新型多孔有机骨架材料的制备和性能研究
摘要
由于具有高比表面积和独特的孔结构，多孔材料在吸附，储存和分离小分子方面有广泛应用，随着世界发展，人们对清洁能源，环境保护以及气候生态的关注日益增长，越来越多的研究涉及多孔材料在这些领域的应用。近年来随着有机结构的引入，多孔材料在结构和功能的多样性方面取得了显著的进步，首先我们回顾了多孔有机骨架这一领域的研究进展以及一些实验方法，然后介绍我们的主要研究内容，即探索制备一些新型的多孔有机材料，并对其结构和性质加以分析。
通过设计具有合理结构的分子，人们已经能以预期方式使用化学键将这些结构基元组装成多种多样的多孔骨架，这些材料能具有很高的表面积，然而相对空旷的骨架也有结构不稳定，缺少功能性的不足，因此人们考虑将更多的杂原子或官能团引入骨架中。其中聚苯并咪唑就是一类性能优异的聚合物，已有报道可以用这种化学结构制备出大表面积的多孔聚合物，能存储较多的CO2。这里，我们使用了一种商业化的芳香四胺原料，可以高产率地合成多孔PBI，有利于其应用于实际当中。经过实验，我们发现这种多孔有机骨架材料具有良好的物理化学稳定性，较高的表面积，均一的微孔分布和很大的H2，CH4，CO2吸附焓。
对多孔材料性质的研究仍主要集中在对气体的吸附和储存上，其它如气体分离也有不少研究报道，而在催化方面的研究相对较少，原因之一是很多多孔有机骨架不具备化学活性，只能与客体发生物理作用。而PBIs上的苯并咪唑基团除具有CO2亲合性外，还具有弱碱性，再加上材料良好的稳定性，很适合作为异相催化反应的催化剂，实际上，已经有文献报道具有介孔结构的PBI在Knoevenagel反应中对很多底物都具有高转化率。经过实验，我们发现JUC-Z12作为催化剂在Knoevenagel反应中对不同底物具有很好的选择性，在后处理中可以很容易地与反应物分离，本身还可以多次重复使用，在对JUC-Z12催化选择性的研究中，我们发现微孔有机骨架作为有机反应催化剂，受到骨架亲合性，底物活性，骨架孔径和底物尺寸等多种因素影响，而JUC-Z12证明是一种具有选择性的催化剂。
已报道的多孔有机骨架一般采用一锅法合成和制备，从基本结构基元组装成骨架材料，但除MOFs，COFs外，具有有序结构的材料仍不多见。因此我们设想是否可以通过二次制备的方法对有序骨架进行转变，使其在保持一定有序度的同时，产生新的结构和性质。这里我们采用两步法，首先通过氢键的自识别作用将分子结构基元组装成有序晶体，然后通过原位反应方法将羧酸基元间的连接方式从氢键连接转变为共价键连接。实验结果表明，在合适的条件下，可以制备出预期的聚酸酐型材料，通过优化晶体制备和实验方法，可以在很高温度下保持晶体的结晶度，这种转变后的材料结构仍在解析中，将有序结构和明确化学结构统一起来仍是一个挑战，也是后续研究的内容。
除离子键，共价键等强化学键形成的三维扩展结构以外，还有一类通过分子间弱相互作用形成的多孔材料，由于在传感，催化等方面具有应用前景，同时在基础研究层面也具有挑战性，因此正受到人们越来越多的关注。这里，我们通过羧酸-脒盐桥的方式构造了一类氢键连接的有机骨架，其特点在于分子结构基元间依靠单纯的氢键联系，而在晶体层面，则借助π-π堆积形成稳定晶格。由于弱相互作用的复杂多变，结构基元没有按照预期的方式组装，但实验结果对我们接下来的研究仍具有参考价值。
Because of the high surface area and unique pore, porous materials have beenwidely applied to sorption, storage and separation for small molecules. As the worlddevelops, the concern of the public for clean energy, protection of environment andbalance of the climate grows rapidly, thus more and more researches about porousmaterials are involved into these fields. Porous materials have made obviousprogress for the varieties of structures and properties by introducing organicmoieties. At first we summary the development of porous materials and somemethods of research. During our own studies, we systematically explored some newtypes of porous organic materials.
Varieties of porous frameworks have been constructed as expected frombuilding blocks with properly designed structure by chemical bonding. Thesematerials may possess large surface area, however, the rather void frameworks alsotake the weakness of unstable and lack of functions. Thus heteroatoms or functionalgroups have been brought into the frameworks. One of these examples ispolybenzeimidazole which is a polymer with outstanding properties. There havebeen reports that porous polymers with large surface area of this type can beprepared and large quantities of CO2can be stored in it. Here we synthesized anotherporous PBI quantitatively using a commercially available aromatic polyamine tofacilitate its applications. Experiments displayed that it poses physical and chemicalstability, large surface area, uniform pore size distribution and large sorptionenthalpy for CO2, CH4and H2.
The research on properties of porous materials still focuses on the sorption andstorage of small molecules. Applications about separation were also widely reported,however, studies on catalysis are no so much. One reason is the lack of activity and only physical interactions occurred for most porous materials. For PBIs, besides theaffinity to CO2, imidazole moieties on the backbone also presents weak basicity.Considering the good stability of the material, it is suitable to be catalyst forheterogeneous reactions. JUC-Z12shows selective catalysis for different substratesfor the Knoevenagel reaction. It can also be easily separated from the reactionmixture and reused with high activity many times. The result of experiments showsthe catalysis of microporous organic materials can be affected by several factors likeaffinity of host, activity of guests, pore size of host and size of guests. JUC-Z12hasbeen proved to be a catalyst with selectivity.
Porous organic frameworks previously reported were always be built frombuilding blocks using the one-pot synthesis procedure. Apart from MOFs and COFs,ordered extended porous materials are still rarely reported. We propose to transformthe ordered organic frameworks to produce new form and properties with certaindegrees of order saved. Here we prepared crystals built from molecular blocks byhydrogen bonding at first. Then the hydrogen bonding between carboxyl blocks willbe transformed to covalent bonding by in situ reaction. The result of experimentsshows the polyanhydride material can be prepared as expected. And the order ofproduct can be saved at440oC by adjusting the experiment conditions. Thetopology after transformation is being analyzed and it is still a challenge to unify theorder and the definite chemical connection which needs further investigation.
Besides extended frameworks constructed by strong chemical interactions likeionic or covalent bond, there is another type of porous material built by the weakreactions among molecules like hydrogen bonding. Research on this field growsrapidly because of the potential applications in sensors and catalysis. It is also achallenge for basic research. Here we prepared an organic framework built with thehydrogen bond of amidinium-carboxylate salt bridge. Molecules in the crystal were connected by hydrogen bonds and the crystal was stabilized by the π-π stacking. Thearrangement of molecular blocks in the crystal is different from our expectationwhich reminds us the complex and volatile of weak interactions. It brings somereference value to our further research.
通过设计具有合理结构的分子，人们已经能以预期方式使用化学键将这些结构基元组装成多种多样的多孔骨架，这些材料能具有很高的表面积，然而相对空旷的骨架也有结构不稳定，缺少功能性的不足，因此人们考虑将更多的杂原子或官能团引入骨架中。其中聚苯并咪唑就是一类性能优异的聚合物，已有报道可以用这种化学结构制备出大表面积的多孔聚合物，能存储较多的CO2。这里，我们使用了一种商业化的芳香四胺原料，可以高产率地合成多孔PBI，有利于其应用于实际当中。经过实验，我们发现这种多孔有机骨架材料具有良好的物理化学稳定性，较高的表面积，均一的微孔分布和很大的H2，CH4，CO2吸附焓。
对多孔材料性质的研究仍主要集中在对气体的吸附和储存上，其它如气体分离也有不少研究报道，而在催化方面的研究相对较少，原因之一是很多多孔有机骨架不具备化学活性，只能与客体发生物理作用。而PBIs上的苯并咪唑基团除具有CO2亲合性外，还具有弱碱性，再加上材料良好的稳定性，很适合作为异相催化反应的催化剂，实际上，已经有文献报道具有介孔结构的PBI在Knoevenagel反应中对很多底物都具有高转化率。经过实验，我们发现JUC-Z12作为催化剂在Knoevenagel反应中对不同底物具有很好的选择性，在后处理中可以很容易地与反应物分离，本身还可以多次重复使用，在对JUC-Z12催化选择性的研究中，我们发现微孔有机骨架作为有机反应催化剂，受到骨架亲合性，底物活性，骨架孔径和底物尺寸等多种因素影响，而JUC-Z12证明是一种具有选择性的催化剂。
已报道的多孔有机骨架一般采用一锅法合成和制备，从基本结构基元组装成骨架材料，但除MOFs，COFs外，具有有序结构的材料仍不多见。因此我们设想是否可以通过二次制备的方法对有序骨架进行转变，使其在保持一定有序度的同时，产生新的结构和性质。这里我们采用两步法，首先通过氢键的自识别作用将分子结构基元组装成有序晶体，然后通过原位反应方法将羧酸基元间的连接方式从氢键连接转变为共价键连接。实验结果表明，在合适的条件下，可以制备出预期的聚酸酐型材料，通过优化晶体制备和实验方法，可以在很高温度下保持晶体的结晶度，这种转变后的材料结构仍在解析中，将有序结构和明确化学结构统一起来仍是一个挑战，也是后续研究的内容。
除离子键，共价键等强化学键形成的三维扩展结构以外，还有一类通过分子间弱相互作用形成的多孔材料，由于在传感，催化等方面具有应用前景，同时在基础研究层面也具有挑战性，因此正受到人们越来越多的关注。这里，我们通过羧酸-脒盐桥的方式构造了一类氢键连接的有机骨架，其特点在于分子结构基元间依靠单纯的氢键联系，而在晶体层面，则借助π-π堆积形成稳定晶格。由于弱相互作用的复杂多变，结构基元没有按照预期的方式组装，但实验结果对我们接下来的研究仍具有参考价值。
Because of the high surface area and unique pore, porous materials have beenwidely applied to sorption, storage and separation for small molecules. As the worlddevelops, the concern of the public for clean energy, protection of environment andbalance of the climate grows rapidly, thus more and more researches about porousmaterials are involved into these fields. Porous materials have made obviousprogress for the varieties of structures and properties by introducing organicmoieties. At first we summary the development of porous materials and somemethods of research. During our own studies, we systematically explored some newtypes of porous organic materials.
Varieties of porous frameworks have been constructed as expected frombuilding blocks with properly designed structure by chemical bonding. Thesematerials may possess large surface area, however, the rather void frameworks alsotake the weakness of unstable and lack of functions. Thus heteroatoms or functionalgroups have been brought into the frameworks. One of these examples ispolybenzeimidazole which is a polymer with outstanding properties. There havebeen reports that porous polymers with large surface area of this type can beprepared and large quantities of CO2can be stored in it. Here we synthesized anotherporous PBI quantitatively using a commercially available aromatic polyamine tofacilitate its applications. Experiments displayed that it poses physical and chemicalstability, large surface area, uniform pore size distribution and large sorptionenthalpy for CO2, CH4and H2.
The research on properties of porous materials still focuses on the sorption andstorage of small molecules. Applications about separation were also widely reported,however, studies on catalysis are no so much. One reason is the lack of activity and only physical interactions occurred for most porous materials. For PBIs, besides theaffinity to CO2, imidazole moieties on the backbone also presents weak basicity.Considering the good stability of the material, it is suitable to be catalyst forheterogeneous reactions. JUC-Z12shows selective catalysis for different substratesfor the Knoevenagel reaction. It can also be easily separated from the reactionmixture and reused with high activity many times. The result of experiments showsthe catalysis of microporous organic materials can be affected by several factors likeaffinity of host, activity of guests, pore size of host and size of guests. JUC-Z12hasbeen proved to be a catalyst with selectivity.
Porous organic frameworks previously reported were always be built frombuilding blocks using the one-pot synthesis procedure. Apart from MOFs and COFs,ordered extended porous materials are still rarely reported. We propose to transformthe ordered organic frameworks to produce new form and properties with certaindegrees of order saved. Here we prepared crystals built from molecular blocks byhydrogen bonding at first. Then the hydrogen bonding between carboxyl blocks willbe transformed to covalent bonding by in situ reaction. The result of experimentsshows the polyanhydride material can be prepared as expected. And the order ofproduct can be saved at440oC by adjusting the experiment conditions. Thetopology after transformation is being analyzed and it is still a challenge to unify theorder and the definite chemical connection which needs further investigation.
Besides extended frameworks constructed by strong chemical interactions likeionic or covalent bond, there is another type of porous material built by the weakreactions among molecules like hydrogen bonding. Research on this field growsrapidly because of the potential applications in sensors and catalysis. It is also achallenge for basic research. Here we prepared an organic framework built with thehydrogen bond of amidinium-carboxylate salt bridge. Molecules in the crystal were connected by hydrogen bonds and the crystal was stabilized by the π-π stacking. Thearrangement of molecular blocks in the crystal is different from our expectationwhich reminds us the complex and volatile of weak interactions. It brings somereference value to our further research.
引文
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