新型宽带光子晶体光纤的设计与制作研究
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摘要
随着现有网络向超高速率超大容量全光网络的演进,支撑光通信网的各种关键器件的性能急需提升。新材料、新结构研究是创新实现高速率、低成本、低功耗宽带全光器件的有效途径。本论文基于光子晶体光纤(Photonic crystal fiber, PCF)结构设计灵活、实现特性可控等优异特性,结合国家自然科学基金项目“系列超宽带双芯光子晶体光纤及其相关器件的研究”以及国家973计划项目“面向光路交换网络的光纤器件理论与关键技术研究”,针对超高速率超大容量全光网络对宽带全光器件的需求,在宽带偏振无关双芯PCF、单偏振单模PCF的设计和制作等方面进行了深入的理论和实验研究。取得的主要创新成果有：
1.根据实际光子晶体光纤制作及特性分析的需求,首次将数字图像处理技术和全矢量有限元方法相结合,提出了用于光子晶体光纤制作过程的光纤特性快速分析模型,实现了对PCF实际制作过程中的样品进行近实时监测,有效地减小了典型工艺缺陷对光纤特性的影响,减小了所研制PCF特性与设计的偏离。以两种商用光子晶体光纤为例,验证了该方法的正确性。并将该方法应用于辅助光纤拉制,提高光子晶体光纤的制作效率和成品率。
2.提出一种宽带偏振无关双芯PCF。在研究光纤结构对其宽带特性和偏振无关特性影响规律的基础上进行结构优化设计,所获得的PCF模场面积与普通单模光纤模场面积匹配,两芯区被中心调制区有效分离,为光纤耦合器的研制提供了便利。基于该PCF设计了分光比分别为50：50和90：10的两种光纤定向耦合器,在覆盖整个光通信波段的1.225-1.675μm宽带波长范围内分别实现了分光比误差小于1%、偏振态间误差小于0.5%和分光比误差小于0.2%、偏振态间误差小于0.1%的优良性能。
3.从制作可行性和应用角度出发,采用小空气孔线阵结构代替椭圆形空气孔,提出一种具有较高制作可行性的宽带偏振无关双芯PCF。经过优化设计可以在波长1.26-1.625μm范围内实现波长无关和偏振无关特性,基于该光纤设计的50：50和90：10光纤定向耦合器在整个工作带宽内具有分光比误差分别小于1%和0.2%、两偏振态间误差均小于0.2%的优良特性。并对该光子晶体光纤进行了制作研究,实验表明这种采用小空气孔线阵结构代替椭圆形空气孔的设计方案是可行的。
4.基于谐振耦合理论,提出一种实现单偏振单模的PCF新结构,可在0.8-1.8μm波长范围内实现单偏振单模特性,工作带宽可达1000nm,在工作带宽内低损耗芯区的限制损耗低于1dB/km,而高损耗芯区的限制损耗高达100dB/km,其传输模场呈类高斯型分布,在波长1.55μm处与单模光纤直接接续时的模场失配损耗仅有0.0079dB,在实际应用中,易于与普通光纤实现低损耗接续。
5.提出并研制出一种矩形空气孔排布的单偏振单模PCF。基于模式截止法,设计出矩形空气孔排布的单偏振单模PCF,并首次成功研制,可在覆盖全光通信波段的1.3-1.7μm波长范围内实现单偏振单模传输,低损耗偏振态限制损耗约为0.01dB/km,高损耗偏振态限制损耗约为100dB/km。通过实际PCF样品特性分析,表明其有效模场面积在波长1.55μm处约为91μm2,与SMF接续时模场失配损耗仅约为0.0051dB,克服了通常基于模式截止法设计的单偏振单模PCF模场面积过小,不利于与SMF接续的缺点。
With development of the current networks towards ultra high bit rate and large capacity all-optical network, it is urgent to improve the performance of key optical devices to support the future all-optical network. The study of new materials and novel structures offer an effective ways to achieve high-speed, low cost and low-power broadband optical devices.
This dissertation is supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China "Theory and key technology of fiber optic devices for optical switching network" and the National Natural Science Foundation of China "A series of ultra-broadband dual-core photonic crystal fiber and its related devices". It is mainly focus on the theoretical and experimental investigations on the design and fabrication of the broadband polarization-independent dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and single-polarization single-mode PCF due to the flexibility structure design and controllable features and other outstanding features of PCFs. The main achievements of the dissertation are listed below:
1. A combining model for rapid analysis and monitoring the fiber properties during the PCF fabrication process is proposed by using the digital image processing technology and full-vector finite element method. This model can be used not only to analyze the properties of PCF samples in the fabrication process but also to reduce efficiently the impact of the typical fabrication defects on the fiber characteristics and deviations of the actual properties from the design properties. The correctness of this model is verified by analysis results of two kinds of commercial PCFs. We use this method to monitor the fabrication process of the actual PCF in real time. Experimental results demonstrate that this model can improve the fabrication efficiency and quality of PCFs.
2. Based on analysis of the dependence of the fiber structure parameters on the fiber broadband characteristics and polarization-independent characteristics, an optimized broadband polarization-independent dual-core PCF is proposed. The mode field area of the proposed PCF can match with that of and the single mode fiber. The distance of the two cores are far from each other to easily design fiber coupler due to adopting a independent center modulation region. Two fiber directional couplers with coupling ratio of50:50and90:10are designed, respectively, which cover the all optical communication band over the wavelength range of1.225-1.675μm. The achieved coupling ratio error is less than1%and the difference of the coupling ratio between the two polarizations is less than0.5%for50:50coupler. For90:10coupler, the coupling ratio of error is less than0.2%and the difference of the coupling ratio between the two polarizations is less than0.1%.
3. A novel broadband polarization-independent dual-core PCF is proposed from the view of the fabrication feasibility and application. The small air holes arranged in the linear lattice are adopted instead of the elliptical air hole in the central modulation region to improve the fiber fabrication feasibili-ty. By optimizing the fiber structure parameters, the wavelength-independent and polarization-independent characteristics can be implemented in the wave-length range of1.26-1.625μm. Two fiber directional couplers with coupling ratio of50:50and90:10are designed, respectively, covering the all optical communication band. The splitting ratio errors of50:50and90:10coupler are less than1%and0.2%, respectively and the two polarization states error are both less than0.2%. It is confirmed from the fabrication experiment that the novel structure with the array of small holes is easier to fabricate than that with elliptical air hole.
4. Based on the coupling theory, a novel single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed. The fiber can realized the single-polarization single-mode property in the wavelength range from0.8μm tol.8μm, covering the operating band-width of1000nm, The confinement loss is less than ldB/km in the low-loss core region and up to100dB/km in the high-loss core region. Mode field distribution has the Gaussian profile that low splice loss of0.0079dB can be realized between this fiber and the SMF at the wavelength of1.55μm.
5. Based on the mode cutoff method, a novel square lattice single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed and fabricated, which realized the single-mode operation in the wavelength range from1.3μm to1.7μm over all-optical com-munication band wavelength range. The confinement loss is about the0.01d-B/km for the low-loss polarization state and up to100dB/km for the high-loss polarization state. Through modeling the properties of the actual PCF sam- ple, the effective modal field area is about91/μm2at the wavelength of1.55μm and the splice loss with SMF is only0.0051dB. The results show that the novel square lattice single-polarization single-mode PCF has the advantage of easy splice with SMF over other PCFs which have been reported to realize single-polarization single-mode with mode cutoff method.
1.根据实际光子晶体光纤制作及特性分析的需求,首次将数字图像处理技术和全矢量有限元方法相结合,提出了用于光子晶体光纤制作过程的光纤特性快速分析模型,实现了对PCF实际制作过程中的样品进行近实时监测,有效地减小了典型工艺缺陷对光纤特性的影响,减小了所研制PCF特性与设计的偏离。以两种商用光子晶体光纤为例,验证了该方法的正确性。并将该方法应用于辅助光纤拉制,提高光子晶体光纤的制作效率和成品率。
2.提出一种宽带偏振无关双芯PCF。在研究光纤结构对其宽带特性和偏振无关特性影响规律的基础上进行结构优化设计,所获得的PCF模场面积与普通单模光纤模场面积匹配,两芯区被中心调制区有效分离,为光纤耦合器的研制提供了便利。基于该PCF设计了分光比分别为50：50和90：10的两种光纤定向耦合器,在覆盖整个光通信波段的1.225-1.675μm宽带波长范围内分别实现了分光比误差小于1%、偏振态间误差小于0.5%和分光比误差小于0.2%、偏振态间误差小于0.1%的优良性能。
3.从制作可行性和应用角度出发,采用小空气孔线阵结构代替椭圆形空气孔,提出一种具有较高制作可行性的宽带偏振无关双芯PCF。经过优化设计可以在波长1.26-1.625μm范围内实现波长无关和偏振无关特性,基于该光纤设计的50：50和90：10光纤定向耦合器在整个工作带宽内具有分光比误差分别小于1%和0.2%、两偏振态间误差均小于0.2%的优良特性。并对该光子晶体光纤进行了制作研究,实验表明这种采用小空气孔线阵结构代替椭圆形空气孔的设计方案是可行的。
4.基于谐振耦合理论,提出一种实现单偏振单模的PCF新结构,可在0.8-1.8μm波长范围内实现单偏振单模特性,工作带宽可达1000nm,在工作带宽内低损耗芯区的限制损耗低于1dB/km,而高损耗芯区的限制损耗高达100dB/km,其传输模场呈类高斯型分布,在波长1.55μm处与单模光纤直接接续时的模场失配损耗仅有0.0079dB,在实际应用中,易于与普通光纤实现低损耗接续。
5.提出并研制出一种矩形空气孔排布的单偏振单模PCF。基于模式截止法,设计出矩形空气孔排布的单偏振单模PCF,并首次成功研制,可在覆盖全光通信波段的1.3-1.7μm波长范围内实现单偏振单模传输,低损耗偏振态限制损耗约为0.01dB/km,高损耗偏振态限制损耗约为100dB/km。通过实际PCF样品特性分析,表明其有效模场面积在波长1.55μm处约为91μm2,与SMF接续时模场失配损耗仅约为0.0051dB,克服了通常基于模式截止法设计的单偏振单模PCF模场面积过小,不利于与SMF接续的缺点。
With development of the current networks towards ultra high bit rate and large capacity all-optical network, it is urgent to improve the performance of key optical devices to support the future all-optical network. The study of new materials and novel structures offer an effective ways to achieve high-speed, low cost and low-power broadband optical devices.
This dissertation is supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China "Theory and key technology of fiber optic devices for optical switching network" and the National Natural Science Foundation of China "A series of ultra-broadband dual-core photonic crystal fiber and its related devices". It is mainly focus on the theoretical and experimental investigations on the design and fabrication of the broadband polarization-independent dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and single-polarization single-mode PCF due to the flexibility structure design and controllable features and other outstanding features of PCFs. The main achievements of the dissertation are listed below:
1. A combining model for rapid analysis and monitoring the fiber properties during the PCF fabrication process is proposed by using the digital image processing technology and full-vector finite element method. This model can be used not only to analyze the properties of PCF samples in the fabrication process but also to reduce efficiently the impact of the typical fabrication defects on the fiber characteristics and deviations of the actual properties from the design properties. The correctness of this model is verified by analysis results of two kinds of commercial PCFs. We use this method to monitor the fabrication process of the actual PCF in real time. Experimental results demonstrate that this model can improve the fabrication efficiency and quality of PCFs.
2. Based on analysis of the dependence of the fiber structure parameters on the fiber broadband characteristics and polarization-independent characteristics, an optimized broadband polarization-independent dual-core PCF is proposed. The mode field area of the proposed PCF can match with that of and the single mode fiber. The distance of the two cores are far from each other to easily design fiber coupler due to adopting a independent center modulation region. Two fiber directional couplers with coupling ratio of50:50and90:10are designed, respectively, which cover the all optical communication band over the wavelength range of1.225-1.675μm. The achieved coupling ratio error is less than1%and the difference of the coupling ratio between the two polarizations is less than0.5%for50:50coupler. For90:10coupler, the coupling ratio of error is less than0.2%and the difference of the coupling ratio between the two polarizations is less than0.1%.
3. A novel broadband polarization-independent dual-core PCF is proposed from the view of the fabrication feasibility and application. The small air holes arranged in the linear lattice are adopted instead of the elliptical air hole in the central modulation region to improve the fiber fabrication feasibili-ty. By optimizing the fiber structure parameters, the wavelength-independent and polarization-independent characteristics can be implemented in the wave-length range of1.26-1.625μm. Two fiber directional couplers with coupling ratio of50:50and90:10are designed, respectively, covering the all optical communication band. The splitting ratio errors of50:50and90:10coupler are less than1%and0.2%, respectively and the two polarization states error are both less than0.2%. It is confirmed from the fabrication experiment that the novel structure with the array of small holes is easier to fabricate than that with elliptical air hole.
4. Based on the coupling theory, a novel single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed. The fiber can realized the single-polarization single-mode property in the wavelength range from0.8μm tol.8μm, covering the operating band-width of1000nm, The confinement loss is less than ldB/km in the low-loss core region and up to100dB/km in the high-loss core region. Mode field distribution has the Gaussian profile that low splice loss of0.0079dB can be realized between this fiber and the SMF at the wavelength of1.55μm.
5. Based on the mode cutoff method, a novel square lattice single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed and fabricated, which realized the single-mode operation in the wavelength range from1.3μm to1.7μm over all-optical com-munication band wavelength range. The confinement loss is about the0.01d-B/km for the low-loss polarization state and up to100dB/km for the high-loss polarization state. Through modeling the properties of the actual PCF sam- ple, the effective modal field area is about91/μm2at the wavelength of1.55μm and the splice loss with SMF is only0.0051dB. The results show that the novel square lattice single-polarization single-mode PCF has the advantage of easy splice with SMF over other PCFs which have been reported to realize single-polarization single-mode with mode cutoff method.
引文
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