微波平面传输线不连续性问题场分析与仿真研究
摘要
在微波集成电路和高速数字电路中，平面传输线不连续性是一个普遍存在的问题，也是理论分析和工程应用中一个较为复杂的问题。常用的平面传输线有微带线、共面波导、带状线、槽线等多种形式，其中应用最广的是微带线。由于不连续性结构具有不规则性，所以必须借助于数值方法来分析它。在电磁场数值方法中，FDTD方法是一种简单有效的时域方法，具有综合各种非线性材料和器件的能力，在天线设计、微波电路、生物电磁效应、EMC/EMI问题和光电等领域得到了广泛的应用，成为目前电磁学理论研究和工程应用的一个热点。
本文以时域有限差分（FDTD）方法为主要分析手段，以微带线为重点，对典型微波平面传输线的不连续性问题进行了分析和研究。针对平面传输线不连续性结构的特点开发了基于FDTD方法的电磁仿真软件，系统地研究了平面传输线不连续性的电磁特性，分析并优化了平面传输线转换结构，初步研究了不连续性引起的辐射和高阶模特性。全文主要内容及创新之处如下：
（1）研究了电磁场的FDTD数值计算方法，完成了具有自主知识产权的三维FDTD全波电磁分析软件主要的算法实现和开发工作。该软件包含了电磁建模和FDTD数值计算两大模块，具有较强的电磁建模功能和数值计算效率，通过实际应用和测试，以及与业界著名的商用软件HFSS、 ADS等仿真结果的对比，验证了软件的功能，保证了数值求解过程的正确与高效。
（2）采用FDTD方法分析了平面传输线不连续性的频率特性和色散特性，研究了不连续性结构的补偿和优化方法。对典型的微带不连续性结构，如拐弯、宽度跃变、T型节、十字节等进行了补偿研究，优化了微带不连续性的传输特性。通过数值方法得到了不连续性效应在传输方向上呈指数衰减的结论，给出了衰减量随距离变化的定量结果，有利于电路小型化设计中不连续性影响的消除。
（3）研究了微带到其他传输线的各种转换结构，分析了微带-同轴、微带-波导、微带-共面波导等转换结构的电磁传输特性，对常用的微带转换结构进行了仿真，并进行了相关参数的优化，为实现微带转换结构的优化设计提供了理论依据。在微带-共面波导直角转换中提出了一种新的结构设计，使性能参数获得了较大的改善。
（4）采用FDTD方法和坡印廷矢量法相结合，初步研究了拐角、短截线等微带不连续性的辐射特性。不连续性处的表面波和空间波辐射损耗随着频率的增加而显著增大。以宽度跃变为例，首次提出并采用逆向分析法研究了高阶模激发和衰减的频率特性，得出了主模和高阶模的比例关系，为深入研究不连续性高阶模问题打下了基础。
Planar transmission lines are commonly used in microwave integrated circuit and high speeddigital circuits and their discontinuities are always complex problems in theoretical research andengineering applications. There are some conventional types of planar transmission lines:microstrip, coplanar waveguide (CPW), stripline, slotline and so on. The microstrip is actually themost widely employed. The transmission line discontinuities should be analyzed by means of thenumerical method due to their irregular shapes. The finite differential time domain (FDTD) is oneof the most effective electromagnetic numerical methods. Because of its simple, robust nature andits ability to incorporate a broad range of nonlinear materials and devices, FDTD is useful for awide range of applications such as antenna design, microwave circuits, bio/EM effects, EMC/EMIproblems and photonics.
Typical discontinuities in various planar transmission lines, mainly in microstrip, are analyzedby using the electromagnetic simulation software which was developed especially for transmissionline discontinuities based on FDTD method. The electromagnetic characteristics for planartransmission line discontinuities and transitions are studied. The radiation and high order modescaused by discontinuities are preliminarily investigated. The main research contents andinnovations are as follows:
(1) The FDTD three-dimensional full-wave electromagnetic simulation software based and itsalgorithm are presented. The software consists of two main modules: one is the objectelectromagnetic modeling and the other is the FDTD solver of Maxwell's equations ofelectromagnetism. The advantages of the software include simple and robust numerical algorithm,applicable to nearly any geometries,3D visualization, good scalability and so on. The simulationresults, compared with those of commercial EM software and experiment measurements, showthat the software is efficient.
(2) The frequency and dispersive characteristics of planar transmission lines’ discontinuities (e.g.bend, step in width, T-junction, cross-junction) are analyzed based on FDTD method. Thecompensation and optimization for typical microstrip discontinuities are discussed in detail. Thediscontinuities’ influence on the microstrip propagation characteristics decay exponentially awayfrom the discontinuities and the quantitative results of are obtained.
(3) The transitions of microstrip to other transmission lines including microstrip-coaxial,microstrip-waveguide and microstrip-CPW are investigated. Simulative experiments andparameters’ optimization are made to improve the transmission characteristic of transitions. A newstructure for the microstrip-CPW transition is proposed and shows an improved performanceproperty.
(4) By combining the FDTD method with Poynting vector theory, the radiation of microstripbend and stub are preliminarily studied. The results show that the radiation losses of surface waveand spatial wave are obviously increasing with frequency. The reverse method is first proposedto investigate the properties of excitation and decay of the high order modes introduced by themicrostrip step. Some results including the ratio of main modes and high order modes areobtained.
本文以时域有限差分（FDTD）方法为主要分析手段，以微带线为重点，对典型微波平面传输线的不连续性问题进行了分析和研究。针对平面传输线不连续性结构的特点开发了基于FDTD方法的电磁仿真软件，系统地研究了平面传输线不连续性的电磁特性，分析并优化了平面传输线转换结构，初步研究了不连续性引起的辐射和高阶模特性。全文主要内容及创新之处如下：
（1）研究了电磁场的FDTD数值计算方法，完成了具有自主知识产权的三维FDTD全波电磁分析软件主要的算法实现和开发工作。该软件包含了电磁建模和FDTD数值计算两大模块，具有较强的电磁建模功能和数值计算效率，通过实际应用和测试，以及与业界著名的商用软件HFSS、 ADS等仿真结果的对比，验证了软件的功能，保证了数值求解过程的正确与高效。
（2）采用FDTD方法分析了平面传输线不连续性的频率特性和色散特性，研究了不连续性结构的补偿和优化方法。对典型的微带不连续性结构，如拐弯、宽度跃变、T型节、十字节等进行了补偿研究，优化了微带不连续性的传输特性。通过数值方法得到了不连续性效应在传输方向上呈指数衰减的结论，给出了衰减量随距离变化的定量结果，有利于电路小型化设计中不连续性影响的消除。
（3）研究了微带到其他传输线的各种转换结构，分析了微带-同轴、微带-波导、微带-共面波导等转换结构的电磁传输特性，对常用的微带转换结构进行了仿真，并进行了相关参数的优化，为实现微带转换结构的优化设计提供了理论依据。在微带-共面波导直角转换中提出了一种新的结构设计，使性能参数获得了较大的改善。
（4）采用FDTD方法和坡印廷矢量法相结合，初步研究了拐角、短截线等微带不连续性的辐射特性。不连续性处的表面波和空间波辐射损耗随着频率的增加而显著增大。以宽度跃变为例，首次提出并采用逆向分析法研究了高阶模激发和衰减的频率特性，得出了主模和高阶模的比例关系，为深入研究不连续性高阶模问题打下了基础。
Planar transmission lines are commonly used in microwave integrated circuit and high speeddigital circuits and their discontinuities are always complex problems in theoretical research andengineering applications. There are some conventional types of planar transmission lines:microstrip, coplanar waveguide (CPW), stripline, slotline and so on. The microstrip is actually themost widely employed. The transmission line discontinuities should be analyzed by means of thenumerical method due to their irregular shapes. The finite differential time domain (FDTD) is oneof the most effective electromagnetic numerical methods. Because of its simple, robust nature andits ability to incorporate a broad range of nonlinear materials and devices, FDTD is useful for awide range of applications such as antenna design, microwave circuits, bio/EM effects, EMC/EMIproblems and photonics.
Typical discontinuities in various planar transmission lines, mainly in microstrip, are analyzedby using the electromagnetic simulation software which was developed especially for transmissionline discontinuities based on FDTD method. The electromagnetic characteristics for planartransmission line discontinuities and transitions are studied. The radiation and high order modescaused by discontinuities are preliminarily investigated. The main research contents andinnovations are as follows:
(1) The FDTD three-dimensional full-wave electromagnetic simulation software based and itsalgorithm are presented. The software consists of two main modules: one is the objectelectromagnetic modeling and the other is the FDTD solver of Maxwell's equations ofelectromagnetism. The advantages of the software include simple and robust numerical algorithm,applicable to nearly any geometries,3D visualization, good scalability and so on. The simulationresults, compared with those of commercial EM software and experiment measurements, showthat the software is efficient.
(2) The frequency and dispersive characteristics of planar transmission lines’ discontinuities (e.g.bend, step in width, T-junction, cross-junction) are analyzed based on FDTD method. Thecompensation and optimization for typical microstrip discontinuities are discussed in detail. Thediscontinuities’ influence on the microstrip propagation characteristics decay exponentially awayfrom the discontinuities and the quantitative results of are obtained.
(3) The transitions of microstrip to other transmission lines including microstrip-coaxial,microstrip-waveguide and microstrip-CPW are investigated. Simulative experiments andparameters’ optimization are made to improve the transmission characteristic of transitions. A newstructure for the microstrip-CPW transition is proposed and shows an improved performanceproperty.
(4) By combining the FDTD method with Poynting vector theory, the radiation of microstripbend and stub are preliminarily studied. The results show that the radiation losses of surface waveand spatial wave are obviously increasing with frequency. The reverse method is first proposedto investigate the properties of excitation and decay of the high order modes introduced by themicrostrip step. Some results including the ratio of main modes and high order modes areobtained.
引文
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