双拱拱桥加固研究
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摘要
桥梁造价昂贵,在公路运输中发挥着重要作用。桥梁建成后,外界各种因素(如汽车荷载、风雨荷载、温度变化)作用和影响,加上设计、施工中留下来的某些缺陷,导致桥梁使用功能和服务质量的日趋退化。全部拆除旧桥重建新桥,既不科学,也不现实。实践证明,采用适当的加固技术,对恢复和提高旧桥的承载能力和使用能力,延长桥梁的使用寿命,以满足现代化交通运输的需要,是切实可行的。
本文对某主拱圈带裂缝的旧斜交拱桥进行了加固方案讨论,利用有限元软件ANSYS对某进行自重作用下的静力模拟计算,验证了其拱顶截面裂纹产生以及整体“摆正”的趋势,并通过对不同加固方案的仿真计算,对比找出最佳方案,即拱背加固减载法,然后对该方案进行了施工过程的仿真模拟,跟踪计算了施工过程中主拱圈的应力变化,确保施工过程的安全性。此外,通过仿真模拟汽车动载,找出汽车荷载的最不利位置,根据规范得出汽车荷载效应的最大值,由此与自重静力荷载组成组合工况以对比加固前后的主拱圈的受拉效应,可以发现,加固前的主拱圈所受拉应力超过了所用混凝土材料的设计强度,加固后的主拱圈所受拉应力小于所用混凝土材料的设计强度,处于安全范围,从而验算了加固效果。此外,再计算分析了一具有相近尺寸的正交拱桥,通过类似的加固方案探讨,亦验证了本文的拱背加固减载法对正交拱桥良好的加固效果。此外,仿真过程得到了斜交拱桥与正交拱桥不同的受力特性,以期指导相关桥梁的加固维修。
Bridges, a kind of very expensive transportation tool, play an important role on road transit. After constructed, due to various kinds of loads including temperature and self-weight, plus defects generated in design and construction, bridges will definitely suffer from increasing degradation of employment functions and quality. It is not scientific and practical to pull down all unsafe bridges and then substitute new ones, and what is proved, it is feasible that restore the unsafe bridges to health and security through appropriate strengthening techniques whose significance consists in not only improve functional state and load-bearing abilities but also social economic values. Quite clearly, this is really of great importance to our country which is badly in shortage of bridge repair funds.
In this paper, reinforcement schemes of a certain bevel arch bridge with flaws in the position of main arches are discussed. The static simulation of the bevel arch bridge under self-weight is performed by ANSYS, which testify where crack is generated and validate the tendency of perpendicularity as a whole. Besides, after comparing different reinforcement schemes, the attainment of the optimal reinforcement scheme, named extrados- reinforcement-unloading method, is simulated and discussed. And also, the construction process of unloading is simulated, which can trace the variation of the transverse sectional stress of the main arches and ensure the security of the unloading process. Besides, great attempt is made to find the worst position of car loads through simulation the mobile car loads. Then the maximum stress effects of car loads to main arches are available according to the norm. The comparison between the stress of main arches before strengthening and after strengthening confirms the strengthening effects. In addition, the reinforcement schemes of a right-angle arch bridge of comparable dimension are also discussed, which validates the strengthening effects of the extrados- reinforcement-unloading method. In comparison to the bevel one, some interesting differences in mechanical properties are also pointed out, which are anticipated to provide useful information for repair of relevant bridges.
本文对某主拱圈带裂缝的旧斜交拱桥进行了加固方案讨论,利用有限元软件ANSYS对某进行自重作用下的静力模拟计算,验证了其拱顶截面裂纹产生以及整体“摆正”的趋势,并通过对不同加固方案的仿真计算,对比找出最佳方案,即拱背加固减载法,然后对该方案进行了施工过程的仿真模拟,跟踪计算了施工过程中主拱圈的应力变化,确保施工过程的安全性。此外,通过仿真模拟汽车动载,找出汽车荷载的最不利位置,根据规范得出汽车荷载效应的最大值,由此与自重静力荷载组成组合工况以对比加固前后的主拱圈的受拉效应,可以发现,加固前的主拱圈所受拉应力超过了所用混凝土材料的设计强度,加固后的主拱圈所受拉应力小于所用混凝土材料的设计强度,处于安全范围,从而验算了加固效果。此外,再计算分析了一具有相近尺寸的正交拱桥,通过类似的加固方案探讨,亦验证了本文的拱背加固减载法对正交拱桥良好的加固效果。此外,仿真过程得到了斜交拱桥与正交拱桥不同的受力特性,以期指导相关桥梁的加固维修。
Bridges, a kind of very expensive transportation tool, play an important role on road transit. After constructed, due to various kinds of loads including temperature and self-weight, plus defects generated in design and construction, bridges will definitely suffer from increasing degradation of employment functions and quality. It is not scientific and practical to pull down all unsafe bridges and then substitute new ones, and what is proved, it is feasible that restore the unsafe bridges to health and security through appropriate strengthening techniques whose significance consists in not only improve functional state and load-bearing abilities but also social economic values. Quite clearly, this is really of great importance to our country which is badly in shortage of bridge repair funds.
In this paper, reinforcement schemes of a certain bevel arch bridge with flaws in the position of main arches are discussed. The static simulation of the bevel arch bridge under self-weight is performed by ANSYS, which testify where crack is generated and validate the tendency of perpendicularity as a whole. Besides, after comparing different reinforcement schemes, the attainment of the optimal reinforcement scheme, named extrados- reinforcement-unloading method, is simulated and discussed. And also, the construction process of unloading is simulated, which can trace the variation of the transverse sectional stress of the main arches and ensure the security of the unloading process. Besides, great attempt is made to find the worst position of car loads through simulation the mobile car loads. Then the maximum stress effects of car loads to main arches are available according to the norm. The comparison between the stress of main arches before strengthening and after strengthening confirms the strengthening effects. In addition, the reinforcement schemes of a right-angle arch bridge of comparable dimension are also discussed, which validates the strengthening effects of the extrados- reinforcement-unloading method. In comparison to the bevel one, some interesting differences in mechanical properties are also pointed out, which are anticipated to provide useful information for repair of relevant bridges.
引文
[1]谌润水,胡钊芳,帅长斌.公路旧桥加固技术与实例.北京:人民交通出版社, 2001: 1-5
[2]刘来君,赵小星.桥梁加固设计施工技术.北京;人民交通出版社, 2004: 3-9
[3]杨文渊,徐森.桥梁维修与加固.北京:人民交通出版社, 1992
[4]李有丰,林安彦.桥梁检测评估与补强.北京:机械工业出版社, 2003
[5] Lenett Michael S, Griessmann Ann. Subjective and Objective evaluations of bridge damage. Transportation Research Record, 1999, (1688): 76-86
[6]曹双寅,邱洪兴,王恒华.结构可靠性鉴定与加固技术.中国水利水电出版社, 2002
[7]夏占武.桥梁检测与加固技术应用[硕士学位论文].吉林大学交通运输工程系, 2004
[8] R.S. Real, D.E. Conte. Bridge Management Practice in Ontario. Second international conference on short and medium span bridges, 1986, Canada
[9]李亚东.基于设计规范的桥梁承载能力评定[J].桥梁建设, 1996, (2): 1-22
[10] Moses, F. and Vermeer, D.. Load Capacity Evaluation of Existing Bridges. NCHRP Report 301, 1987
[11]刘洋.典型桥梁的加固研究[硕士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学, 2006
[12]交通部.公路桥涵养护规范(JTG H11-2004) [S].北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[13]交通部科技情报研究所.旧桥检验与加固.北京: 1986
[14]王有志,王广洋,任锋.桥梁的可靠性评估与加固.中国水利水电出版社, 2002
[15]交通部.公路桥涵设计通用规范JTG D600-2004.北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[16]刘加湾,杨骊先,孙炳楠,王跃飞,朱玉龙.既有双曲拱桥承载力评估及加固.浙江大学土木系, 2003
[17] Elsener B. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete[A]. Monitoring Prevention and Rehabilitations[C]. London: Eurocorr 97, 1998
[18]蒙云,卢波.桥梁加固与改造.北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[19]江俊忠.石拱桥加宽及提高承载力设计.广东公路交通,1998, (1): 9
[20]高架桥构造研究会,王惠普.公路桥梁检修.北京:人民交通出版社, 1982
[21]路小耀.钢筋混凝土梁式旧桥贴钢法加固技术及实例分析[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学, 2005
[22]交通部公路局.公路养护技术规范.北京:人民交通出版社, 1996
[23]曾俊明.既有桥梁仿真评估与加固技术探讨[硕士学位论文].西南交通大学, 2004
[24] Tang Mingshu. Classification of Alkali Aggregate Reaction[A]. Proc.9th International Conference of Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete[C].London:UK, 1992: 648-653
[25] Juan M Caicedo,Johannio Marulanda,Peter Thomas,etal. Monitoring of Bridge to Detect Changes in Structural Health[A]. America Control Conference[C]. Arlington, Virginia, 2001: 1-6
[26]陈辉方,高原.旧拱桥的病害分析与综合治理.公路交通技术, 2003, (3):78
[27] William R.Duncan. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. USA: Project Management Institute, 1996
[28] Hitoshi Furuta, Y. D. Research on Reliability-based Assessment of Existing Bridge Structures[R]. Imperial College, London, 1995
[29]寇明国.桥梁可靠性评估研究[硕士学位论文].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2002
[30]赵国藩.结构可靠度理论.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[31]郭永琛,叶见曙.桥梁技术改造.北京:人民交通出版社, 1991
[32]蒙云.旧桥加固改造.重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1989
[33]姚玲森.桥梁工程.北京:人民交通出版社, 1999
[34]张敏.增设钢筋混凝土拱圈法在桁式石拱桥加固中的应用[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆交通学院, 2005
[35]周水兴,向中富.桥梁工程(下).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2001
[36]江见鲸,贺小岗.工程结构计算机仿真.北京:清华大学出版社, 1996
[37] Dot. The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures. Department of Transport,London, 1993
[38] Mallet, G.P.. Repair of Concrete Bridges. TRL, Thomas Telford, London, 1994
[39]高荣雄.加固减载法拱桥治理改造中的应用.中外公路, 2003, 23(3): 50-52
[40]王国鼎,杜志刚.拱桥改造加固新途径.公路. 2001, 15(12): 60-62
[41]庞俊成.拱桥拱背加固减载法.公路. 2001, 12(10): 62-64
[42]杜志刚.拱桥加固新途径[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学, 2002
[43]陆新征,江见鲸.用ANSYS Solid65单元分析混凝土组合构件复杂应力,建筑结构, 2003, (6): 22-24
[44]沈祖炎,孙飞飞,顾祥林等.土木工程与计算机仿真,计算机仿真, 1998, 15(1): 38-41
[45]袁芬年.拱桥内力分析.四川水利, 1999, 20(4): 20
[46]张朝晖. ANSYS 8.0结构分析及实例解析.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005
[47] Flitta I. Sheppard T. Simulation of bridge die extrusion using the finite element method, Materials Science and Technology, 2002, 18(9) 987-994
[48] Long A, Henderson G D, Montgomery FR. Why Assess the Properties of Near-surface Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2001, 15:65-79
[49]彭旭民,李兴华,蔡登山.新旧混凝土结合面剪切模型试验研究.桥梁建设, 2001, (3): 40-44
[50] Kaifeng Zheng. Strenthening with Low Plate Girders and Its Structural Simulation for Entire Bridge. University of Southampton, August 2000
[51]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2002: 95-109
[52]用ANSYS模拟混凝土叠合面受剪试验.广东教材, 2004, (2): 25-27
[53]张立明. Algor、Ansys在桥梁工程中的应用方法与实例.北京:人民交通出版社, 2003
[54]孙训方.材料力学.北京:高等教育出版社, 1987: 215-216
[55] Prathap.G. The Finite Element Method in Structure Mechanics——Principle and Practice of Design of Fieldconsisten Element for Structural and Solid Mechanics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
[56]张增亚,曾德荣,王雷.宽体板拱桥空间受力分析.重庆交通学院学报, 2006, 25
[57]清源计算机工作室. MATLAB 6.0基础及应用.北京:机械工业出版社, 2001
[58]交通部.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTG D62-2004).北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[2]刘来君,赵小星.桥梁加固设计施工技术.北京;人民交通出版社, 2004: 3-9
[3]杨文渊,徐森.桥梁维修与加固.北京:人民交通出版社, 1992
[4]李有丰,林安彦.桥梁检测评估与补强.北京:机械工业出版社, 2003
[5] Lenett Michael S, Griessmann Ann. Subjective and Objective evaluations of bridge damage. Transportation Research Record, 1999, (1688): 76-86
[6]曹双寅,邱洪兴,王恒华.结构可靠性鉴定与加固技术.中国水利水电出版社, 2002
[7]夏占武.桥梁检测与加固技术应用[硕士学位论文].吉林大学交通运输工程系, 2004
[8] R.S. Real, D.E. Conte. Bridge Management Practice in Ontario. Second international conference on short and medium span bridges, 1986, Canada
[9]李亚东.基于设计规范的桥梁承载能力评定[J].桥梁建设, 1996, (2): 1-22
[10] Moses, F. and Vermeer, D.. Load Capacity Evaluation of Existing Bridges. NCHRP Report 301, 1987
[11]刘洋.典型桥梁的加固研究[硕士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学, 2006
[12]交通部.公路桥涵养护规范(JTG H11-2004) [S].北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[13]交通部科技情报研究所.旧桥检验与加固.北京: 1986
[14]王有志,王广洋,任锋.桥梁的可靠性评估与加固.中国水利水电出版社, 2002
[15]交通部.公路桥涵设计通用规范JTG D600-2004.北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[16]刘加湾,杨骊先,孙炳楠,王跃飞,朱玉龙.既有双曲拱桥承载力评估及加固.浙江大学土木系, 2003
[17] Elsener B. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete[A]. Monitoring Prevention and Rehabilitations[C]. London: Eurocorr 97, 1998
[18]蒙云,卢波.桥梁加固与改造.北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
[19]江俊忠.石拱桥加宽及提高承载力设计.广东公路交通,1998, (1): 9
[20]高架桥构造研究会,王惠普.公路桥梁检修.北京:人民交通出版社, 1982
[21]路小耀.钢筋混凝土梁式旧桥贴钢法加固技术及实例分析[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学, 2005
[22]交通部公路局.公路养护技术规范.北京:人民交通出版社, 1996
[23]曾俊明.既有桥梁仿真评估与加固技术探讨[硕士学位论文].西南交通大学, 2004
[24] Tang Mingshu. Classification of Alkali Aggregate Reaction[A]. Proc.9th International Conference of Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete[C].London:UK, 1992: 648-653
[25] Juan M Caicedo,Johannio Marulanda,Peter Thomas,etal. Monitoring of Bridge to Detect Changes in Structural Health[A]. America Control Conference[C]. Arlington, Virginia, 2001: 1-6
[26]陈辉方,高原.旧拱桥的病害分析与综合治理.公路交通技术, 2003, (3):78
[27] William R.Duncan. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. USA: Project Management Institute, 1996
[28] Hitoshi Furuta, Y. D. Research on Reliability-based Assessment of Existing Bridge Structures[R]. Imperial College, London, 1995
[29]寇明国.桥梁可靠性评估研究[硕士学位论文].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2002
[30]赵国藩.结构可靠度理论.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[31]郭永琛,叶见曙.桥梁技术改造.北京:人民交通出版社, 1991
[32]蒙云.旧桥加固改造.重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1989
[33]姚玲森.桥梁工程.北京:人民交通出版社, 1999
[34]张敏.增设钢筋混凝土拱圈法在桁式石拱桥加固中的应用[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆交通学院, 2005
[35]周水兴,向中富.桥梁工程(下).重庆:重庆大学出版社, 2001
[36]江见鲸,贺小岗.工程结构计算机仿真.北京:清华大学出版社, 1996
[37] Dot. The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures. Department of Transport,London, 1993
[38] Mallet, G.P.. Repair of Concrete Bridges. TRL, Thomas Telford, London, 1994
[39]高荣雄.加固减载法拱桥治理改造中的应用.中外公路, 2003, 23(3): 50-52
[40]王国鼎,杜志刚.拱桥改造加固新途径.公路. 2001, 15(12): 60-62
[41]庞俊成.拱桥拱背加固减载法.公路. 2001, 12(10): 62-64
[42]杜志刚.拱桥加固新途径[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学, 2002
[43]陆新征,江见鲸.用ANSYS Solid65单元分析混凝土组合构件复杂应力,建筑结构, 2003, (6): 22-24
[44]沈祖炎,孙飞飞,顾祥林等.土木工程与计算机仿真,计算机仿真, 1998, 15(1): 38-41
[45]袁芬年.拱桥内力分析.四川水利, 1999, 20(4): 20
[46]张朝晖. ANSYS 8.0结构分析及实例解析.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005
[47] Flitta I. Sheppard T. Simulation of bridge die extrusion using the finite element method, Materials Science and Technology, 2002, 18(9) 987-994
[48] Long A, Henderson G D, Montgomery FR. Why Assess the Properties of Near-surface Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2001, 15:65-79
[49]彭旭民,李兴华,蔡登山.新旧混凝土结合面剪切模型试验研究.桥梁建设, 2001, (3): 40-44
[50] Kaifeng Zheng. Strenthening with Low Plate Girders and Its Structural Simulation for Entire Bridge. University of Southampton, August 2000
[51]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2002: 95-109
[52]用ANSYS模拟混凝土叠合面受剪试验.广东教材, 2004, (2): 25-27
[53]张立明. Algor、Ansys在桥梁工程中的应用方法与实例.北京:人民交通出版社, 2003
[54]孙训方.材料力学.北京:高等教育出版社, 1987: 215-216
[55] Prathap.G. The Finite Element Method in Structure Mechanics——Principle and Practice of Design of Fieldconsisten Element for Structural and Solid Mechanics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
[56]张增亚,曾德荣,王雷.宽体板拱桥空间受力分析.重庆交通学院学报, 2006, 25
[57]清源计算机工作室. MATLAB 6.0基础及应用.北京:机械工业出版社, 2001
[58]交通部.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTG D62-2004).北京:人民交通出版社, 2004