京杭大运河（苏北段）底泥重金属污染与释放规律研究
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摘要
京杭大运河(苏北段)是我国南水北调工程的东线输水通道,其水质情况将严重影响南水北调的水质安全。输水水质除受调入水质影响外,输水通道的沉积物中的重金属也将对水质有较大影响。本课题在教育部博士点专项科研基金的支持下对京杭大运河(苏北段)沉积物的重金属污染情况进行了系统研究。
本论文运用X-衍射技术对京杭大运河(苏北段)23个底泥样品进行了矿物组成分析,结果表明:粘土矿物均主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层,有部分蒙脱石。伊利石含量较高,约占总体的31-45%。蒙脱石含量较少,大部分断面底泥中不超过10%,其中苏波港口含量较高达到17%,石英是其中的主要矿物。
采用电感耦合等离子质谱、双道原子荧光光度计和总有机碳测试仪分别对京杭大运河(苏北段)55个底泥样品中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、As)进行了总量、形态和有机碳的测试,并且采用SPSS(15.0)软件进行了相关性分析和主成分分析,结果表明(1)TOC与各元素的总量相关性并不显著,显著水平仅在Cu和Zn之间相关系数仅为0.76;(2)TOC的含量与可氧化提取态之间的相关系数Pb:r=0.52,(P<0.01)、Cd:r=0.51,(P<0.01),Cu:r=0.62,(P<0.01)。TOC的含量和可氧化提取态之间的相关性很好。(3)采用主成分分析(PCA),Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd构成了第一组(PC1),贡献率43.68%;表明重金属的分布具有相同的特征。
采用地积累指数法、生态风险评价法和健康风险评价方法对底泥的重金属污染风险进行了评价,结果表明京杭大运河苏北段底泥未受到Cr元素的污染,受到Zn、Hg、As的污染也较轻,只在个别采样点上受Cu和Pb元素的中或中-强程度的污染,但是底泥受到了严重的Cd污染,而且不同采样点的RI与Cd元素的含量具有较好的一致性。各重金属污染物对京杭大运河苏北段底泥生态风险构成危害的影响程度依次为:Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥As﹥Pb﹥Cr﹥Zn;各元素所带来的生态风险评价表明,36.4%的采样点断面存在两种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;9、12、14、52号采样点断面存在三种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;53、54号采样点断面存在四种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;而55号采样点断面六种重金属含量全介于ERL～ERM值之间;因此对于这些断面要采取适当的措施进行治理,以降低发生生态风险的几率;同时也有21.8%的采样点断面各种重金属含量均小于ERL值。
最后利用水槽(UPV C材料,全长1.5米)模拟了河道在不同工况下(温度、流速、pH值、络合物的浓度)底泥中重金属的释放特征,单因素和正交多因素实验结果表明:控制底泥重金属释放的影响因素中按其影响程度大小分别是流速、络合剂、PH值、温度;依据实验结果,建立了底泥中镉向上覆水体释放的模型:C = Q/ VK+(1-1/VK)Qe~(kt),并得出其释放系数为0.020。
The Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)is east route of Water Transfer Project from South to North in China. Whose water quality will significantly affect the efficiency of Water Transfer Project from South to North .Apart from the transferred water quality being influenced by the imported water quality, the state of original heavy metals in sediments will have a significant effect on water quality Water Transfer Project’s from South to North. As far as the factors above are concerned, a systematic research on the heavy metal pollution intensity in sediments of the Great Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province) has been conducted with financial support of the Doctoral Fund of Chinese Ministry of Education.
In the dissertation,Twenty three sediment of the Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province) were determined by XRD analysis and the results showed that the clay mineral is composed of kaolinite, llite, ontmorillonite and Illite/Montmorillonite interstratified minerals and the X-ray Diffraction pattern showed quartz is the main mineral.
The concentration and fractions of Copper, Cadmium, lead, Zinc, Chromium, mercury, arsenic and total organic carbon in the fifty-six sediments in the Grand Canal(Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, double-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometer and liquid total organic carbon analyzer respectively .At the same time the statistical SPSS software was used to determine the correlation analysis and principal component analysis ,the results showed that the correlation coefficient between copper and zinc is 0.76 and the correlation coefficient between Toc and oxidized state is high.
The heavy metal’s pollution of the sediment were assessed by the Geoaccumulation Index, the Potential Ecological Risk Index and the health risk assessment and the results showed that the heavy metals in the sediment of the Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)was not polluted by chromium, was lightly polluted by zinc, mercury and arsenic.
Finally the sinks which were made of UPVC and used to simulate the channel under different conditions(temperature, velocity, pH value, concentration of complexing agents) in order to find the main impact factor. So the single experiment and the orthogonal experiment were carried out , and the results showed that velocity was the main impact factor and the mode was built.
本论文运用X-衍射技术对京杭大运河(苏北段)23个底泥样品进行了矿物组成分析,结果表明:粘土矿物均主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层,有部分蒙脱石。伊利石含量较高,约占总体的31-45%。蒙脱石含量较少,大部分断面底泥中不超过10%,其中苏波港口含量较高达到17%,石英是其中的主要矿物。
采用电感耦合等离子质谱、双道原子荧光光度计和总有机碳测试仪分别对京杭大运河(苏北段)55个底泥样品中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、As)进行了总量、形态和有机碳的测试,并且采用SPSS(15.0)软件进行了相关性分析和主成分分析,结果表明(1)TOC与各元素的总量相关性并不显著,显著水平仅在Cu和Zn之间相关系数仅为0.76;(2)TOC的含量与可氧化提取态之间的相关系数Pb:r=0.52,(P<0.01)、Cd:r=0.51,(P<0.01),Cu:r=0.62,(P<0.01)。TOC的含量和可氧化提取态之间的相关性很好。(3)采用主成分分析(PCA),Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd构成了第一组(PC1),贡献率43.68%;表明重金属的分布具有相同的特征。
采用地积累指数法、生态风险评价法和健康风险评价方法对底泥的重金属污染风险进行了评价,结果表明京杭大运河苏北段底泥未受到Cr元素的污染,受到Zn、Hg、As的污染也较轻,只在个别采样点上受Cu和Pb元素的中或中-强程度的污染,但是底泥受到了严重的Cd污染,而且不同采样点的RI与Cd元素的含量具有较好的一致性。各重金属污染物对京杭大运河苏北段底泥生态风险构成危害的影响程度依次为:Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥As﹥Pb﹥Cr﹥Zn;各元素所带来的生态风险评价表明,36.4%的采样点断面存在两种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;9、12、14、52号采样点断面存在三种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;53、54号采样点断面存在四种重金属含量介于ERL～ERM值之间;而55号采样点断面六种重金属含量全介于ERL～ERM值之间;因此对于这些断面要采取适当的措施进行治理,以降低发生生态风险的几率;同时也有21.8%的采样点断面各种重金属含量均小于ERL值。
最后利用水槽(UPV C材料,全长1.5米)模拟了河道在不同工况下(温度、流速、pH值、络合物的浓度)底泥中重金属的释放特征,单因素和正交多因素实验结果表明:控制底泥重金属释放的影响因素中按其影响程度大小分别是流速、络合剂、PH值、温度;依据实验结果,建立了底泥中镉向上覆水体释放的模型:C = Q/ VK+(1-1/VK)Qe~(kt),并得出其释放系数为0.020。
The Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)is east route of Water Transfer Project from South to North in China. Whose water quality will significantly affect the efficiency of Water Transfer Project from South to North .Apart from the transferred water quality being influenced by the imported water quality, the state of original heavy metals in sediments will have a significant effect on water quality Water Transfer Project’s from South to North. As far as the factors above are concerned, a systematic research on the heavy metal pollution intensity in sediments of the Great Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province) has been conducted with financial support of the Doctoral Fund of Chinese Ministry of Education.
In the dissertation,Twenty three sediment of the Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province) were determined by XRD analysis and the results showed that the clay mineral is composed of kaolinite, llite, ontmorillonite and Illite/Montmorillonite interstratified minerals and the X-ray Diffraction pattern showed quartz is the main mineral.
The concentration and fractions of Copper, Cadmium, lead, Zinc, Chromium, mercury, arsenic and total organic carbon in the fifty-six sediments in the Grand Canal(Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, double-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometer and liquid total organic carbon analyzer respectively .At the same time the statistical SPSS software was used to determine the correlation analysis and principal component analysis ,the results showed that the correlation coefficient between copper and zinc is 0.76 and the correlation coefficient between Toc and oxidized state is high.
The heavy metal’s pollution of the sediment were assessed by the Geoaccumulation Index, the Potential Ecological Risk Index and the health risk assessment and the results showed that the heavy metals in the sediment of the Grand Canal (Northern Section of Jiangsu Province)was not polluted by chromium, was lightly polluted by zinc, mercury and arsenic.
Finally the sinks which were made of UPVC and used to simulate the channel under different conditions(temperature, velocity, pH value, concentration of complexing agents) in order to find the main impact factor. So the single experiment and the orthogonal experiment were carried out , and the results showed that velocity was the main impact factor and the mode was built.
引文
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