竞争性战略联盟效率边界的内生因素研究
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摘要
竞争性战略联盟,即由竞争对手所组建的企业间战略合作关系,是一种新兴战略模式,正日益受到研究学者以及管理实务界关注。通过与竞争对手组建联盟,企业期望借助伙伴的资源提高自身的战略地位和竞争力,并在一定程度上影响和改善所处的行业环境。联盟采用何种治理结构,以及特定的治理结构下,如何进一步选取其他治理机制是控制风险和最大化收益的关键因素。由于对手间组建联盟的竞争特殊性、风险和收益的尖锐对立,使得其管理难度大增。因此,联盟的效率边界是在“边界”基础上增加“效率”的定义,它指明了效率边界是能够有效降低风险,提高联盟潜在竞争优势的治理机制组合。
在现有大量联盟合作效应和联盟治理的相关文献基础上,联盟效率边界问题的提出是企业边界问题的直接拓展,是联盟治理问题的精细化,涉及交易成本经济学和战略管理理论的整合与贯通,能够更好解释当企业边界扩展到双边和网络后治理机制的特征和作用机理。因此,本研究定位于对竞争性联盟效率边界的内生影响因素进行评价,具有相当理论与现实意义。
本文以竞争性战略联盟为研究对象,运用理论与概念模型、回归模型和结构方程模型等研究方法,提出了竞争性联盟效率边界的维度结构,重点讨论了联盟交易属性、资源与能力特征以及期权因素对效率边界的影响,旨在深入探讨合作效率边界的维度结构、影响因素及其变动机制。
本文着重在以下三个方面开展研究工作:
①收集文献进行理论研究,提出竞争性战略联盟效率边界的理论和概念模型。
②结合理论以及模型分析的相关结果提出经验假设,借助回归模型和结构方程模型检验方法进行实证分析,讨论竞争性联盟效率边界与其影响因素之间的关系和影响路径。
③寻找对影响因素与效率边界之间关系有调节作用的因子,指出效率边界的变动机理。
联盟的效率边界,是指能够有效降低联盟风险和提高联盟竞争优势的治理机制组合,它体现了联盟双边或多边关系的真实合作水平,本文采用联盟治理结构和合同复杂度两个维度来衡量。对上述竞争性联盟效率边界的相关问题进行理论和实证研究,本文发现:
①效率边界的第一个维度:治理结构。联盟治理结构(单边契约联盟、双边契约联盟、单边股权联盟、双边股权联盟和合资等)是从组织模式上反映了参与企业对联盟活动的边界控制程度。通过对各种治理结构的选择,企业能够对合作水平做第一个层面的管理和控制。
②效率边界的第二个维度:合同复杂度。合同复杂度可以通过规定合作双方的纵向范围(涉及采购、研发、生产、营销和服务等业务的程度),乃至限制与同行对手合作的横向范围来管理合作水平。其中横向范围是反映合作深度的重要指标,而目前最直观且能够衡量的维度是技术合作中的模块化程度。横向范围是描述双边关系中合作双方的资源、知识分享和为合作所做出的努力程度,而模块化程度是具体体现在产品、技术和组织模块化之中的横向范围指标。当模块化程度较低时,双边关系中的资源、知识分享程度较高;而模块化程度较高时,双边关系中的资源、知识分享程度较低。
③综合以上关于效率边界两个维度的理论和概念模型研究,可以从合作的边界(治理结构)和合作的规模(合同复杂度)两个维度来刻画效率边界,从整体上描述了联盟治理机制的组合,体现双边关系中真实的合作水平,并初步反映合作水平的多点匹配选择和适应的动态性。具体来讲,从竞争性联盟内部知识分享和控制的角度,体现竞合关系中联盟真实合作水平在治理结构(宽度)和合同复杂度(深度)两个维度上的多点协调与平衡,同时反映联盟治理问题中风险与收益的重要平衡关系。
④实证检验结果表明,竞争性战略联盟的效率边界受到联盟交易属性、内部资源与能力以及外部因素的显著影响。首先,本文从三个方面来甄选影响因子:一、交易属性。从交易成本理论的视角,分析导致交易属性对效率边界的作用;二、资源与能力特征。从资源基础理论描述资源特征和联盟管理能力对效率边界的影响。三、期权因素。以实物期权理论的框架讨论期权因素因素——外部不确定性和联盟短期期权价值对联盟效率边界的作用。其次,结构方程模型的路径分析揭示了机会主义威胁与潜在竞争优势在因子与边界作用关系中的路径传导机制。最后,本文证实了联盟范围控制和技术模块化是两种独特的联盟治理机制,它们会影响上述内生因子与效率边界的关系,因而在一定程度上反映出效率边界的变动机制。
本文的研究结果在一定程度上完善了竞争性战略联盟的研究体系,强化了理论深度,对今后的相关理论研究具有一定的参考价值。此外,研究结论有助于竞合策略在实业界推广,能够为企业借助竞合关系获取竞争优势、更好地参与国际竞争提供理论参考和指导。
Competitive alliance formed by direct competitors is an emerging strategic mode, which is absorbing more and more attentions from researchers and enterprises. Through forming alliances with competitors by using partners’critical resources, firms managed to improve their strategic position and competency, as well as to impact and improve the industrial environment. For firms participate in competitive alliances, which mode or governance structure and how to choose other governance mechanism is the key factor to minimize risks and maximize incomes, for management of alliance between competitors are far more complex than other modes. Unfortunately, due to the short history, there are limited literatures on this topic. Therefore, formed by adding“efficiency”to“boundary”, the concept of efficient boundary in alliance can be construed as portfolios of governance mechanisms which can safeguard risks and increase potential competitive advantages efficiently.
Based on literature on studies of alliance cooperative effect and alliance governance, the concept of efficient boundary in alliance expand the research of firm’s boundary and is a refinement of alliance governance studies, furthermore, it may help to bridge transaction cost economics and strategic management theories, and clarify the governance mechanism’s working mechanizations and attributions in bilateral or network situation. To disuss the configuration of efficient boundary and its changing mechanism has significant value for theories and application.
The research methods we will use include theoretical and concept model, regression model, structural equation model and moderation model. The purpose is to clarify the construct of efficient boundary, and explain factors such as transaction attributions, resource and competence attributions and option-like attributions which may have significant impact on efficient boundary.
We make great efforts on the following three aspects. First, we make effort on theoretical research. Based on literatures and theoretical analysis, the theoretical and concept models about efficient boundary of competitive alliance are proposed. Second, based on the results of literature studies and theoretical analysis, empirical hypotheses are proposed. Then, we examine these hypotheses about efficient boundary and their determining factors and find out the pathes. Third, we managed to study the moderation variables, try to get the balance relationship between competition and cooperation in competitive alliance and make it clear that efficient boundary’s changing mechanisms.
The concept of efficient boundary in alliance is consisted by portfolios of governance mechanisms which can safeguard risks and increase potential competitive advantages efficiently, it reflect the actual cooperation level in bilateral and multilateral situation and we will use alliance’s governance structure and contractual complexity to be the constructs of it. Based on the above work, we carry out the analysis and get the following results.
The most obvious dimension of efficient boundary in alliance is governance structure. It include several modes such as unilateral or bilateral contractual mode, unilateral or bilateral equity mode and equity joint venture. The governance structure can be construed as control mechanisms to manage activities and by choosing the most appropriate modes, the partner can manage and control the cooperation level.
The other dimension of efficient boundary in this research is contractual complexity. Contractual complexity can restrict vertical cooperation scope in alliance’s daily activities such as purchase, R&D, manufacture and marketing, it can even limit the horizontal scope to manage cooperation level in competitive firms’relationship. Horizontal scope is an important index to reflect the level of cooperation, and the most obvious construct is the the modularity level during technological transaction. Horizontal scope reflects efforts contribute to alliance in terms of resource, knowledge sharing, and modularity is a specific index of horizontal scope. When modularity level of cooperation is very low, its resource and knowledge sharing is actually in a high level, vice versa.
By integrating above two dimensions, we can use cooperation boundary (governance structure) and cooperation scale (contractual complexity) to define efficient boundary. It described the portfolios of mechanism in whole perspective, reflects the actual cooperation level and even dynamics in cooperation level choices.
In the aspect of empirial research, we find out that the efficient boundary of competitive alliance is significantly impacted by both internal resources and external environment, more specifically, that is transaction attributions, resource and competence attributions and option-like attributions. In the aspect of influence path, key factors such as opportunistic threaten and potential competitive advantages may have some mediation effect to efficient boundary, and SEM analysis help to verify it. Further more, the moderating roles of alliance scope control and technological modularity are very significant and make it sense that changing mechanism of efficient boundary.
The findings of this research make certain contributions to the improvement of research system of competitive alliance, and provide some theoretical reference for the future studies in this area. Further more, by offering reference and guidance about how to reap competitive advantages through co-opetition, the results we get in this paper are beneficial for the spreading of co-opetition strategy in business.
在现有大量联盟合作效应和联盟治理的相关文献基础上,联盟效率边界问题的提出是企业边界问题的直接拓展,是联盟治理问题的精细化,涉及交易成本经济学和战略管理理论的整合与贯通,能够更好解释当企业边界扩展到双边和网络后治理机制的特征和作用机理。因此,本研究定位于对竞争性联盟效率边界的内生影响因素进行评价,具有相当理论与现实意义。
本文以竞争性战略联盟为研究对象,运用理论与概念模型、回归模型和结构方程模型等研究方法,提出了竞争性联盟效率边界的维度结构,重点讨论了联盟交易属性、资源与能力特征以及期权因素对效率边界的影响,旨在深入探讨合作效率边界的维度结构、影响因素及其变动机制。
本文着重在以下三个方面开展研究工作:
①收集文献进行理论研究,提出竞争性战略联盟效率边界的理论和概念模型。
②结合理论以及模型分析的相关结果提出经验假设,借助回归模型和结构方程模型检验方法进行实证分析,讨论竞争性联盟效率边界与其影响因素之间的关系和影响路径。
③寻找对影响因素与效率边界之间关系有调节作用的因子,指出效率边界的变动机理。
联盟的效率边界,是指能够有效降低联盟风险和提高联盟竞争优势的治理机制组合,它体现了联盟双边或多边关系的真实合作水平,本文采用联盟治理结构和合同复杂度两个维度来衡量。对上述竞争性联盟效率边界的相关问题进行理论和实证研究,本文发现:
①效率边界的第一个维度:治理结构。联盟治理结构(单边契约联盟、双边契约联盟、单边股权联盟、双边股权联盟和合资等)是从组织模式上反映了参与企业对联盟活动的边界控制程度。通过对各种治理结构的选择,企业能够对合作水平做第一个层面的管理和控制。
②效率边界的第二个维度:合同复杂度。合同复杂度可以通过规定合作双方的纵向范围(涉及采购、研发、生产、营销和服务等业务的程度),乃至限制与同行对手合作的横向范围来管理合作水平。其中横向范围是反映合作深度的重要指标,而目前最直观且能够衡量的维度是技术合作中的模块化程度。横向范围是描述双边关系中合作双方的资源、知识分享和为合作所做出的努力程度,而模块化程度是具体体现在产品、技术和组织模块化之中的横向范围指标。当模块化程度较低时,双边关系中的资源、知识分享程度较高;而模块化程度较高时,双边关系中的资源、知识分享程度较低。
③综合以上关于效率边界两个维度的理论和概念模型研究,可以从合作的边界(治理结构)和合作的规模(合同复杂度)两个维度来刻画效率边界,从整体上描述了联盟治理机制的组合,体现双边关系中真实的合作水平,并初步反映合作水平的多点匹配选择和适应的动态性。具体来讲,从竞争性联盟内部知识分享和控制的角度,体现竞合关系中联盟真实合作水平在治理结构(宽度)和合同复杂度(深度)两个维度上的多点协调与平衡,同时反映联盟治理问题中风险与收益的重要平衡关系。
④实证检验结果表明,竞争性战略联盟的效率边界受到联盟交易属性、内部资源与能力以及外部因素的显著影响。首先,本文从三个方面来甄选影响因子:一、交易属性。从交易成本理论的视角,分析导致交易属性对效率边界的作用;二、资源与能力特征。从资源基础理论描述资源特征和联盟管理能力对效率边界的影响。三、期权因素。以实物期权理论的框架讨论期权因素因素——外部不确定性和联盟短期期权价值对联盟效率边界的作用。其次,结构方程模型的路径分析揭示了机会主义威胁与潜在竞争优势在因子与边界作用关系中的路径传导机制。最后,本文证实了联盟范围控制和技术模块化是两种独特的联盟治理机制,它们会影响上述内生因子与效率边界的关系,因而在一定程度上反映出效率边界的变动机制。
本文的研究结果在一定程度上完善了竞争性战略联盟的研究体系,强化了理论深度,对今后的相关理论研究具有一定的参考价值。此外,研究结论有助于竞合策略在实业界推广,能够为企业借助竞合关系获取竞争优势、更好地参与国际竞争提供理论参考和指导。
Competitive alliance formed by direct competitors is an emerging strategic mode, which is absorbing more and more attentions from researchers and enterprises. Through forming alliances with competitors by using partners’critical resources, firms managed to improve their strategic position and competency, as well as to impact and improve the industrial environment. For firms participate in competitive alliances, which mode or governance structure and how to choose other governance mechanism is the key factor to minimize risks and maximize incomes, for management of alliance between competitors are far more complex than other modes. Unfortunately, due to the short history, there are limited literatures on this topic. Therefore, formed by adding“efficiency”to“boundary”, the concept of efficient boundary in alliance can be construed as portfolios of governance mechanisms which can safeguard risks and increase potential competitive advantages efficiently.
Based on literature on studies of alliance cooperative effect and alliance governance, the concept of efficient boundary in alliance expand the research of firm’s boundary and is a refinement of alliance governance studies, furthermore, it may help to bridge transaction cost economics and strategic management theories, and clarify the governance mechanism’s working mechanizations and attributions in bilateral or network situation. To disuss the configuration of efficient boundary and its changing mechanism has significant value for theories and application.
The research methods we will use include theoretical and concept model, regression model, structural equation model and moderation model. The purpose is to clarify the construct of efficient boundary, and explain factors such as transaction attributions, resource and competence attributions and option-like attributions which may have significant impact on efficient boundary.
We make great efforts on the following three aspects. First, we make effort on theoretical research. Based on literatures and theoretical analysis, the theoretical and concept models about efficient boundary of competitive alliance are proposed. Second, based on the results of literature studies and theoretical analysis, empirical hypotheses are proposed. Then, we examine these hypotheses about efficient boundary and their determining factors and find out the pathes. Third, we managed to study the moderation variables, try to get the balance relationship between competition and cooperation in competitive alliance and make it clear that efficient boundary’s changing mechanisms.
The concept of efficient boundary in alliance is consisted by portfolios of governance mechanisms which can safeguard risks and increase potential competitive advantages efficiently, it reflect the actual cooperation level in bilateral and multilateral situation and we will use alliance’s governance structure and contractual complexity to be the constructs of it. Based on the above work, we carry out the analysis and get the following results.
The most obvious dimension of efficient boundary in alliance is governance structure. It include several modes such as unilateral or bilateral contractual mode, unilateral or bilateral equity mode and equity joint venture. The governance structure can be construed as control mechanisms to manage activities and by choosing the most appropriate modes, the partner can manage and control the cooperation level.
The other dimension of efficient boundary in this research is contractual complexity. Contractual complexity can restrict vertical cooperation scope in alliance’s daily activities such as purchase, R&D, manufacture and marketing, it can even limit the horizontal scope to manage cooperation level in competitive firms’relationship. Horizontal scope is an important index to reflect the level of cooperation, and the most obvious construct is the the modularity level during technological transaction. Horizontal scope reflects efforts contribute to alliance in terms of resource, knowledge sharing, and modularity is a specific index of horizontal scope. When modularity level of cooperation is very low, its resource and knowledge sharing is actually in a high level, vice versa.
By integrating above two dimensions, we can use cooperation boundary (governance structure) and cooperation scale (contractual complexity) to define efficient boundary. It described the portfolios of mechanism in whole perspective, reflects the actual cooperation level and even dynamics in cooperation level choices.
In the aspect of empirial research, we find out that the efficient boundary of competitive alliance is significantly impacted by both internal resources and external environment, more specifically, that is transaction attributions, resource and competence attributions and option-like attributions. In the aspect of influence path, key factors such as opportunistic threaten and potential competitive advantages may have some mediation effect to efficient boundary, and SEM analysis help to verify it. Further more, the moderating roles of alliance scope control and technological modularity are very significant and make it sense that changing mechanism of efficient boundary.
The findings of this research make certain contributions to the improvement of research system of competitive alliance, and provide some theoretical reference for the future studies in this area. Further more, by offering reference and guidance about how to reap competitive advantages through co-opetition, the results we get in this paper are beneficial for the spreading of co-opetition strategy in business.
引文
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