玛纳斯河流域绿洲荒漠区盐渍化土地利用变化与利用潜力研究
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摘要
对土壤盐渍化高光谱变化特征和遥感影像表现特征的研究是监测与认识盐渍化土壤变化规律的依据。在此基础上，分析与评估盐渍化土壤的利用潜力是预防土壤退化、保障农业可持续发展的依据。本文以玛纳斯河绿洲荒漠区为研究区，根据田间采样与室内分析数据、不同水盐含量土壤高光谱数据、研究区不同时段遥感数据，通过对土壤水盐高光谱特征分析、不同时期土壤盐渍化变化规律分析以及研究区耕地利用潜力分析，明确了研究区土壤水盐的光谱变化特征以及不同程度盐渍化耕地的利用潜力，揭示了研究区土地利用／土地覆被的变化规律，为区域盐碱土改良与利用以及可持续农业的发展提供理论依据和技术支持。主要结论如下：
1.研究区土壤水、盐高光谱特征：对研究区不同质地、含水量、含盐量的土壤高光谱测定数据进行去包络线和一阶微分处理后，①确定了反映盐渍化程度敏感波段为347～377nm和1800～1911nm；②土壤反射光谱受土壤质地、含盐量、含水量等因素影响。粘土反射率最高，粉粘壤土次之，砂壤土最低；土壤含盐量越高其光谱反射率也越高；土壤含水量光谱曲线变化临界值是其田间持水量，低于田间持水量，随水分含量增加反射率减小，高于田间持水量，随水分含量增加反射率升高。
2.研究区土壤盐渍化遥感定量反演：基于2009年4月26号研究区TM数据的土壤盐分指数影像与同期田间采样测定的盐分数据，采用线性回归方法，构建了土壤盐渍化遥感定量反演模型（y=0.093x+0.766，精度87.34%）。根据该模型得到研究区非盐渍化土壤占其总面积的57.02%，轻度盐渍化土地面积占18.7%，中度盐渍化土壤与重度盐渍化土壤面积占24.28%，并计算出玛纳斯河流域0-30cm土壤盐分储量约为2.2×109t。
3.研究区盐渍化土地利用/土地覆被变化:由1989、2001、2012年三个时期遥感数据获得研究区土地利用变化，在研究时段内，研究区耕地、林地和草地面积增长率分别为5.06%、1.20%和3.59%，水体面积变化不大，建设用地面积增长率为0.91%，未利用土地面积减少率为11.39%，主要被开发为耕地和林草地；采用决策树分类对研究区耕地盐渍化程度研究表明随着时间的推移盐渍化逐渐减弱，到研究期末非盐渍化耕地面积为31.58%，轻度盐渍化耕地面积为23.02%，中、重度盐渍化面积占到45.39%。
4.盐渍化耕地利用潜力评估：根据研究区典型农田田间采样和室内分析数据，结合地下水埋深和土壤质地调查数据，以土壤速效养分（碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾）、有机质含量、土壤pH值、总盐含量、地下水埋深七个指标，采用模糊数学方法，构建盐碱地利用潜力评估模型。评估结果表明：研究区耕地以中潜力（44.75%）和中高潜力（27.92%）为主，高潜力（9.51%）和低潜力（17.81%）面积较少，占研究区耕地的27.32%。
本文对玛纳斯河流域盐渍化土壤的高光谱特征、盐渍化土壤的遥感影像特征、盐渍化土壤的利用特征和变化规律以及盐渍化土壤的利用潜力进行了系统的研究，为研究区的土壤盐渍化防治、农业规划及产业结构调整、农田水利规划和生产提供科学依据。
Investigation and evaluation of regional soil salinization is of great significance inknowing the change rules of soil salinization, preventing soil degradation and the promotingsustainable agriculture’s development. In this paper, taking desert area of Manasi river basinas the research object, researchers use the combined method of field sampling, analysis ofexperimental data and remote sensing image interpretation. Through interpretation ofremote sensing image in three different periods, researchers discuss the changing situationof land use/land cover on a regional scale and the temporal and spatial evolution of theland; with the help of land use statistics, GIS spatial analysis and fuzzy comprehensiveevaluation, researchers carry out the analysis, processing and modeling of field samplingdata in order to reveal the spatial variability of soil salinity and to provide certain theoryreference and scientific basis for evaluation, utilization and improvement of regional soilsalinization. The main research achievements are:
1. Spectral characteristics of saline soil with differdent water and salt content: Therelations between soil salinization level and soil spectrum were analyzed: That obtainedsensitive bands of347-377nm and1800-1911. Changes of spectral reflectance in soil underthe different condition of texture, water and salt content were studied. Spectral reflectanceof different texture soil was as follows: Clay>silty-clay-loam> sandy loam. Soilsalinization degree is heavier, the higher the spectral reflectance values. Reflectancespectrum curve of different texture soil had the critical value of field moisture capacity,when soil water content was higher than field capacity, and the reflectivity increased withsoil moisture; reflectivity decreased with the increase of soil water content below fieldcapacity.
2. Iinversion based on Remote sensing Soil salinization in the studyarea：The relations of salt content data and salt index on april26,2009TMimages is: y=0.093+0.766x. accuracy of87.34%. There is accounted for57.02%unsalinization soil in the study area, by remote sensing inversion,mild-salinization soil area of18.7%, moderate salinization and severesalinization area accounted for24.28%. The total soil salt reserve in Manas riverbasin0to30cm soil is about2.2x109tons.
3. Land use/cover survey in Manas river valley: By interpretation and analysis ofremote sensing images in three different periods of1989,2001,2012, researchers concludethat construction land boom, woodland, grassland area increase, unused land area isshrinking, the water area steady, cultivated land has also been on the rise in the pasttwenty-three years with human activity. The results of arable land using the decision treeclassification show that the degree of cultivated salinization land with the passage of timegradually weakened, the unsalinization cultivated area of31.58%, mild salinization ofcultivated land area of23.02%, moderate salinization and severe salinization area accountedfor45.39%.
4. Saline soil utilization potential evaluation: soil organic matter, available nitrogen,available phosphorus, available potassium, pH value, total salt content and groundwaterdepth of sampling are tested by investigation and analysis on the desert oasis in Manasifield, researchers successfully constructed the saline-alkali land use potential evaluationmodel, and by using interpolation in ArcMap9.3analysis, the study area land use potentialspatial distribution map and four class risk area diagram of the comprehensive evaluationare made. The secondary utilization potential area above the saline-alkali soil of study areaaccounted for72.68%of the total area.
From this research we would get lots of scientific help about soil salinity treatment&improvement，agriculture planning&adjusting, and irrigation and drainage engineeringplanning in the future.
1.研究区土壤水、盐高光谱特征：对研究区不同质地、含水量、含盐量的土壤高光谱测定数据进行去包络线和一阶微分处理后，①确定了反映盐渍化程度敏感波段为347～377nm和1800～1911nm；②土壤反射光谱受土壤质地、含盐量、含水量等因素影响。粘土反射率最高，粉粘壤土次之，砂壤土最低；土壤含盐量越高其光谱反射率也越高；土壤含水量光谱曲线变化临界值是其田间持水量，低于田间持水量，随水分含量增加反射率减小，高于田间持水量，随水分含量增加反射率升高。
2.研究区土壤盐渍化遥感定量反演：基于2009年4月26号研究区TM数据的土壤盐分指数影像与同期田间采样测定的盐分数据，采用线性回归方法，构建了土壤盐渍化遥感定量反演模型（y=0.093x+0.766，精度87.34%）。根据该模型得到研究区非盐渍化土壤占其总面积的57.02%，轻度盐渍化土地面积占18.7%，中度盐渍化土壤与重度盐渍化土壤面积占24.28%，并计算出玛纳斯河流域0-30cm土壤盐分储量约为2.2×109t。
3.研究区盐渍化土地利用/土地覆被变化:由1989、2001、2012年三个时期遥感数据获得研究区土地利用变化，在研究时段内，研究区耕地、林地和草地面积增长率分别为5.06%、1.20%和3.59%，水体面积变化不大，建设用地面积增长率为0.91%，未利用土地面积减少率为11.39%，主要被开发为耕地和林草地；采用决策树分类对研究区耕地盐渍化程度研究表明随着时间的推移盐渍化逐渐减弱，到研究期末非盐渍化耕地面积为31.58%，轻度盐渍化耕地面积为23.02%，中、重度盐渍化面积占到45.39%。
4.盐渍化耕地利用潜力评估：根据研究区典型农田田间采样和室内分析数据，结合地下水埋深和土壤质地调查数据，以土壤速效养分（碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾）、有机质含量、土壤pH值、总盐含量、地下水埋深七个指标，采用模糊数学方法，构建盐碱地利用潜力评估模型。评估结果表明：研究区耕地以中潜力（44.75%）和中高潜力（27.92%）为主，高潜力（9.51%）和低潜力（17.81%）面积较少，占研究区耕地的27.32%。
本文对玛纳斯河流域盐渍化土壤的高光谱特征、盐渍化土壤的遥感影像特征、盐渍化土壤的利用特征和变化规律以及盐渍化土壤的利用潜力进行了系统的研究，为研究区的土壤盐渍化防治、农业规划及产业结构调整、农田水利规划和生产提供科学依据。
Investigation and evaluation of regional soil salinization is of great significance inknowing the change rules of soil salinization, preventing soil degradation and the promotingsustainable agriculture’s development. In this paper, taking desert area of Manasi river basinas the research object, researchers use the combined method of field sampling, analysis ofexperimental data and remote sensing image interpretation. Through interpretation ofremote sensing image in three different periods, researchers discuss the changing situationof land use/land cover on a regional scale and the temporal and spatial evolution of theland; with the help of land use statistics, GIS spatial analysis and fuzzy comprehensiveevaluation, researchers carry out the analysis, processing and modeling of field samplingdata in order to reveal the spatial variability of soil salinity and to provide certain theoryreference and scientific basis for evaluation, utilization and improvement of regional soilsalinization. The main research achievements are:
1. Spectral characteristics of saline soil with differdent water and salt content: Therelations between soil salinization level and soil spectrum were analyzed: That obtainedsensitive bands of347-377nm and1800-1911. Changes of spectral reflectance in soil underthe different condition of texture, water and salt content were studied. Spectral reflectanceof different texture soil was as follows: Clay>silty-clay-loam> sandy loam. Soilsalinization degree is heavier, the higher the spectral reflectance values. Reflectancespectrum curve of different texture soil had the critical value of field moisture capacity,when soil water content was higher than field capacity, and the reflectivity increased withsoil moisture; reflectivity decreased with the increase of soil water content below fieldcapacity.
2. Iinversion based on Remote sensing Soil salinization in the studyarea：The relations of salt content data and salt index on april26,2009TMimages is: y=0.093+0.766x. accuracy of87.34%. There is accounted for57.02%unsalinization soil in the study area, by remote sensing inversion,mild-salinization soil area of18.7%, moderate salinization and severesalinization area accounted for24.28%. The total soil salt reserve in Manas riverbasin0to30cm soil is about2.2x109tons.
3. Land use/cover survey in Manas river valley: By interpretation and analysis ofremote sensing images in three different periods of1989,2001,2012, researchers concludethat construction land boom, woodland, grassland area increase, unused land area isshrinking, the water area steady, cultivated land has also been on the rise in the pasttwenty-three years with human activity. The results of arable land using the decision treeclassification show that the degree of cultivated salinization land with the passage of timegradually weakened, the unsalinization cultivated area of31.58%, mild salinization ofcultivated land area of23.02%, moderate salinization and severe salinization area accountedfor45.39%.
4. Saline soil utilization potential evaluation: soil organic matter, available nitrogen,available phosphorus, available potassium, pH value, total salt content and groundwaterdepth of sampling are tested by investigation and analysis on the desert oasis in Manasifield, researchers successfully constructed the saline-alkali land use potential evaluationmodel, and by using interpolation in ArcMap9.3analysis, the study area land use potentialspatial distribution map and four class risk area diagram of the comprehensive evaluationare made. The secondary utilization potential area above the saline-alkali soil of study areaaccounted for72.68%of the total area.
From this research we would get lots of scientific help about soil salinity treatment&improvement，agriculture planning&adjusting, and irrigation and drainage engineeringplanning in the future.
引文
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