海人民出版社,1990：208.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:92.2[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆油印文件,1946.3 Hans Morgenthau. A Political Theory of Foreign Aid[J].The American Political Science Review, Vol.56,No.2,Jun.1962:301-309.4 Henry Kissinger.Diplomacy[M].New York,Simon&Schuster,1994:17.1罗艳华.美国输出民主的历史与现实[M].北京：世界知识出版社,2009：145.2 Michael Schaller,The U.S. and China in the Twentieth Century,New York Oxford University Press,1990,p.18.1 The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),February 12,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1115.2[美]白修德,贾安娜著,端纳译.中国的惊雷[M].北京：新华出版社1988：193.1孙洋.太平洋战争时期美国专家援华计划探析[J].社会科学战线,2010(8).1 Michael Schaller,The U.S. and China in the Twentieth Century[M].New York Oxford University Press,1990.1 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 29,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:700.2何天爵(Chester Holcombe,1844-1912),美国传教士,外交官。于1869年来华,在北京负责公理会所办的教会学校,先后任美国驻华使馆翻译、参赞、署理公使等职。参与起草过1880年华人移居美国的相关条约,并参与了1882年美国和朝鲜签订的条约。美国前总统格兰特访问中国的期间,何天爵曾接待并陪同,何天爵在处理美国侨民在华经济纠纷和教会案件方面竭尽全力。1885年何天爵回美国。何天爵曾于1895年出版了颇具影响的《中国人本色》(The Real Chinaman)一书。此外,他还撰有《The Chinese Army and Navy in The Real Chinese Question》等著作。3 Chester Holcombe.the Real Chinaman[M].Dodd,Mead & Company,New York,1895:5-6.4 Lin YuTang.My Country and My People[M].New York,the John Day Company,1935,Tenth Printing,December,1936:4.5中国皇后号于1784年来到中国,拉开了中美关系的序幕。6不光是美国政界人士,《密勒氏评论报》(the China Weekly Review)主编约翰·本杰明·鲍威尔(John B.Powell)在来华办报前,就研究了美国著名传教士明恩溥的《中国人的性格》和《中国乡村生活》两本著作。世界各国知名学者也对中国文化有着浓厚的兴趣。7[法]孟德斯鸠著,张雁深译.论法的精神[M].北京：商务印书馆,1995：310.1 Ku Hung-Ming.the Spirit of the Chinese People[M].the Peking Daily News,Peiking,1915:9.2麦高温系英国伦敦会传教士。他于1860年来华,曾经在上海和厦门等地传教。精通汉学,著有《中华帝国史》,《厦门方言英汉字典》,《华南写实》,《华南生活见闻》等著作。3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:97.4明恩溥(Arthur Henderson Smith 1845-1932)系基督教公理会传教士。1872年来到中国,1877年到鲁西北赈灾传教,先后建立过小学、中学和医院,同时兼任上海的《字林西报》通讯员。1906,明恩溥在白宫向西奥多·罗斯福总统建议,用清政府“庚子赔款”在中国办学,并资助中国学生赴美留学。1908年,美国正式宣布退还半数“庚子赔款”,大约1160余万美元,这些钱作为资助中国留美学生之用。第一次世界大战爆发后,明恩溥返回美国。他在鲁西北传教30年,明恩溥笔耕不辍,他撰写了大量关于中国的著作,如：《中国文明》、《中国乡村生活：一个社会学的研究》、《中国人的素质》、《动乱中的中国》、《汉语谚语俗语集》、《中国的进步》、《今天的中国与美国》、《王者基督：中国之研究大纲》等等。5 Arthur H.Smith.Chinese Characteristics[M].Fleming H.Revell Company,New York,Chicago,1894:17.6 J.Macgowan.Men and Manners of Modern China[M].London:Adelphi Terrace,Leipsic:Inselstrasse 20,1912:304.7 J.Macgowan.Men and Manners of Modern China[M].London:Adelphi Terrace,Leipsic:Inselstrasse 20,1912:307.1 Bertrand Russell.the Problem of China[M].London:George Allen & Unwin LTD.Ruskin House,40 Museum Street, W.C.1922:202.2Bertrand Russell.the Problem of China[M].London:George Allen & Unwin LTD.Ruskin House,40 Museum Street, W.C.1922:204.3[俄]谢.尤.维特著,张开译.俄国末代沙皇尼古拉二世—维特伯爵的回忆[M].北京：新华出版社,1983：40.4 John Leighton Stuart.Fifty Years in China[M].New York,Random House,1954:127.5费孝通.美国与美国人[M].上海：三联书店出版社,1985：88.6[美]费慰梅著,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公??司,1997：125-126.1金岳霖著.哲意的沉思[M].天津：百花文艺出版社,2000：110.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:193.3林徽因在颠沛流离中得了支气管炎,后来转变成严重的肺病,长年卧床不起,这实际上影响了她的寿命,林徽因于1955年4月1日香消玉殒。著名社会学家陶孟和的夫人沈性仁也患有严重的肺结核,英年早逝。都是在战乱时期被迫多次辗转劳累,缺乏营养所致。4中国新闻出版报[N].2010-7-15.5顾执中(1898-1995)系中国著名的新闻记者和新闻教育家。早年于东吴大学肄业。1923年他任上海《时报》传媒的记者。1927年担任上海《新闻报》的记者；1928年在上海创办民治新闻专科学校。“九一八”事变后,参加教师救国会和对日经济绝交大同盟。1934至1935年出访欧洲及苏联、美国、日本等地。1942年在重庆续办民治新闻专科学校。1944年赴印度,在加尔各答侨报《印度日报》任社长兼总编辑。1946年回上海,续办民治新闻专科学校。中华人民共和国建立后到北京,任高等教育出版社编审。顾执中历任上海、重庆、仰光、加尔各答、香港、北京等地民治新闻专科学校校长、名誉校长,培养了大批新闻专业人才,是有影响的新闻教育家。6顾执中,侯外庐,范剑涯等著.回忆重庆[M].重庆：重庆出版社,1984：25.7人物杂志[J].1946(5-6)：4.1新华日报[N].1942-7-18.2徐悲鸿.致蒋碧薇(二封)[Z].徐悲鸿著,王震编.徐悲鸿书信集[Z].郑州：大象出版社,2010：197.3大公报[N].1942-7-16.4 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:194.51937-1942年的指数引自汪荫元.四川战时物价与各级人民之购买力[J].四川经济季刊(第1卷第3期)(1944年6月15日),：263；1943-1945年的指数是6月份比率(工薪/生活费用),《经济史实》第22卷第177期(1943年7月),第34卷第479期(1944年7月),第46卷第701期(1945年7月)。引自[美]费正清、费维恺编.剑桥中华民国史(1912-1949年)(下卷)[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1993：674.6[美]费慰梅著,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因—一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,1997：136.??1大公报[N].1942-9-11.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:252.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:40.4政协云南省委员会文史资料研究委员会等编.云南文史资料选辑第34辑西南联合大学建校五十周年纪念专辑[Z].昆明：云南人民出版社,1988：231.5[美]费慰梅著,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,1997：150.6蔡翘.困难·信念·力—从事生理学科研及教学60周年回顾[J].生理科学进展,1982(3).7费孝通,张之毅.云南三村[M].天津：天津人民出版社,1990：序言3.8政协云南省委员会文史资料研究委员会等编.云南文史资料选辑第34辑西南联合大学建校五十周年纪念专辑[Z].昆明：云南人民出版社,1988：231.1“李约瑟难题”系英国著名的李约瑟在《中国科学技术史》中提出的一个命题。“李约瑟难题”叫法各异,有称其为“李约瑟问题”(Needham Problem, Needham Question),或者“李约瑟之谜”(Needham Puzzle),也有称之为“李约瑟命题”(Needham Thesis)的,“李约瑟难题”即为：为何在公元前2世纪到公元16世纪之间,人类社会在自然科学知识应用于实际应用的目的方面来看,中国要比西方世界更为有效?但是,近代科学,以及关于自然界假说的数学化,及其先进的科学技术,只是短暂兴起于伽利略时代的欧洲大陆。17世纪中叶后,中国的科学技术的发展堪称江河日下。有关资料表明,自公元6世纪到17世纪初,在世界重大科技成果中,中国科技成果所占比例—直在54%以上,而到了19世纪,中国科技成果所占比例额度剧降为0.4%。为什么中国与西方在科学技术的发展过程中会出现如此的大起大落,以至于出现如此大的差距,这就是使李约瑟久久不得其解的一大难题。2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:192-193.3[美]费慰梅著,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,1997：153.4 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:184.1 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,February 12,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:702.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:195.3 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:190,192.4笔者总结了中外学者对中印两国人的比较研究。中国学者竺可桢在《印度绝非能长久屈居人下》一文中曾对印度的未来提出了光明的展望。但法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》一书中对中国人毫不客气的进行了贬损；英国史学家汤因比表示印度难以冲出资本主义国家的殖民状态；德国哲学家黑格尔在《历史哲学》中认为英国的东印度公司是印度的主宰,中国也会是这种命运。美国传教士明恩溥的评价较为客观,他在《动乱中的中国》(China in Convulsion)一书中认为印度是个多种族和语言的博物馆,而中国在思想文化、历史、语言和制度上基本是个统一体。泰戈尔认为印度从来没过真正的民族主义观念；菲希洛克在《印度人》中提出印度起统一作用的力量表现出弱点和矛盾。与这些论调相比,观点与费正清最为相近的是与其同时代的日本伦理学家和过哲郎。和过哲郎在《风土》一书中认为印度人忍辱负重,但欠缺历史观,感情流溢,意志松散,而中国人有对传统的执着和强烈的历史观。这种性格与印度人恰成对照,并且中国人保持着一种紧迫感,在忍耐的深处蕴藏着一股斗志。具有临危不惧的特性。他拜读了黑格尔的许多成果,却没有陷入其中,这是难能可贵的。1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:233.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:238-239.3 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:223-224.4梅贻琦著,黄延复,王小宁整理.梅贻琦日记(1941-1946)[Z].北京：清华大学出版社,2001：39.1抗战期间,南开大学、北京大学和清华大学三校合并,组成了西南联大。2清华大学校史编写组编著.清华大学校史稿[M].北京：中华书局,1981：293-294.(?)John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:177.4 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:183.5岳南.南渡北归[M],长沙：湖南文艺出版社,2011.6吴良肱.费正清这个人[M].德昌出版社(出版年不详)：3.7埃德蒙·哈蒙德(1815-1891),在1870年,普法战争爆发前,埃德蒙·哈蒙德宣称,他已经研究了欧洲局势三十年,欧洲的外交格局从未如1870年般稳定,不过在两个星期后,普法战争就爆发了。此后,埃德蒙·哈蒙德的这番话就被人传为笑柄。8 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:195.1抗战西迁组成西南联合大学,校址位于昆明。2此处乃费正清谬误,费正清将国立云南大学误写为省立云南大学(the provincial Yunnan University),实际云南大学在1938年已经从省立改为国立云南大学。3蒋介石在1935年围剿红军期间,龙云曾将云南大学作为蒋的“行辕”,蒋介石还特地召见了云南大学代理校长何瑶,许诺由庚款补助云南大学工学院的发展,云南大学于是得到了中央庚款委员会补助国币10万元。云南大学还有云南当局的大力支持,1937年6月,龙云将云南大学办学经费提高到国币25万元。云南大学在办学经费和教师工资待遇上,是西南联合大学所不能比拟的。以上资料源于中国人民政治协商会议云南省昆明市委员会文史资料委员会编.昆明文史资料选辑(第15辑)[M].教育史料专辑：27-38；蔡寿福主编.云南教育史[M].昆明：云南教育出版社,2001：614。4不否认费正清对由清华大学组成的西南联合大学的个人情感,实际战时云南大学的整体实力较高。在龙云和熊庆来的经营下,云南大学聘请了许多优秀的教授及知名学者,努力扩大教师阵容。知名学者有吴晗、林同济、华罗庚、吴文藻、顾颉刚、朱炳南、郑天挺、白寿彝、翁独健、姚从吾、冯友兰、丁泽良、许娘光、潘光旦等人。云南大学还有不少教师来自西南联大。熊庆来聘教师唯才是用,不问政治观点和学术倾向,使得云南大学的教师结构很复杂。政治党派有国民党、三青团、民社党、托派、民盟、共产党等等。如此复杂的政治信仰,估计是费正清不予考虑的一个因素。以上资料源于中国人民政治协商会议云南省昆明市委员会文史资料委员会编.昆明文史资料选辑(第15辑)[M].教育史料专辑：27-38；蔡寿福主编.云南教育史[M].昆明：云南教育出版社,2001：614.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:197-200.2 Bertrand Russell,the Problem of China[M].London:George Allen & Unwin LTD.Ruskin House,40 Museum Street,W.C.1922:10.3[德]黑格尔著,王造时译.历史哲学[M].上海：上海书店出版社,2006：125.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:195-197.2 William Taubman.ed.,Globalism and Its Critics:The American Foreign Policy Debate of the 1960s[M].Lexington,1973:97引自罗艳华.美国输出民主的历史与现实[M].北京：世界知识出版社,2009：31.(?) John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:197.4费正清不止一次提出两个世界,但非两个中国,即战时中国现状,乃政治信仰各异的两个政党组织。但在抗战后期,由于对蒋介石政权的失去信心。解放后费正清也直接提出过大陆是“民主的中国”,中华民国是“封建的中国”,这完全出于个人义愤,并非有分裂中国之嫌。吴良肱在《费正清这个人》一书第54页中所提观点相对偏激。5 Department of State Adviser on Political Relations,January 5,1943, John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:236.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:238.2古希腊伟大的历史学家,通常被看做西方史学的奠基人,他首创历史叙述体。从古罗马时代即被誉为“历史之父”这个称号一直沿用至今。希罗多德是最早对史料采取分析和批判态度,而不盲目相信传闻的学者。所著《历史》一书,该书在史料学上具有重要意义,在史学思想和方法上也有重大意义,在西方一向被看作是最早的一部历史著作,主要记述了公元前6世纪到公元前5世纪的希波战争,创造了叙述历史的新方法,把史实记载和阐释有机结合起来。希罗多德既推崇雅典民主,又充分肯定了古代亚非人民的文化成就,为后世保存了大量的珍贵史料。3[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].美国新闻处,1945：12.4 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:239-240.1抗战时期,为躲避日本对中国西南的轰炸,1939年4月,四川大学被迫南迁本省峨眉。参见四川大学校史编写组编.四川大学史稿[M].成都：四川大学出版社,1985：256-267.2抗战时期,1938年,武汉大学迁往四川乐山(乐山古名嘉定)。参见吴贻谷主编.武汉大学校史1893-1993[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1993：133-137.3 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,October 21,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:725.4 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),October 27,1942[Z].FRUS 1942, VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:725-726.5古岭新.中山大学校史[J].教育与进修,1984(4).6邹鲁.回顾录[M].独立出版社,1947：157.7[日]山本新,秀村欣二编,周颂伦,李小白,赵刚译.中国文明与世界—汤因比的中国观[M].北京：东方出版1此时正值四川大学校长更易,新校长为黄季陆。2 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:101.3 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:103.1程天放.大学教育的性质—二十一年四月二十一日在浙江大学演讲[R].黄季陆主编.革命文献(第55辑)[Z].台北：“中央”文物供应社,1971：103.2驻德大使程天放请国内报纸避免发表攻击德义言论电(1937年10月)[Z].中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编(第5辑)(第2编)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1997：655.3程天放.程天放早年回忆录[M].台北：传记文学出版社,1968：143.4中国人民政治协商会议四川省委员会四川省省志编辑委员会.四川文史资料选辑(第13辑)[Z].1964：70.5中国人民政治协商会议四川省委员会四川省省志编辑委员会.四川文史资料选辑(第13辑)[Z].1964：54.6程天放.程天放早年回忆录[M].台北：传记文学出版社,1968.7程天放.程天放早年回忆录[M].台北：传记文学出版社,1968：145.8程天放.程天放早年回忆录[M].台北：传记文学出版社,1968：121.9周文华主编.乐山历代诗集[M].乐山：乐山市市中区地方志办公室,1995：525.1 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:103.2 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:483.1张有高.中央训练团[J].民国档案,1994(2).2 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:483.3王宠惠.五权宪法[M].南京：中央训练团印,1940：22.4 Y.C.Yang.Education in Wartime China[J]. Association of American Colleges Bulletin,ⅩⅪⅩ(March 1943):67-68.5 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945[J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:483.6金岳霖在美国宾夕法尼亚大学、哥伦比亚大学有过学习经历；蔡翘在哥伦比亚大学、印第安纳大学、芝加哥大学有过学习经历；刘迺诚在伦敦大学获得博士学位,在柏林大学、巴黎大学和维也纳大学做过学术研究；张其昀希望到哈佛大学继续深造；费孝通曾在美国支持的燕京大学获得博士学位,1938年在伦敦大学从事学术研究。萧作梁也在德国留过学。7Frank A.Ninkovich.The Diplomacy of Ideas:U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations 1938-1950[M].Cambridge University Press,1981:57.8 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945[J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:483.1 China Turns Disaster Into Triumph[J].School and Society,LVII (June 1943):684.Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M]Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:42.3费孝通作为当事人回忆其在中央训练团受训时期为一周,实是一周以内,宁柯维奇成果中显示受训时间是两周,明显有误(Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945[J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:483.);《金岳霖文集》(第四卷)中显示,“6月,金岳霖到重庆办理访美护照,和费孝通、张其昀等教授参加(中央训练团)集训5天。”实际在6月他们已经在赴美的旅途上了,可见年谱中明显的谬误。期间,蒋介石会见并宴请各位教授,向教授们赠送自己的照片,六名学者应是同时参加培训,同时结束培训。从多方资料(包括美国国务院文件和其他学者的相关回忆录)的对比来看,年谱中提到的“6月”显然是不准确的,集训5天也是值得推敲的。因为陈立夫和蒋介石就受训时间进行过交谈,“缩短了训练时段,范围是六天到两个星期。”这都大于年谱中提到得5天时限。金岳霖学术基金会学术委员会编.金岳霖文集(第四卷)[M].兰州：甘肃人民出版社,1995：806的“6月”有误。应为“6月5日启程赴美(自重庆)”,具体在：张其昀.旅美见闻录[M].北京：商务印书馆,1946：89.4费孝通.清洗自己,站进人民队伍.张冠生.乡土先知[M].北京大学出版社,2006：196.5刘震.在“中央训练团”受训记[z].中国人民政治协商会议安徽省蚌埠市政协文史资料研究委员会.文史资料选辑(第2辑)[z].1985：38。1范厚甫,胡士杰.中央训练团回忆录[J].中信通讯,1942(2).2冯玉祥.我所认识的蒋介石[M].西安：陕西师范大学出版社,2007：139-141.3Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:106-107.1 Bertrand Russell.the Problem of China[M].London:George Allen & Unwin LTD.Ruskin House,40 Museum Street.W.C.1922:13.2 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:107.3费孝通.访美掠影[M].北京：三联书店,1981：30.4费孝通.访美掠影[M].北京：三联书店,1981：4.1 Clyde,Paul H.Macnair.Voices from Unoccupied China (Book Review)[J].Pacific Historical Review,1944,Vol.13,No.3:346-348.2金岳霖.致费正清、费慰梅的信[Z].金岳霖著,刘培育编.哲意的沉思[M].天津：百花文艺出版社,2000：351.3 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:107-108.4费孝通在1938年获英国伦敦大学哲学博士,这篇论文是费孝通对其家乡江苏吴江县开弦弓村得实地考察写成的,后来费孝通将其付梓出版,书店编辑阅读后建议书名改为《中国农民的生活》(Peasant Life in China, A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley),也译为《江村经济》,于1939年出版。5费孝通,张之毅.云南三村[M].天津：天津人民出版社,1990：201.6刘迺诚.国际正义与世界和平[J].时代精神,1942(4).1刘迺诚.论政党改革[J].世纪评论,1948(14)2刘迺诚.抗战后市政建设上之新问题[J].市政建设,1948(1).3刘迺诚.中华民族之固有文化及其当前之危机[J].大华杂志,1947(1).4刘迺诚.六十年来之中国宪政运动[J].中央周刊,1945(43-44).5刘迺诚.现代中国政治改革的几种原则[J].现代文摘月刊,1947(1).1胡适,曹伯言整理.胡适日记全编(1938-1949)(七)[Z].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2001：539.2张其昀译.美国人之东方史观[J].史地学报,1921(1).3张其昀译.美国之地理学[J].史地学报,1923(3)；竺可桢等译.新地学[M].南京：南京钟山书局,1933：219-224.4张其昀.美国之报业[J].思想与时代,1948(48).5张其昀.美国文化与中美关系[M].台北：台北中华文化出版事业委员会,1957：109.1张其昀.旅美见闻录[M].北京：商务印书馆,1946：10.2张其昀.旅美见闻录[M].北京：商务印书馆,1946：13-14.3张其昀.旅美见闻录[M].北京：商务印书馆,1946：18.4张其昀.旅美见闻录[M].北京：商务印书馆,1946：22.5胡适,曹伯言整理.胡适日记全编(1938-1949)(七)[z].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2001：567.6 Hyman Kublin."Introduction to the Second Edition"in the chinese renaissance by Hu Shi[M].New York:Paragon Book Reprint,1963.6胡适,曹伯言整理.胡适日记全编(1938-1949)(七)[Z].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2001：534-538.1金岳霖.回忆录.金岳霖学术基金会学术委员会.金岳霖文集(第四卷)[M].兰州：甘肃人民出版社,1995：731-732.2金岳霖.金岳霖选集[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2005：230.3金岳霖等.从堕落到反动的美国文化[C].上海：平明出版社1951：2.4金岳霖学术基金会学术委员会编.金岳霖文集(第四卷)[M].兰州：甘肃人民出版社,1995：5.5马林诺夫斯基(1884-1942年),生于波兰,著名人类学家,是现代人类学的奠基人之一。伦敦大学守卫社会人类学课程教授,中国著名学者费孝通、吴文藻等人都于英国参与过他的讨论课。1费孝通.美国与美国人[M].上海：三联书店出版社,1985：102.2费孝通.美国与美国人[M].上海：三联书店出版社,1985：113.3费孝通.初访美国[M].生活书店,1946：33.4费孝通.初访美国[M].生活书店,1946：34.1 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:109.2费孝通.初访美国[M].生活书店,1946：44.3费孝通认为：没有理由独占某种发明,某种能增进人类幸福的设施；没有理由因为某种发明不是出于本国人而歧视这种发明。4费孝通.初访美国[M].生活书店,1946：43.5费孝通.初访美国[M].生活书店,1946：44.6洛羊.认识美国[M].洪流出版社,1946：168.7陈剑恒.认识美国.[M].上海：商务印书馆,1946：自序.8费孝通.重访英伦.[M].大公报馆,1947：81；1陈焕明.自由女神下的天空—认识美国.台北：正中书局,1991：11.2 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China Policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:490.3牙病,需要延长治疗期限。4 Hsiao-Tung Fei.Letter to the Editor[J].American Journal of Sociology,Vol.50,No.1 (Jul,1944):68.1[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆油印文件,1945：13.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:110.3余英时.中国近代思想史上的激进与保守.余英时编.钱穆与中国文化[M].上海：上海远东出版社,1994：206.4 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,October 18,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:753-754.5 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[Z].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:110-111.1有关厦大校长萨本栋应邀赴美讲学的报导(二则)[N],新华日报,1944-6-19.2厦门大学校史编委会编.厦大校史资料(第2辑)[Z].厦门：厦门大学出版社,1988：65-66.1张民石,萨本栋著.交流电路[J],科学月刊,1947(28).2萨本栋.交流电路[M],正中书局：1948.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:113.4福建：中央日报[N].1945-6-22；厦门大学校史编委会编.厦大校史资料(第2辑)[Z].厦门：厦门大学出版社1988：69.5高学绳.一桩往事[J].陈武元编.萨本栋博士百年诞辰纪念文集[C].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2004：206.1陈祖泽,林宸,刘以嫦.萨校长颂—纪念萨本栋校长诞辰100周年[J].陈武元编.萨本栋博士百年诞辰纪念文集[C].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2004：209.2叶企孙.萨本栋先生事略[J].中国物理学报,1950(9).3汪敬熙.行为之生理的分析[M].正中书局,1944：2.4汪敬熙.科学方法漫谈[M].北京：商务印书馆,1940：3.5萨本栋.科学研究[J].科学月刊,1947(28).6陈其津.我的父亲陈序经[J].广东省政协文史资料研究委员会编.广东文史资料(第81辑)[z].广州：广东人民出版社,1999年：6.7该书于1948年12月出版。8陈序经.中国文化之出路[J].文化月刊,1934(7).9陈序经.东西文化观[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004：103.1陈序经曾在1928年在伊利诺伊大学获得博士学位,论文题目为《现代主权论》(Recent Theories of Sovereignty)2林同济(1906-1980),福建福州人。研究莎士比亚的著名学者,“战国策”派主要代表人物,著有《文化形态史观》等。先后获得密歇根大学学士学位、加州大学伯克利分校硕士、博士学位。在密勒士大学及加利福尼亚大学讲授中国文化史。回国后,在南开大学、西南联大和复旦大学任教,1948年创办海光图书馆。3陶孟和(1887-1960)浙江绍兴人,社会学家。1906年在东京高等师范学校学习历史和地理,1910年赴英国伦敦大学学习经济学和社会学,1913年获博士学位。归国后历任北京高等师范学校教授；北京大学教授、系主任、文学院院长、教务长等职位,1949年起担任中科院副院长。五四运动时期曾担任《新青年》杂志编辑,他也是中国科学院图书馆的创始人。著有《孟和文存》、《北平生活费之分析》等。1郑作新(1906-1998)福建长乐县人。1926年福建协和大学生物系毕业,1930年获美国密歇根大学研究院科学博士学位,美国科学院荣誉协会会员,获科学金钥匙奖。回国后历任福建协和大学生物系教授、系主任、教务长、理学院院长,中国科学院动物研究所鸟类研究室、脊椎动物分类区系研究室主任,中国科学院生物学部委员,郑作新是我国鸟类学研究的奠基人。他创建了国内规模最大的鸟类标本馆,共出版研究专著20余部,研究论文140余篇,专业书籍30多部,科普作品260多篇。2梅贻宝(19001997)天津人。1928年在美国获博士学位,回国后燕京大学任教,历任注册课主任、教务处主任、讲师、教授、文学院院长、成都燕京大学代校长、美国爱荷华大学东方学教授、香港中文大学新亚书院校长、台中东海大学教授等职。与其兄长清华大学校长梅贻琦教授齐名。3严济慈(1900-1996),浙江东阳县人。著名物理学家、教育家,中国现代物理学研究的创始人之一,也是中国光学研究和光学仪器研制工作的奠基人之一。1925年获巴黎大学数理硕士学位,1927年获法国科学博士学位。1946年,获国家抗战胜利勋章。1948年当选中央研究院院士,1955年当选中科院院士,历任中科院办公厅主任、中国科技大学校长等职。4袁敦礼(1895-1968),河北徐水人。1917年毕业于北京高等师范学校英语科,留校任体育科教员兼翻译。1923-1927年留学美国,获得芝加哥大学、霍普金斯大学和哥伦比亚大学学士、硕士学位。1936年任中国体育考察团政治到,赴丹麦、瑞典、德国、捷克斯洛伐克、奥地利、匈牙利、意大利等国考察,1936-1949年任北平师范大学校长。解放后,任西北师范学院体育系教授,兰州体育学院副院长,甘肃师范大学副校长,著有《体育原理》等。5徐水县政协文史资料委员会编：《徐水文史资料》第1辑,1989年,第85页。1 Chinese Educator on U.S.[J].The Peiping Chronicle,Aug.18,1946.2陶孟和.北平生活费之分析[M].上海：商务印书馆,1930：92.3士的阶级的厄运[J].陶孟和.孟和文存[M].上海：亚东图书馆,1925：30.4 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:115.1陶孟和.论时局二三事[J].世纪评论,1947(16).2陶孟和.国民参政会与民主政治[J].民主政治,1945(1).3陶孟和.中国人的政治能力[J].现化评论,1926(97).4陶孟和.美国的远东外交政策[J].读书通讯,1940(4).5陶孟和.大战后的美国[J].智慧,1946(12).??1人民日报[N].1988-2-24.2郑作新长媳杨群荣.与鸟儿一起飞翔[J].蒋滨建主编.飞翔的生命—纪念郑作新院士诞辰一百周年[C].福州：福建教育出版社,2007：191.3林同济.廿年来中国思想的转变[J].战国策,1941(17).1林同济.中饱与中国社会[J].战国策,1940(12).2梅贻宝.燕京大学新生指导实验[J].教育与职业,1933(10).3梅贻宝.吾人对于精神总动员之认识[J].新西北月刊,1939(1).4江淮晨报[N].2005-6-11.1侯仁之主编,燕京研究院编.燕京大学人物志(第1辑)[Z].北京：北京大学出版社,2001：27.1科技日报[N].1989-9-24.2刘恩兰.川西之高山聚落[J].地理学报,1948(12).3刘恩兰.美国霍比“红印”之蛇舞与我国之龙王[J].思想与时代,1948(53).1访美期间,竺可桢曾在法国逗留一个月、瑞士半个月、英国一个月、美国四个月、返国时经过日本,在东京逗留两日。2贺拉斯.曼(1796-1859),19世纪美国杰出教育改革家,心系公立教育发展,创建了州教育管理体制。他一生倡导建立公立学校,也是美国公立学校运动的杰出组织者和领导者。坚持把教育机会提供给每一位儿童,奠定了公立学校教育的基础；创建了培养公立学校师资为目的的州立师范学校；改革了陈旧的教学内容,建立了新的教学模式。3竺可桢.大学教育与民主(1948年4月1日)[R].竺可桢.竺可桢全集(第2卷)[Z].上海：上海科技教育出版社,2004：672.1竺可桢.浙江大学二十二周年纪念会讲演辞(1949年4月1日)[R].竺可桢.竺可桢全集(第2卷)[Z].上海：上海科技教育出版社,2004：654.2东方杂志[N].1921(15).3竺可桢.浙大同学在欧美情形(1947年6月27日)[R].竺可桢.竺可桢全集(第2卷)[Z].上海：上海科技教育出版社,2004：654.1竺可桢.欧美考察归来在学生欢迎会上的演讲要点(1947年6月18日)[R].竺可桢.竺可桢全集(第2卷)[Z].上海：上海科技教育出版社,2004：653-694.2竺可桢,杨宣仁.中苏合作的黑龙江流域综合考察工作[J].科学通报,1957(22).3 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:234.4叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：202.5戴爱莲口述,罗斌,吴静姝记录、整理.戴爱莲：我的艺术与生活[M].北京：人民音乐出版社,2003：140.6戴爱莲口述,罗斌,吴静姝记录、整理.戴爱莲：我的艺术与生活[M].北京：人民音乐出版社,2003：142.1叶浅予著,山风编.叶浅予自叙[M].北京：团结出版社,1997：223.2叶浅予一生堪称“五彩恋情”。其初恋是王文英。四段婚姻的妻子依次为：罗彩云,梁白波,戴爱莲,王人美。桐庐旺族之后罗彩云(包办婚姻,罗嗜赌,半文盲,经常向叶要钱,但为叶生下儿子叶申弗,女儿叶明明)与叶浅予志向不合,后叶爱上女画家梁白波,二人结婚,后梁受抗战崇拜飞行英雄潮影响,爱上空军军官陈恩杰(但最终与陈在台湾分手,梁白波把自己比喻成一块可被随意丢弃的“抹布”,后精神分裂,梁在台南一间小屋内郁郁而终)；后来叶浅予又结识了舞蹈家戴爱莲(戴只会英语,二人只在艺术上有共同语言),二人都欲弥补感情空缺,只因追求新奇生活经历而结合,后戴爱莲提出离婚,因戴爱上其舞伴丁宁(文革期间与丁宁离婚,被叶女儿接到叶浅予身边一起生活,戴爱莲终生无后)；演员王人美(前夫是影帝金焰,因生活观不同而离婚)是叶浅予的第四任妻子,二人结合时叶48岁,王41岁。婚后二人磕碰不断,但由于前半生感情经历都很坎坷,最终他们的理性占了上风,共同厮守三十年,都未发生婚变。3叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：197.4代代.叶浅予在美国[J].大家,1947(创刊号).5 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of1叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：207.2叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：222.3叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：228.4叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：235.5叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992：202.6新民报[N].1947-11-1.1戴爱莲.留学英伦岛的日子.傅杰.梨园忆旧：中国著名表演艺术家自述[M].杭州,浙江大学出版社,2008：185.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:118.2曹禺.我的生活和创作道路[J].戏剧论丛,1981(2).3海外书简(1947年11月2日)[Z].舒济编.老舍书信集[Z].天津：百花文艺出版社,1992：164.4致吴祖光(1946年6月5日)[Z].舒济编.老舍书信集[Z].天津：百花文艺出版社,1992：161-162.5海外书简(1947年11月2日)[Z],舒济编.老舍书信集[Z].天津：百花文艺出版社,1992：164.1作家书简(1949年2月9日)[z].舒济编.老舍书信集[z].天津：百花文艺出版社,1992：205.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:117.3赛珍珠致劳埃得(1948年3月29日)[z].舒济编.老舍书信集[z].天津：百花文艺出版社,1992：168-169.4[美]浦爱德著,张放译.在中国的童年[M].沈阳：辽宁人民出版社,1996：1.1老舍.老舍自传[M].淮阴：江苏文艺出版社,1995：221.1陈裕光.回忆金陵大学.,钟书河,朱纯编.过去的大学[C].武汉：长江文艺出版社2005：232.2费正清认为：“在西方舞台上,人是中心,自然只是这个中心的中立背景或者它的敌手。……西方的绘画是以人类为中心的。拿一副宋代山水画去和一副意大利文艺复兴前的绘画对比一下,就可以刊出,宋画里的人物,点缀在山高水长之中,是那么渺小,而意大利绘画里的自然景色却只像后加之笔,两者之间的差别该是如何悬殊了”费正清：《美国与中国》,商务印书馆,第26页。1对此牛军、王真等人均有专文论述。1 Amemb,Nanking.to Secstate.Tel.946,June 11.1946.O/FADRC,microfilm.见Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976.John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:311.3勘误：冯承柏.中国与北美文化交流志[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1998,第144页倒数第四行,提到周扬和夏衍。夏衍并未有此经历。1毛泽东.致欧阳山尊、成丹、成荫(1942年11月23日)[Z].中共中央文献研究室编.毛泽东书信选集[Z].北京：中央文献出版社,2003：184.2周扬.一九五○年全国文化艺术工作报告与一九五一年计划要点[Z].周扬文集(二)[Z].北京：人民文学出版社,1985：39.3 Chou Yang.New Folk Songs Blaze a New Trail in Poetry[J].Chinese Literature,November-December,P.O. Box 399,Peking,China,1958(6):16.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:121.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:121.1张其昀.学术与国运[J].思想与时代,1948(53)2胡适著,曹伯言整理.胡适日记全编,1938-1949(七)[Z].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2001：567.3费孝通.美国与美国人[M].北京：三联书店出版社,1985：152.4徐继畲.瀛环志略[Z].上海：上海书店出版社,2001：277.5[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].美国新闻处,1945：12.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[Z].Harper&Row,1982:239.2叶浅予.细叙沧桑记流年[M].北京：群言出版社,1992,208-209.1在当时的美国外交文件和专门性成果中经常能够发现,对中国的人称代词都是(she、her)她”、“她的”,还有很多怜悯的辞藻。1986年,学者琼·斯科特(Joan Scott)发表了《社会性别：一个有用的历史分析范畴》'Gender:A Useful Category of Historical Analysis",American Historical Review,Vol.91,No.5(Dec.1986),标志着社会性别理论开始用用于历史研究,历史学家们开始用社会性别来解决权力问题。知名外交史家艾米丽·罗森堡(Emily Rosenberg)在1990年《美国历史杂志》组织的关于如何解释美国对外关系史的圆桌讨论中发表《性别》一文,提出了研究美国对外关系时关注性别因素的方式。Emiliy S.Rosenberg,"A Round Table:Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations-Gender",Journal of American History,Vol.77,No.1(June 1990)(116-124)。在美国历史上,决策者和外交精英们常常通过社会性别语言,通过把国家和民族间的关系性别化而使美国对弱小民族的控制和政府合法化,这些弱小和经济发展相对落后的民族被武断地赋予女性特征,因此应该依附强大的美国。实际上,国家间不平等的权力关系在很多情况下是通过性别关系的观念被理解和被合法化的,强国和宗主国通常被赋予成熟男子的特征,而弱国和殖民地常常被女性化。领导人也常常通过诉诸男性气概和荣耀,通过号召男性承担起保卫妇孺的责任而使战争政策合法化。在领导人的言论中,国家力量通常与男子气概(masculinity)联系在一起。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:97.3沈云龙主编,美国国务院编.美国与中国之关系[Z].台湾：文海出版社,1980：30.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:47.2美国卡内基国际和平基金会理事,参加过欧亚援助计划,1956-1962年担任联合国教科文组织美国全国委员会委员,还担任过外交学会中国政策研究部主任。3[美]罗伯特·布路姆编,北京编译社译.美国文化事务与对外关系[C].北京：世界知识出版社,1965：6-7.1孔繁岭.抗战时期的中国留学教育[J].近代史研究,2005(3).2王奇生.留学与救国—抗战时期海外学人群像[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社,1995：17.3孔繁岭.抗战时期的中国留学教育[J].近代史研究,2005(3).4抗战全面爆发后留美人数：1938年15人；1939年39人；1940年85人；1941年54人,共193人。总数不及1937年一年的留美人数201人。有学者称此阶段为“抗战大断裂”或“挫折期”。见李喜所等：《近代中国的留美教育》,天津：天津古籍出版社2000年版,第120页。1日本防卫厅防卫研究所战史室著,田琪之,齐福霖译,宋绍柏校.中华民国史资料丛稿译稿(第三卷第二分册)(中国事变陆军作战史)[Z].北京：中华书局,1983：151.2财政部代理部长贝尔的备忘录,摩根索日记(1941年7月24日)[z].[美]赫伯特·菲丝著,周颖如,李家善译.通向珍珠港之路—美日战争的来临[M].北京：商务印书馆,1983：250-251.3因为日本占领了中国内陆中心城市、沿海重要城市,并控制了其联络方式。此为国民政府防止大量资金落入日本人之手的无奈之举。4沈光沛.英美冻结日本资金对于日本经济的影响[J].金融知识,1942(1).5教育部公布修正限制留学暂行办法(1939年8月1日)[Z].中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编(第五辑第二编)教育(一)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1997：865-866.6[美]培克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：2.7 Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942(Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.) Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July1 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:738.2战时中国留英学生奖学金出资比例为：英国政府出1%,中国教育部出9%。3孔祥熙为商借美国五亿美元借款致摩根韬函[Z].中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编(第五辑第二编)(财政经济)(二)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1997：772.4 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 29,1942[Z].FRUS,1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:699.5 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:126.61942年的3月、4月、5月。7Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942(Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.) Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:715.8 Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942(Transmitted to the Ambassador China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.) Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:715-716.1 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:739.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,April 14,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:709-710.3[美]培克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：3.4[美]培克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：4.1 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:738.2 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:738.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:126.4孟治,北京人,清华毕业生,曾任清华留美学生监督。1924-1946年获美国哥伦比亚大学硕士、南加利福尼亚大学荣誉博士学位。1930年起任纽约中国之家和华美协进社社长。1963年起任陆氏中国教育基金会主席。著有《中国的真相》等。见中外名人研究中心编.中华文化名人录[Z].北京：中国青年出版社,1993：807；相关著述见Yuan Tongli.China in Western Literature:a continuation of Cordier's Bibliotheca Sinica[Z].New Haven:Far Eastern Publiations,Yale University,1958:160,518.5孟治.留美中国学生战时学术计划委员会工作概要[Z].李学通主编,中国社会科学院近代史研究所近代史资料编辑部编.近代史资料(总115号)[Z].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：150.6孟治.留美中国学生战时学术计划委员会工作概要(附录二)“留美中国学生战时学术计划委员会颁发奖学金规1王云五.战时美国工业[N].东方杂志,1944第40卷第15号：15.2 G.Walting,汪伟译.战时美国工业的难题熟练工人缺乏[N].国际两周报,1942年(7)：27.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:126-127.4 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,Volume X,China,Washington:GPO,1957:739.5 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:126.6 Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942(Transmitted to the Ambassador in1陈福天认为：在中国,吃完晚饭客人可以直接离席,但在美国,饭后离席会被人看成是粗野和没有教养的举动。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:128-129.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:129.4[美]培克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：5.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:129.2农业、工程学和公共卫生等。3从其住宅到亚洲登船港口之间的费用4 The Secretary of State to the Charge in China (Atcheson),June 7,1943[Z].FRUS 1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:739.1 D.L.Anderson to Mr.Rockhill,September 20,1905[Z].FRUS,1906,PartⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1909:342-343.2 The Charge in China (Atcheson) to the Secretary of State,July 22,1943[Z].FRUS,1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:744-746.3中国国民党中央政治学校章程(1929年9月5日)(十八年九月五日中央第三十三次常会通过)[Z].刘嶧元,曾少俊编.民国法规集刊(第十四集)[Z].上海：民智书局,1930：729.4王廉.国民党中央政治学校见闻[Z].开封市政协文史资料委员会编.开封文史资料(总第二十期)[Z],2004：37.1 The Charge in China (Atcheson) to the Secretary of State,July 22,1943[Z].FRUS,1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:747.2 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M]. Harper&Row,1982:248-249.3 The Charge in China (Atcheson) to the Secretary of State,July 22,1943[Z].FRUS,1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:747.1会议由美国15名大学校长以及3个大学校园国际公寓管理员参加。他们分别代表加利福尼亚大学、华盛顿大学、密歇根大学、芝加哥大学、西北大学、康奈尔大学、哥伦比亚大学、哈佛大学等,除此之外,还有美国教育厅、移民归化局、预算局的代表,费慰梅等人作为国务院代表也出席了会议。2以电报为主。例如：其中一封电报的内容是：“明年6月我将从国立四川大学毕业,请允许我到你们学校进行经济学方面的研究,望立即回电。署名,迟佩夫(音)(Per-fu Chi)。"3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:130-131.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:132.2 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),March 14,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1123-1124.1国外留学规程[Z].教育部公报[Z],1933(19-20)；法令周刊[J].1933(160).2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,October 7,1943[Z].FRUS,1943, VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:750-751.3李学通.翁文灏年谱[z].济南：山东教育出版社,2005：292.1教育部国外留学自费生派遣办法(1943年10月)[Z].中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编(第五辑第二编),教育(一)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1997：872-875.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,October 7,1943[Z].FRUS,1943, VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:750-751.1沈云龙主编.第二次中国教育年鉴[Z].近代中国史料丛刊三》(第106)[Z].台北：台湾文海出版社1966：879.2战时各级教育实施方案纲要(1938年4月)[Z].教育部参事处.教育法令汇编(第四辑)[Z].重庆：正中书局,19391教育部国外留学自费生派遣办法(1943年10月)[Z].中国第二历史档案馆编.中华民国史档案资料汇编,第五辑第二编,教育(一)[Z].南京：江苏古籍出版社,1997：872-875.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,February 29,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1119-11203实科内还包括理工农医四科,这四科中还分若干小类；文科包括文、法、商、教、艺术五科。4沈云龙主编.第二次中国教育年鉴(近代中国史料丛刊三)(第106)[Z].台北：台湾文海出版社1966：880.1沈云龙主编.第二次中国教育年鉴(近代中国史料丛刊三)(第106)[Z].台北：台湾文海出版社1966：882.2林桂圃.扩大青年参加三民主义青年团运动[J].民族战士,1938(1-4).3周邦式.关于三民主义青年团[J].新血轮月刊,1944(1).1谌志远.蒋团长参加三民主义青年团第一届全国代表大会开幕训词[J].中国青年,1942(4).2大学生与三民主义青年团[J].中华评论,1939(9-10)3三民主义青年团第一次全国代表大会会议经过[J].“国立”中正大学校刊,1943(19).4蒋中正.为组织三民主义青年团告全国青年书[J].半月文摘,1938(1).5陶涤亚.三民主义青年团的组织与精神[J].半月文摘,1938(1).6总裁.三民主义青年团重庆夏令营入营典礼训练[J].中央党务公报,1943(12).7高亚伟.我为什么要参加三民主义青年团[J].时代精神,1941(1)1田石纯.三民主义青年团第一届团员留学考试之经过[J].升学与就业,1944(2).1大学教授副教授自费出国进修办法(1944年4月1日教育部签发)[Z].教育部编.教育法令[Z].上海：中华书局,1947159-160.2华人留学美洲之今昔[N].东方杂志,1918第14卷第12号.3 Proposed regulations for the students to be sent to America,Minister Rockhill to the Secretary of State,October 31,1908[Z].FRUS,1908,PartⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1912:71.4 The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),October 2,1943[Z].FRUS,1943,VolumeⅩ,China,Washington:GPO,1957:749.5 Financial aid agreement,signed at Washington[N].March 21,1942,Department of State Bullelin[N],March 28,1942.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:134-135.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:133.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:141.1 Memorandum of Conversation,by the Special Assistant in the Division of Science,Education and Art (Peck),May 17,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1140-1142.1 Memorandum by the Acting Assistant Chief of the Division of Science,Education and Art (Pierson),April 3,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1123-1124.3 Memorandum of Conversation,by the Second Secretary of Embassy in the United Kingdom (Allison)2, January 21,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1112-1113.4反法西斯战争胜利在望,格鲁曾建议利用日本国民对天皇的崇拜,美国应尊重神道教,以此稳定战后日本。但克拉克对保留天皇制持怀疑态度。他认为国家神道应该“锁定、封存和深藏”("lock,stock and barrel")起来。??1 Time[N].April 23,1944:34-36.Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:138.1 Memorandum by the Special Assistant of the Division of Science,Education and Art (Peck), April 6,1944[Z].FRUS 1944, VolumeⅥ, China, Washington:GPO,1967:1130-1134.2 New York Times[N].May 11,1944:21.3解放日报[N].1944-5-4.1 Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review. Vol.49.No.3.1980:484-485.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,April 25,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1139.3[美]杰克·贝尔登,邱应杰等译.中国震撼世界[M].北京：北京出版社,1980：531.4[美]杰克·贝尔登,邱应杰等译.中国震撼世界[M].北京：北京出版社,1980：538.5 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:142.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:143.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,May 4,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1140.3 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,June 3,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China,Washington:GPO,1967:1144-1145.4 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Washington,D.C.,1976:143.1国民党中央设计局档案,中国第二历史档案馆藏,全宗号171,案卷号328。引自王奇生.留学与救国—抗战时期海外学人群像[M].广西：广西师范大学出版社,1995：247.2 Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:494.3 Frank Ninkovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:494.1陶希圣等.文化建设[J],1935(4).2陶希圣.思想界的一个大弱点[J].独立评论,1935：154.3陶希圣.中国封建社会史[M].上海：南强书局,1929：91.4 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Washington,D.C.,1976:146.5 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,August 24,1944[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1148.??1只有少数乘客能够有机会得到横跨太平洋的机会。为了解决问题,美国班轮设计了巨大的休息室,安置了三层立体交叉铺位,节省了空间。不过睡觉相当拥挤,竟然要“脸贴脸”,船上供应的食物也很少。2据李喜所统计,1942-1944年留美者分别达到170、358、149人。1943年领有留学证书的359名留学生,除了一人赴英留学,358名赴美留学。见李喜所.近代中国的留美教育[M].天津：天津古籍出版社,2000：116.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949,Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976,p.150.1 A Survey of Chinese Students in American Universities and College.op.cit:18(See Note 1):1422此类文章几乎集中于1947年。如胡适.争取学术独立的十年计划[N].大公报,1947-9-18；胡适.争取学术独立的十年计划[J].教育通讯,1947(6)；潘菽.学术独立[J].学识,1947(10)；项俊杰.“学术独立”的道路[J].世纪评论,1947(11)；项俊杰.论学术独立[J].时与文,1947(14)；张作人.关於学术独立问题[J].民主时代,1947(2)；陈序经.与胡适之先生论教育[N].天津：大公报,1947-9-11；陈序经.与胡适之先生论教育[N].上海：大公报,1947-9-21；齐思和.论如何争取学术独立[N].东方杂志,1947第10号；齐思和.英美争取学术独立的前例[J].教育通讯,1947(6)；陈东原.争取学术独立的必要与可能[J].教育通讯,1947(6)；胡明.争取学术独立的十年计画[J].观察,1947(7)；欧阳湘.学术独立与留学制度[J].教育通讯,1947(10)；许国璋.争取学术独立十年计划的论战[J].时与文,1947(3)；许国璋.论胡适之争取学术独立十年计划[J].天文台,1947(3)；许国璋.争取学术独立应有的警惕[J].时与文,1947(11)；胡适,邹鲁,陈序经,胡先骕,汪通祺,吴世昌,章益,程孝刚,周鲠生,林一民,艾德敷,吴贻芳,顾毓秀,吴有训,陈裕光,陈东原,翁文灏,李石曾,王正廷,石志泉,朱光潜,李书田,李麟玉,吴大任,吴泽霖.论学术独立十年计划及其反响[J].读书通讯,1947(144)；伯玄.留学制度·留学生[J].观察,1946(5)；王咏嘉.论胡适的学术独立十年计划[N].宁波日报,1947-10-2。此外30年代的有：吴有训.学术独立工作于留学考试[J].独立评论,1935(151).等等。3胡适.争取学术独立的十年计划[J].教育通讯,1947(6).4齐思和.论如何争取学术独立[N].东方杂志,1947第10号.1 "Double Ten Celebrations in Boston"[N].CSM,November,1924:80.2 Editorial."Denationalization of the Chinese"[N].CSM,April,1923:4.3新中国成立后,1955-2011年,中国评选的两院院士有海外留学背景者占据37.25%的席位,其中留美院士的数量最多,其次是前苏联。如果说前苏联是政治因素导致,那么留美就是文化交往的一种延续。在中国科学院2011年新当选的院士中,改革开放后留学归国人员接近90%。而其中留美的也是最多的。这在一定程度上说明了美国科技的先进,说明留美归国人员在我国科技界仍是一股重要力量。1胡适往来书信选(中)[z].北京：中华书局,1979：401.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949,Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976,p.55.3 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China(Gauss),January 29,1942[Z].FRUS, VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:697-699.1韩放桐.中国对日战事损失之估计1937-1943[Z].北京：中华书局,1946：54。2中央日报[N].1937-7-31.3 Tel:793.94/11268[Z].FRUS,the Far East,November,23 1937.4 Tungwen Books found in Nantao,says Japanese spokesman[N].The China Weekly Review,November,27,1937:312.5 Chinese Education Survives[N].The China Weekly Review,October 1,1938:141.6 Herbert Freyn.Chinese Education in the War[M].Shanghai,Kelly and Walsh,1940:133.7 Chinese Institution for Blind Bombed by Japanese[N].The China Weekly Review,November,13,1937:255.8 John Leighton Stuart.Fifty Years in China[M].Ramdom House,New York,1961:126.9谢忠厚,张瑞智,田苏苏总主编,中央档案馆,中国第二历史档案馆,河北省社会科学院编.日本侵略华北罪行档案2战犯供述[Z].石家庄：河北人民出版社,2005：28-29.10清华大学校史编写组.清华大学校史稿[Z].北京：中华书局,1981：444.1暨南大学华侨研究所.暨南校史1906-1949[Z].1983：178.2王铁崖,朱荔荪.战争法文献集[Z].北京：解放军出版社,1986：18.3 Yuan."Library Situation in China"[J].LJ69, Mar.15,1944:237.4[美]费慰梅,曲莹璞、关超等译.梁思成与林徽因一对探索中国建筑史的伴侣[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,1997：109.5 Hee Pang.Shanghai Students,"What People Are Saying"[N].The China Weekly Review, October 26,1940:246.1 Ming-yueh Tsay.The influence of the American Library Association on modern Chinese librarianship,1924 to 1949,Tamkang University,Tamsui,Taipei,Taiwan,People's Republic of China,Asian Libraries[M].MCB University Press Vol.8 No.8,1999,:281.2中国图书馆协会会报[J].1938(3).3 Yen Ying-Lu.Education's Role in the War Against a Fascist' New Order'[N].The China Weekly Review,July 13,1940:247.4 Tim Min Tieh as related by Yvonne YShang.How Chinese Universities Got Their Reference Books,30,000 books were donated from England in 1941[J].Chinese American Forum·VOL.ⅩⅤ,NO.3·January,2000:25-26.1 New York Times [N].1908-12-23.2 ALAA7/1/6[Z].Box 3,1943.1 Edward G.Holley,Mr.ACRL.Charles Harvey Brown(1875-1960)[J].The Journal of Academic Librariansship 7, Nov,1981:276.2两种货币的官方兑换率为：1942年,20元法币兑换1美元,随即开放性汇率就变为300元法币兑换1美元。1945年2000元法币兑换1美元。1947年1月,8000元法币兑换1美元,年末,大概160000元法币只能兑换1美元。见Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:51.3 Eric Sevareid."Inflation in China"[J].The New Republic 110, Jan.3,1944:9-11.4 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book:The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural1中国人拥有的美国公司。2 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book:The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:101.3 Brown,C.H.Implementation of the China program[J].Library Journal,November 1942:933.1 Brown to Althea Waren,Nov.15,1943[Z].ALAA,7/1/51,Box 1.2 Rockefeller Foundation,Annual Report,1939-1949[R].3 ALAA7/1/6[Z].Box 13,1945.1 ALAA7/1/51[Z].Box 2,1945.2 ALAA 7/1/51[Z].Box 1,1943.3ALAA7/1/51[Z].Box 1,1945.4 Carl Hastings Milam.Libraries,Scholars,and the War[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.235,International Frontiers in Education, Sep.,1944:100.1 ALAA7/1/51[Z].Box 2,1947.2武汉大学校址内迁到四川嘉定(乐山)Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:53.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:65.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:53.3美国副总统华莱士访华,1944年5月20日由华盛顿启程,携带了少量化学用品、书籍以及其他文化物资,所带物品共90余包,交到散处各省的43个中国团体。每包物资都注明“本包物件,系由国务院在文化合作计划中赠送贵机关者,藉表中美两国长期交换文化之微忱。所赠物件,或由于受方之请求,或由于该项需要久为国务院所素稔”。赠送12所大学书籍与现行杂志；赠与一所国立大学科学设备及制药机器；赠与教育部美国各大学章程及改善畜牧教学的课程纲要；赠与一省政府主席有照片说明的美国专家调查羊毛业报告书；赠送与中国工业合作协会供不用发电机的制造业应用之小册,说明书及图表；赠与国际文化服务所是供图书影片应用的灯泡；赠与其他团体者为30余有文件价值的电影片；赠与驻重庆美国大使馆供分发用的翻版美国图书及各种书籍。1 A History of the Counncil on Books in Wartime,1942-1946[M].New York:The Country Life Pr.,1946.2 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book:The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:112-113.1 (Bouchard) Hanna to the author,Feb.16,1982;Morris to Mauseth,Apr.30,1948[Z].ALAA,7/1/51,Box 2.2 H.Cleveland,Director,Chinaprogram,ECA,Tel.1995,Oct.26,1948[Z].FRUS,1948,Ⅷ:642.3 Bostdorff.The Presidency and Rhetoric of Foreign Policy[M].University of South Carolina Press,1944:185.4 Ralph H.Cabriel.The Course of American Democratic Thought[M].Greenwood Press 1986:26-37.5 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:114.1 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:114.2 Brewster,B.J.American Overseas Library Technical Assistance 1940-1970[M]. Scarecrow Press,1976:193.1 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:107.1 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:108-109.2 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:109.1 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:110.2范福润译编.美国图书馆协会[J].河南图书馆学刊,1989(2).1 ALAA7/1/51[Z].Box 2,1945.Tung-Li Yuan."The Next Twenty-Five Years in the Development of Chinese Libraries"[J].College and Research Libraries 8,July 1947:376-379.3 Brown to Milam, Jan.16,1948[Z].ALAA,7/1/6,Box 14.4 Brown to Frederick Cromwell,Sept.20,1948[Z].ALAA,7/1/51,Box 1.1袁同礼(1895-1965),字守和,河北徐水人。中国著名图书馆学家、目录学家,1922年在哥伦比亚大学获文学学士学位,1923年在阿尔巴尼纽约州图书馆学院获得图书馆学学士,回国后即被重用,1924年任岭南大学图书馆馆长,1925年任北京大学图书馆馆长,1936年创立国立北平图书馆任馆长。解放后,1957年在美国国会图书馆编目部工作,笔耕不辍,著作颇丰。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:52.3 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:210.4 Gary E.Klaske.Missionaries of the book:The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy[M].Greenwoods Press,1984:115.5蒋复璁等口述,黄克武编撰.蒋复璁口述回忆录[M].台北：“中央”研究院近代史研究所,2000：52-55.1 Gary E.Klaske, Missionaries of the book,The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy,Greenwoods Press,1984,p.116.2蒋廷黻.蒋廷黻回忆录[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2003：133.3蒋廷黻.蒋廷黻回忆录[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2003：161-162.4蒋复璁等口述,黄克武编撰.蒋复璁口述回忆录[M].台北：“中央”研究院近代史研究所,2000：52-55.11941年美国国会图书馆为袁同礼转移古籍善本。在1948年底,袁同礼还接受了美国国会图书馆的邀请,在美国研究访问,随后定居美国。2王菡.王重民致胡适、袁同礼的一封信[Z].国家图书馆学刊,2004(1).1[日]稻川薰著,黄凤英编译.美国图书馆协会简介[J].译自日本图书馆杂志,1979(3月号),江苏图书馆工作,1980(2).1 John King Fairbank.The United States and China[M].Harvard University Press Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England,1983:340.2 John King Fairbank.John K Chinabound:A Fifty-Year Memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:241.3孙洋.抗战时期美国图书馆协会对华援助的初步考察[J].辽宁大学学报,2011(6).4 The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),February 24,1942,[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:703.5 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),August 16,1944,[Z].FRUS 1944,VolumeⅥ,China, Washington:GPO,1967:1148.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[Z].Harper&Row,1982:203-204.2这个计划是美国著名曼哈顿计划,即美国制造原子弹计划的代称。1 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),November 4,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:726.1王春编著.刷新世界的100个发明[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社2006：：81-83.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 15,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ, China, Washington:GPO,1956:701.3 Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:716.4 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:61.1 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 15,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ, China, Washington:GPO,1956:701.Liaison between the Department of State and other Agencies Concerning Cultural Relations with China,Memorandum by Mr.Haldore Hanson of the Division of Cultural Relations.July 15,1942[Z].FRUS 1942, VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:719-720.3 http://www.mod.gov.cn/hist/2009-07/19/content_4005544.htm4Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:57.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:57.2 Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942,[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:716.3[美]费正清,赵复三译.中国之行[M].北京：新华出版社,1988：49.1后演变为战略服务局OSS。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:59.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:59.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:59.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:58.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:60.1 John King Fairbank.Chinabound:a fifty-year memoir[M].Harper&Row,1982:213-214.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:60.3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:61.1乔治·萨杜尔,徐昭等译.世界电影史[M].北京：中国电影出版社,1982：243.2 Tel.55[Z].FRUS,Jan.29,1942.3 Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program, January-June 1942,Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:716-717.1马是陆军情报局,兔子是文化关系司。文化关系司与陆军情报局的规模、财力、人力对比起来差距甚大。两个机构合并后,有如马和兔子炖汤。2 Memorandum by Mr. Willys R.Peck of the Diveison of Cultural Relations,June 14,1943 [Z].FRUS 1942, VolumeⅠ, China, Washington:GPO,1957:741.1 Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program, January-June 1942,Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, July 10,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:717.2 [Subenclosure-Translation]List of Experts Needed by Chinese Government Departments. The President of the Chinese Executive Yuan and Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs (Chiang Kai-shek) to the American Ambassador (Gauss) June 20,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,Volume I,China,Washington:GPO,1956:714.3翁万戈是翁同龢的五世孙,于1936年考入上海交通大学电机工程系,1938年赴美在以工程著称的普渡大学留学,并获该校工程学学士和硕士,曾在纽约的哈蒙基金会(Harmon Foundation)研究电影技术。他也是美国著名的华人社会活动家,八十年代曾任对中美文化起过积极推进作用的华美协进社(China Institute in America)的主席。从四十年代初起,翁万戈便开始了向西方介绍中国文化的工作,数十年来,翁参与拍摄和独立制作了数十部教育片和纪录片,向西方介绍中国悠久的历史和灿烂的文化,其中《中国佛教》一片(1972)曾在1973年亚特兰大国际电影节获金奖。1 Tel.962[Z].FRUS,June 12,1946.1把猪放在车上的原因是保存猪的分量。以至于在他卖出之前,猪的分量不会少。2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:158.3 CU Monthly Report[R].Aug.1943:4.1“上海影剧业工会影片发行分会西片联合委员会"1950年的统计材料《西片发行业坚决拥护停映美国反动影片》,见上海文汇报[N].1950-11-8.2见程季华.中国电影发展史(第2册)[M].北京：中国电影出版社,1963：162.3汪朝光.好莱坞的沉浮—民国年间美国电影在华市场研究[J].顾云森等主编.鉴往知来百年来中美经济关系的回顾与展望[C].上海：复旦大学出版社,1999：1盛沛林等主编,王亮等撰写.舆论战100例[M].北京：解放军出版社,2005：138.1参见毕波.美国之音透视.[M].青岛：青岛出版社,1991：26-30.2在轴心国集团中,日本为了打击同盟国的战斗士气,利用“东京玫瑰”娇柔的声音,勾起在孤岛上浴血奋战美国军人的生理欲望与乡愁。美国军人被“东京玫瑰”广播弄得神情恍惚。纳粹德国宣传部长戈培尔把世界分为留个广播区域,进行针对性广播宣传,大打心理战。希特勒的得意之作“哈哈爵士”以浓厚纯正的英国乡音、甜美悦耳的声音和幽默的语言,煽动英国受众的感情,对其进行精神诱惑,这种“动之以理,晓之以情”的舆论攻势,逐渐使英国听众产生了恐惧、不安和痛苦,并带来了混乱,进而打击了盟军的战斗士气。此外,“新BBC广播电台”是德国针对英国广播的秘密电台,目的是让许多英国人误以为是英国电台。无独有偶,盟军设立的“德国之音”也聘请某些专家播音,用地道的德意志音调,先吹捧希特勒,得到德国人民信任,再制造混乱,这些扑朔迷离的电台广播,使得战争更加令人难以捉摸。同时,某些公开的广播却包含许多军事机密,用暗语表达出来,只有专业人士才能理解并执行。3 The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Gauss),January 29,1942[Z].FRUS,1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:699.4 Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program, January-June 1942,Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, July 10,1942[Z].FRUS,1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:716-717.1广播周报[J].1946(1)1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:62.2 CU Monthly Report[R].May-June 1944.1 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review. Vo1.49,No.3.1980:476.2 The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State,March 15,1942[Z].FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:704.1见附录。APPENDIXⅢAdvice to Chinese Writers on Preparing Material for Publication in the U.S. Letter from Pearl S.Buck to T.L.Yuan见Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:220-223.(译文见附录)3 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:63-64.4[美]倍克,美国新闻处译.美国国务院对华文化援助[Z].重庆：重庆抗战图书馆馆藏油印文件,1946：11.5 Frank Ninchovich.Cultural Relations and American China policy,1942-1945 [J].Pacific Historical Review, Vol.49,No.3,1980:476.1文化外交即是以文化传播、交流与沟通为内容所展开的外交,是主权国家利用文化手段达到特定的政治目的或对外战略意图的一种外交活动。法国是欧洲第一个支持国际文化外交的国家,目的是增强其在海外的影响力。19世纪末叶,法国外交部耗费2千万法郎用于“通过天主教传教士,把宗教计划和博爱的活动带到近东和远东。”法国的目的是,想把在近东和远东的帝国主义政治经济影响变得温和些。20世纪初,法国政府把文化关系活动的重点转置于教育,1910年,法国在意大利佛罗伦萨建立了第一个教育机构,“让国外大学生接触最优质的法国文化。到1933年,法国又在国外建立了许多教育机构,所耗资金占外交部预算的10%,1936年,该比例增加到20%。在1934年,英国也成立了文化委员会。二战爆发后,德国和意大利也不惜重金,积极拓展国际文化计划。美国是最后一个对外进行文化外交的资本主义国家,为了对抗纳粹德国在拉美国家的文化煽动,美国在布宜诺斯艾利斯召开了泛美文化关系(Inter-American Cultural Relations)的会议,与拉美国家签署了某些文化协议。1938年,美国国务院成立了文化关系司,“目的是鼓励与增强美国与其他国家间文化关系的合作。”文化外交关系的建立,突出了美国的国家利益。2 2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:1,12.3美国国务院就文化援助事宜通过驻华使馆与国民政府外交部建立了积极的联系,并于1944年向驻华使馆派驻文化专员,专门负责对华文化事业的运作。部分文化外交过程载入了《美国外交文件》等档案集。1美国图书馆协会(ALA)；美国学术团体联合会(ACLS或American Council of Learned Societies);美国学术团体联合会(ACLS或American Council of Learned Societies);美国教育联合会(the American Council on Education)等2 U.S.Department of State.The Widening Circle [M].Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1957:45.Ben M.Cherrington."Ten Years After, "Association of American Colleges Bulletin.34(Dec.1948):2.1[美]布鲁斯特·C·丹尼著,范守义等译,黄金祺审校.从整体考察美国对外政策[M].北京：世界知识出版社1988：4-5.1 Wilma Fairbank.America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:97.1[德]尼采,周红译.论道德的谱系[M].北京：三联书店,1992：16.2 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:22.3机器工业产生了巨大的生产力,高度的工业化加快了帝国主义国家对外传教布道的步伐,而人类社会的飞速发展又催生了残酷的战争,而战争的源头无非是在争执民族的优劣、政治理论及政治形式的良莠。在世界近代史上,科技与道德并不是并行正向发展的。例如：德国的文化教育水平在战前欧洲属于前三甲,而德国却在二战中利用现代化科技制造的枪炮对别国进行疯狂侵略,对犹太人进行种族屠杀。从另一个角度分析,德国的思想者、哲学家、诗人、文学家、作曲家、艺术家在世界历史上都留下了辉煌的一页。德国在各个领域都有世界级的大师,如著名宗教改革者路德；音乐家贝多芬、巴赫、莫扎特、瓦格纳等；数学家高斯；飞艇发明者齐柏林；物理学家伦琴；科学家爱因斯坦；诗人海涅、歌德、雪莱；数学家高斯；著名哲学家有黑格尔、叔本华、尼采、马克思、康德、弗洛伊德、莱布尼茨、海德格尔、费尔巴哈、斯宾格勒、文德尔班、费希特、狄尔泰、马尔库塞、胡塞尔、哈贝马斯、阿多诺、谢林等等。1[苏]尼·瓦·贡恰连科,戴世吉等译.精神文明：进步的源泉和动力[M].北京：求实出版社,1988：307.2“文化哲学家”利特、西兰格尔,存在主义者雅斯贝尔斯、海德格尔,社会学家索罗金,法兰克福学派哲学家霍尔克海默尔、阿多诺、马尔库塞都谈论到西方文化的深刻危机和矛盾。3美国利用核武器对广岛和长崎进行了报复性打击,这是人类历史上首次在战争中使用核武器,迄今为止,没有4个国家动用这种原子弹威力巨大的杀伤性武器。此外,北美印第安人的悲惨命运就是美国这位“自由民主布道者”所逼迫的。及至二十一世纪,美国发动的阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争都是这个所谓“民主国家”的实际表现。5朝鲜战争就是美国在意识形态战场上的急功近利吞下的苦果。6[美]亨利·基辛格著,胡利平等译.美国需要外交政策吗?[M].北京：中国友谊出版公司2003：87.6 Brief Progress Record of the China Cultural Relations Program,January-June 1942(Transmitted to the Ambassador in China in the Department's instruction No.99,August 12.) Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State,July 10,1942,FRUS 1942,VolumeⅠ,China,Washington:GPO,1956:715-716.7从美国外交文件中不时会发现彰显美国文化优越性的辞令；与之相反,中国的对外文化辐射就显得含蓄、谨慎,外交中试探性辞令较多。从文化传播角度考量,美国大多是主动对别国进行文化渗透(如历史上的传教士等文化扩张形式),中国一般是利用传统的文化优势地位对周边国家进行辐射性影响(如东亚朝贡体系中的宗主国地位)。8美国国务院的艾奇逊、霍恩贝克等人,美国图书馆协会的布朗、米勒姆等人亦属于文化扩张主义者。1美国对华文化援助计划中可理解为文化扩张行为的子计划有：派遣美国社会科学专家来华、邀请中国学者赴美、吸引中国留学生赴美深造、禁止对华发送诋毁美国价值观的书籍等。2在中国近代史上,中国人民之民族主义高涨时,亦是对西方文化价值观渗透最为排斥的时期,也是西方势力对中国最恐惧的时期。如义和团反洋教运动、冷战时期的意识形态之争等,而五四后的东西文化论争是对中西文化进行客观的讨论,在诸种文化模式中选择一条适合中国发展的道路。但全球化时代到来,西方各种“软力量”无孔不入,身边之现代化景象皆复刻西方社会,饮食文化、服饰文化、视觉文化等,鲜见中国传统文化的影子。国人对西式文化不加甄别,全盘吸收,西方势力的有恃无恐前所未有,这种迹象远胜于以往,却不见民族精神的再度凝聚和靡集。3指蒋介石。1许多留美幼童崇尚西方的生活方式和自由主义,在美国剪掉辫子,皈依基督教,成为了虔诚的基督徒,并为传教事业而奋斗。21943年出版。3齐燕铭.驳蒋介石的文化观.陈伯达等著.评“中国之命运”[M].新华书店晋察冀分店1945：100.4蒋介石.中国之命运[M].正中书局1946：3-4.5文化交流应是自然的、双向的,但文化交流的规律一般是高势能文化向低势能文化的自然传播,高势能文化般来势汹汹,对外传播的力度较大,对低势能文化一方的吸引力比较大,其同化功能要远远大于其异化作用。在中国历史上,中华传统文化曾经有多次同化游牧文化的记录,如五胡乱华、元代、满清时期。均属于“高势能文化”对“低势能文化”的同化作用。1胡锦涛.与时俱进,继往开来,构筑亚非新型战略伙伴关系—在亚非峰会上的讲话.人民日报[N].2005-4-23.2布热津斯基,中国国际问题研究所译.大棋局—美国的首要地位及其地缘战略[M].北京：新华出版社1998：215.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:224-226.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:227-228.1勘误：张注洪主编：《中美文化关系的历史轨迹》,南开大学出版社,2001,第182页倒四行,误把容启东写成袁启彤。1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:220.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:230-231.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:218-219.2费慰梅著作中并未显示1更正：张注洪主编：《中美文化关系的历史轨迹》,南开大学出版社,2001,第187页12行中,云南大学社会学系弗朗西斯·L·K·苏(Francis L·K·Hsu),应改为：许娘光(Francis L.K.Hsu)1更正：张注洪所著《中美文化关系的历史轨迹》2001年版,中187页中16行,黄.Ⅰ(Huang I)改为黄翼(I Huang).1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:219.1 Wilma Fairbank,America's Cultural Experience in China 1942-1949[M].Cultural Relations Program of the U.S. Department of State:Historical Studies:Number 1,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of U.S. Department of State,Washington, D.C.,1976:220-223.1尤金·奥尼尔(EugeneO'Neill,1888-1953年)美国著名剧作家,表现主义文学的代表作家。主要作品有《琼斯皇》、《毛猿》、《天边外》、《悲悼》等。尤金·奥尼尔是美国民族戏剧的奠基人。评论界曾指出：“在奥尼尔之前,美国只有剧场；在奥尼尔之后,美国才有戏剧。”一生共4次获普利策奖(1920,1922,1928,1957),并于1936年获诺贝尔文学奖1 The President of the Chinese Executive Yuan and Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs (Chiang Kai-shek) to the American Ambassador (Gauss)[Z].June 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