绿洲农田表层掺砂、覆砂对土壤水盐运移的影响
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摘要
[目的]
针对西北干旱区绿洲农田拉砂改土这一改良特点,本研究通过室内模拟试验研究了不同的掺砂量和覆砂厚度下土壤水分常数、土壤入渗、入渗后的蒸发、毛管水运动、潜水蒸发、次生盐渍化形成及其蒸发后盐分迁移特征,分析了掺砂量和覆砂厚度对土壤水盐运移的影响和机制,旨在为干旱区绿洲农田表层掺砂和覆砂的层状土水盐运移提供提供理论依据和实践指导。
[方法]
1.室内测定土壤掺砂后的水分常数。
2.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对土壤入渗特性的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
3.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对微咸水入渗后的蒸发特性和盐分迁移的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
4.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对潜水蒸发特性和盐分迁移的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
[结果]
1.土壤的饱和导水率随着掺砂量的增加而增加,两者之间符合指数函数；土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均随着掺砂量的增加而减小,均符合线性关系；非毛管孔隙度在掺砂0%～75%递减线性关系,掺砂量超过75%时,变化不大；出水率随掺砂量呈“U”字形规律。
2.土壤表层掺砂、覆砂对土壤入渗性能相反,掺砂(除100%)可以促进土壤入渗能力,随着掺砂量的增加,入渗能力增强,且提高了掺砂层下含水量；而覆砂相反,起抑制作用,随覆砂厚度的增加,抑制力减弱。本研究条件下Philip与Kostiakov入渗模型均有很好的拟合精度,相比之下,Kostiakov入渗模型更好。
3.掺砂、覆砂对土壤的蒸发能力均有抑制作用,随着掺砂量的增加和覆砂厚度的增加,抑制能力加强,且覆砂比掺砂的抑制效率更高。在蒸发历时20天内,均质土和掺砂处理的累积蒸发量与时间的关系可用Rose公式描述；而覆砂处理均可用线性方程描述。
4.掺砂显著地抑制了土壤毛管水上升速度和地下水补给量,随着掺砂量的增加,抑制加强,掺砂层的毛管水上升高度与时间符合幂函数关系。
5.掺砂、覆砂对土壤的潜水蒸发能力均有抑制作用,随着掺砂量的增加和覆砂厚度的增加,抑制能力加强,且同一用砂量的覆砂比掺砂的抑制效率更高。通过对累积蒸发量和蒸发时间之间的关系拟合,0%(对照,0cm)～50%掺砂处理均可二项式公式描述；覆砂处理和75%与100%掺砂均均可用线性方程描述。
6.在次生盐渍化形成过程中,无地下水时,微咸水灌溉带入盐分,蒸发后盐分呈现出“C”字型,表层积累显著；有地下水时,蒸发后十壤剖面盐分分布呈“Г”字型,表层强烈积累,表层盐分(0～1 cm)随着累积蒸发量的增加而增加。
7.无论有无地下水位的影响,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂对土壤表层的盐分积累具有较强的抑制作用。随着掺砂量和覆砂厚度的增加抑制力加强,且覆砂抑盐效果显著高于掺砂的抑盐作用。入渗后的蒸发盐分分布呈“C”字型,而潜水蒸发中均质土和掺砂处理的盐分分布潜水蒸发盐分分布呈“Г”字型,砂层的存在使盐分在砂土界面附近有较高的含量。无论有无地下水的影响,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂及其相应的累积蒸发量与表层电导率之间的关系均可用相应的拟合方程描述。[结论]
1.土壤掺砂对水分常数有显著地影响。
2.土壤表层掺砂能促进入渗,而覆砂则抑制入渗。
3.无论有无地下水位,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂均能抑制士壤蒸发和盐分表聚,覆砂的效果要好于掺砂。
[Object] Soil texture improvemtne by sand addition is tranditional way and one of widely used strategy in soil amendment, and always being pay attention to in the past years in Northwest arid region. However little is knowen about the effects of sand addition on soil water movement and soil salt distribution. In present research, simulating experiments were conducted to study the effects of sand mixed and sand mulch on soil water infiltration, evaporation after infiltration, capillary water movement, process of soil second salinization, phreatic evaporation and water and the characteristics of salt movement after evaporation. Meanwhile, severl soil moisture constants (Soil saturated conductivity, soil saturated moisture, soil capicillty moisture and field water) were also investigated, the impact and mechanisum of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on soil water and salt movemtment were analysied. This study is aim to find a practical and efficient way in increasing water utility efficiency and preventing from soil secondary satilization in layered soil, morever it also provide an profound knowledge about sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on soil salt and water movement sand in arid area.
[Method]
1. Soil moisture constants was determinded in labarotary condition.
2. The impacts of mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness on soil infiltration characteristics were evaluated by soil cylinder simulating experiment in labarotary condition.
3. The influence of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on characteristics of soil evaporation after infiltration and salt distribution in different soil lays were meatured by means of soil cylinder simulating methds in labarotary condition.
4. The effects of mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness on characteristics of soil phreatic evaporation and salt accumulation in soil profile as well were also analysised by means of soil cylinder simulating methds in labarotary condition.
[Results]
1.The saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with the increasing sand mixing rate, the relationship between them fitting with exponential function. Soil field capacity, capillary water capacity and saturated water capacity decreased with the increasing sand mixing rate, and the relationship between them fitting with linear function. The non-capillary pororisty decreased with the increasing sand mixing rate varied from 0% to 75%, however, the trend became gradually placid when sand mixing rate beyond 75%. "U" shape figure could be well characterization between drainage rate and sand mixing rate.
2. Sand mixed with surface soil has a significant effect on increasing water infiltration capacity, the more mixing rate of sand (except 100%), the greater infiltration capacity obtained, and the higher soil water moistrue under the layer of sand observed. Compared with the method of sand mixed, sand mulching exerted a negative impact on soil water infiltration capacity. Through fitting parameters of Philip infiltration model and Kostiakov infiltration model, it is observed that both infiltration modeles could be used to exhibition the relationship between cumulative infiltration and time, in contrast with Philip model, Kostiakov model showed considerably fitting effect.
3. Sand mixed and sand mulch could efficiently inhibit soil evaporation collectively, the more mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness, the stronger inhibition effect were founded, and the inhibition capacity is more obvious than sand mixed. The relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of sand mixed and homogeneous soil and time could be described by the Rose experience function, but the relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of sand mulch and time could be depicted by the linear function during the continuous evaporation experiment conducted days (20 d).
4. Sand mixed had detrimental impact on upper soil capillary water and groundwater supply quantity, which decreased with increasing sand mixing rate, and the relationship between capillary water height and time could be described by the power function.
5. The phreatic evaporation was constrained by sand mixed and sand mulch, which decreased with increasing sand mixing rate sand and sand mulching thickness, furthermore the inhibition capacity was weaker under sand mixed treatment than sand mulch. The relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation and time could be described by the linear function under the treatment of sand mulch and mixing rates of 75%,100%. However, the relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of mixing rates of 0%(check and 0 cm)～50% could be described by the binomial function.
6. No matter there has groundwater or not, soil salt strongly accumulated in the top-surface soil(0～1 cm) during the process of second salinization. "C" shape could be exhibit soil salt distribution in soil profile layers under evaporation after infiltration with the treatment of slight brackish water supply. Moreover, "г"figure could be employed to describe the charactistic of soil salt distribution in soil profile with groundwater supply, and the soil EC(0～1cm) increased with increased cumulative phreatic evaporation.
7. Both Sand mixing and sand mulching could substantially inhibit top-surface soil salt accumulation. The inhibition capacity increased with the increment of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness. Salt distribution showed "C"figure in soil profile under evaporation after infiltration. However, its showed"г"figure with groundwater supply under the treatment of sand mixed and control. Salt strongly accumulated in the top-surface soil layer under the treatment of sand mixed and control, and higher salt content were observed close to layer of sand. No matter there has groundwater or not, the relationship between sand mixing rate, sand mulching thickness and corresponding cumulative evaporation and EC(0～1 cm) could be described by corresponding function.
[Conclusion]
1.Soil mixed with sand exerted significant impact on soil moisture constant.
2.Sand mixed had a positive effect on water infiltration, however, sand mulch had detrimental influence on infiltration.
3.Sand mixed and sand mulched both play obvious role on decreasing soil evaporation and salt accumulation of soil surface, relatively, the treatment sand mulched exhibited much more effect than the treatment of sand mixed.
针对西北干旱区绿洲农田拉砂改土这一改良特点,本研究通过室内模拟试验研究了不同的掺砂量和覆砂厚度下土壤水分常数、土壤入渗、入渗后的蒸发、毛管水运动、潜水蒸发、次生盐渍化形成及其蒸发后盐分迁移特征,分析了掺砂量和覆砂厚度对土壤水盐运移的影响和机制,旨在为干旱区绿洲农田表层掺砂和覆砂的层状土水盐运移提供提供理论依据和实践指导。
[方法]
1.室内测定土壤掺砂后的水分常数。
2.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对土壤入渗特性的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
3.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对微咸水入渗后的蒸发特性和盐分迁移的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
4.通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究掺砂量、覆砂厚度对潜水蒸发特性和盐分迁移的影响,并对掺砂和覆砂作对比分析。
[结果]
1.土壤的饱和导水率随着掺砂量的增加而增加,两者之间符合指数函数；土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均随着掺砂量的增加而减小,均符合线性关系；非毛管孔隙度在掺砂0%～75%递减线性关系,掺砂量超过75%时,变化不大；出水率随掺砂量呈“U”字形规律。
2.土壤表层掺砂、覆砂对土壤入渗性能相反,掺砂(除100%)可以促进土壤入渗能力,随着掺砂量的增加,入渗能力增强,且提高了掺砂层下含水量；而覆砂相反,起抑制作用,随覆砂厚度的增加,抑制力减弱。本研究条件下Philip与Kostiakov入渗模型均有很好的拟合精度,相比之下,Kostiakov入渗模型更好。
3.掺砂、覆砂对土壤的蒸发能力均有抑制作用,随着掺砂量的增加和覆砂厚度的增加,抑制能力加强,且覆砂比掺砂的抑制效率更高。在蒸发历时20天内,均质土和掺砂处理的累积蒸发量与时间的关系可用Rose公式描述；而覆砂处理均可用线性方程描述。
4.掺砂显著地抑制了土壤毛管水上升速度和地下水补给量,随着掺砂量的增加,抑制加强,掺砂层的毛管水上升高度与时间符合幂函数关系。
5.掺砂、覆砂对土壤的潜水蒸发能力均有抑制作用,随着掺砂量的增加和覆砂厚度的增加,抑制能力加强,且同一用砂量的覆砂比掺砂的抑制效率更高。通过对累积蒸发量和蒸发时间之间的关系拟合,0%(对照,0cm)～50%掺砂处理均可二项式公式描述；覆砂处理和75%与100%掺砂均均可用线性方程描述。
6.在次生盐渍化形成过程中,无地下水时,微咸水灌溉带入盐分,蒸发后盐分呈现出“C”字型,表层积累显著；有地下水时,蒸发后十壤剖面盐分分布呈“Г”字型,表层强烈积累,表层盐分(0～1 cm)随着累积蒸发量的增加而增加。
7.无论有无地下水位的影响,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂对土壤表层的盐分积累具有较强的抑制作用。随着掺砂量和覆砂厚度的增加抑制力加强,且覆砂抑盐效果显著高于掺砂的抑盐作用。入渗后的蒸发盐分分布呈“C”字型,而潜水蒸发中均质土和掺砂处理的盐分分布潜水蒸发盐分分布呈“Г”字型,砂层的存在使盐分在砂土界面附近有较高的含量。无论有无地下水的影响,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂及其相应的累积蒸发量与表层电导率之间的关系均可用相应的拟合方程描述。[结论]
1.土壤掺砂对水分常数有显著地影响。
2.土壤表层掺砂能促进入渗,而覆砂则抑制入渗。
3.无论有无地下水位,土壤表层掺砂、覆砂均能抑制士壤蒸发和盐分表聚,覆砂的效果要好于掺砂。
[Object] Soil texture improvemtne by sand addition is tranditional way and one of widely used strategy in soil amendment, and always being pay attention to in the past years in Northwest arid region. However little is knowen about the effects of sand addition on soil water movement and soil salt distribution. In present research, simulating experiments were conducted to study the effects of sand mixed and sand mulch on soil water infiltration, evaporation after infiltration, capillary water movement, process of soil second salinization, phreatic evaporation and water and the characteristics of salt movement after evaporation. Meanwhile, severl soil moisture constants (Soil saturated conductivity, soil saturated moisture, soil capicillty moisture and field water) were also investigated, the impact and mechanisum of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on soil water and salt movemtment were analysied. This study is aim to find a practical and efficient way in increasing water utility efficiency and preventing from soil secondary satilization in layered soil, morever it also provide an profound knowledge about sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on soil salt and water movement sand in arid area.
[Method]
1. Soil moisture constants was determinded in labarotary condition.
2. The impacts of mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness on soil infiltration characteristics were evaluated by soil cylinder simulating experiment in labarotary condition.
3. The influence of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness on characteristics of soil evaporation after infiltration and salt distribution in different soil lays were meatured by means of soil cylinder simulating methds in labarotary condition.
4. The effects of mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness on characteristics of soil phreatic evaporation and salt accumulation in soil profile as well were also analysised by means of soil cylinder simulating methds in labarotary condition.
[Results]
1.The saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with the increasing sand mixing rate, the relationship between them fitting with exponential function. Soil field capacity, capillary water capacity and saturated water capacity decreased with the increasing sand mixing rate, and the relationship between them fitting with linear function. The non-capillary pororisty decreased with the increasing sand mixing rate varied from 0% to 75%, however, the trend became gradually placid when sand mixing rate beyond 75%. "U" shape figure could be well characterization between drainage rate and sand mixing rate.
2. Sand mixed with surface soil has a significant effect on increasing water infiltration capacity, the more mixing rate of sand (except 100%), the greater infiltration capacity obtained, and the higher soil water moistrue under the layer of sand observed. Compared with the method of sand mixed, sand mulching exerted a negative impact on soil water infiltration capacity. Through fitting parameters of Philip infiltration model and Kostiakov infiltration model, it is observed that both infiltration modeles could be used to exhibition the relationship between cumulative infiltration and time, in contrast with Philip model, Kostiakov model showed considerably fitting effect.
3. Sand mixed and sand mulch could efficiently inhibit soil evaporation collectively, the more mixing rate of sand and sand mulching thickness, the stronger inhibition effect were founded, and the inhibition capacity is more obvious than sand mixed. The relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of sand mixed and homogeneous soil and time could be described by the Rose experience function, but the relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of sand mulch and time could be depicted by the linear function during the continuous evaporation experiment conducted days (20 d).
4. Sand mixed had detrimental impact on upper soil capillary water and groundwater supply quantity, which decreased with increasing sand mixing rate, and the relationship between capillary water height and time could be described by the power function.
5. The phreatic evaporation was constrained by sand mixed and sand mulch, which decreased with increasing sand mixing rate sand and sand mulching thickness, furthermore the inhibition capacity was weaker under sand mixed treatment than sand mulch. The relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation and time could be described by the linear function under the treatment of sand mulch and mixing rates of 75%,100%. However, the relationship between cumulative soil water evaporation of mixing rates of 0%(check and 0 cm)～50% could be described by the binomial function.
6. No matter there has groundwater or not, soil salt strongly accumulated in the top-surface soil(0～1 cm) during the process of second salinization. "C" shape could be exhibit soil salt distribution in soil profile layers under evaporation after infiltration with the treatment of slight brackish water supply. Moreover, "г"figure could be employed to describe the charactistic of soil salt distribution in soil profile with groundwater supply, and the soil EC(0～1cm) increased with increased cumulative phreatic evaporation.
7. Both Sand mixing and sand mulching could substantially inhibit top-surface soil salt accumulation. The inhibition capacity increased with the increment of sand mixing rate and sand mulching thickness. Salt distribution showed "C"figure in soil profile under evaporation after infiltration. However, its showed"г"figure with groundwater supply under the treatment of sand mixed and control. Salt strongly accumulated in the top-surface soil layer under the treatment of sand mixed and control, and higher salt content were observed close to layer of sand. No matter there has groundwater or not, the relationship between sand mixing rate, sand mulching thickness and corresponding cumulative evaporation and EC(0～1 cm) could be described by corresponding function.
[Conclusion]
1.Soil mixed with sand exerted significant impact on soil moisture constant.
2.Sand mixed had a positive effect on water infiltration, however, sand mulch had detrimental influence on infiltration.
3.Sand mixed and sand mulched both play obvious role on decreasing soil evaporation and salt accumulation of soil surface, relatively, the treatment sand mulched exhibited much more effect than the treatment of sand mixed.
引文
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