裂隙岩体渗透典型单元体存在性
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摘要
裂隙岩体的渗透性是水文地质学的重要研究内容之一,许多工程和研究领域都与裂隙岩体渗流有着密切的联系。本文基于非连续裂隙网络渗流分析,系统研究各种类型裂隙岩体典型单元体(REV)的存在性及大小。
根据岩石裂隙迹线长度,国际岩石力学学会将裂隙岩体分为五种类型,此外根据裂隙间距又分为七种裂隙岩体。两种分类方案排列组合,裂隙岩体共有35种类型。论文运用作者所在的课题组开发的非连续裂隙网络渗流分析软件FractureToKarst模拟了这些类型岩体的裂隙网络,并进行岩体渗透性分析。在模拟时,固定每个区域的水力梯度为1,长宽比为2:1,每旋转10°计算一个等效渗透系数,这样可以得到36个方向上的等效渗透系数,从中选出可以看作均质介质的最小区域。然后讨论其方向等效渗透系数,在极坐标下是否能够被拟合成一个渗透性椭圆,从而确定此种类型裂隙岩体典型单元体的存在性及大小。
模拟结果表明:(1)非常低延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于200mm的条件下才会存在;低延展性裂隙岩体和中等延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于600mm的条件下才会存在;高延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于4000mm的条件下才会存在;非常高延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于6000mm的条件下才会存在;(2)裂隙岩体REV的存在性与裂隙的几何参数有密切的关系。迹长、间距、隙宽、倾向、倾角等发生变化时,裂隙岩体的REV也会发生变化;(3)同种延展性的裂隙岩体,裂隙间距越小,REV存在的可能性越大,并且REV的尺寸越小;(4)同种间距的裂隙岩体,裂隙延展性越高,REV存在的可能性越大,并且REV的尺寸越小。
Permeability of fractured rock mass is one of the importent content of hydrology. Many projects and studies have a good relation with fluid flow in fracture rock mass. This paper based on seepage theory of discrete fracture network and propses a general method which determines the existence of REV.
The ISRM divides the fracture into five classes according to their trace length and seven classes according to their distances and there are thirty-five classes after such a classification and using the software simulates these fracture rock masses. Survey regions fixed hydraulic gradient 1 and fixed length-width ratio 2:1 are also rotated in 10°intervals to calculate the equivalent permeability. And then 36 equivalent permeabilities in different orientations will be got in each region in order to evaluate a the smallest size.And whether or not the 36 permeablities can be plotted as a permeability ellipse in polar coordinates and REV is discussed and determined.
By the study of the fracture rock mass, the major results are as follows:
(1) REV is exists in the very low tractility frcture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 200 mm; REV is exists in the low tractility and the medium tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 600 mm; REV is exists in the very high tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 4000 mm;REV is exists in the high tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 6000 mm.(2) The fracture rock mass REV existence has a close relationship with fracture geometric parameters. REV will change when trace length,space,distance, dip, angle of dip etc..(3) The same tractility fracture rock mass, the spacing is smaller, the REV existence's possibility is bigger, and the REV size is smaller.(4) The same spacing fracture rock mass, the tractility is higher, the REV existence's possibility is bigger, and the REV size is smaller.
根据岩石裂隙迹线长度,国际岩石力学学会将裂隙岩体分为五种类型,此外根据裂隙间距又分为七种裂隙岩体。两种分类方案排列组合,裂隙岩体共有35种类型。论文运用作者所在的课题组开发的非连续裂隙网络渗流分析软件FractureToKarst模拟了这些类型岩体的裂隙网络,并进行岩体渗透性分析。在模拟时,固定每个区域的水力梯度为1,长宽比为2:1,每旋转10°计算一个等效渗透系数,这样可以得到36个方向上的等效渗透系数,从中选出可以看作均质介质的最小区域。然后讨论其方向等效渗透系数,在极坐标下是否能够被拟合成一个渗透性椭圆,从而确定此种类型裂隙岩体典型单元体的存在性及大小。
模拟结果表明:(1)非常低延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于200mm的条件下才会存在;低延展性裂隙岩体和中等延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于600mm的条件下才会存在;高延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于4000mm的条件下才会存在;非常高延展性裂隙岩体的REV,只有在裂隙间距小于6000mm的条件下才会存在;(2)裂隙岩体REV的存在性与裂隙的几何参数有密切的关系。迹长、间距、隙宽、倾向、倾角等发生变化时,裂隙岩体的REV也会发生变化;(3)同种延展性的裂隙岩体,裂隙间距越小,REV存在的可能性越大,并且REV的尺寸越小;(4)同种间距的裂隙岩体,裂隙延展性越高,REV存在的可能性越大,并且REV的尺寸越小。
Permeability of fractured rock mass is one of the importent content of hydrology. Many projects and studies have a good relation with fluid flow in fracture rock mass. This paper based on seepage theory of discrete fracture network and propses a general method which determines the existence of REV.
The ISRM divides the fracture into five classes according to their trace length and seven classes according to their distances and there are thirty-five classes after such a classification and using the software simulates these fracture rock masses. Survey regions fixed hydraulic gradient 1 and fixed length-width ratio 2:1 are also rotated in 10°intervals to calculate the equivalent permeability. And then 36 equivalent permeabilities in different orientations will be got in each region in order to evaluate a the smallest size.And whether or not the 36 permeablities can be plotted as a permeability ellipse in polar coordinates and REV is discussed and determined.
By the study of the fracture rock mass, the major results are as follows:
(1) REV is exists in the very low tractility frcture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 200 mm; REV is exists in the low tractility and the medium tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 600 mm; REV is exists in the very high tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 4000 mm;REV is exists in the high tractility fracture rock mass,only when their fracture spacing is less than 6000 mm.(2) The fracture rock mass REV existence has a close relationship with fracture geometric parameters. REV will change when trace length,space,distance, dip, angle of dip etc..(3) The same tractility fracture rock mass, the spacing is smaller, the REV existence's possibility is bigger, and the REV size is smaller.(4) The same spacing fracture rock mass, the tractility is higher, the REV existence's possibility is bigger, and the REV size is smaller.
引文
A. Carisson, T. Oisson. The Analysis of Fractures,Stress and Water flow for Rock Engineering Projects. Comprehensive Rock Engineering, Perg AMON Press, 1993
Bernard A. Tissa, I. Analytical Solutions for Steady and Transient Flow in Non-homogenmoous and Anisotropic Rock Toints, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min.&Geomech, Abstr. 1992, 29 (6)
Bethard. A, Tissa. I. Solute Transport in Rock Fractures with Fracter Surfaces, Computer Methods and advances in Geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994
Carlsson A, Olsson T. The Analysis of Fractures, Stress and Water Flow for Rock Engineering Projects, Comprehersioe Rock Engineering PERGAMON PRESS, 1993
Cook N. G. W. Natural Joints in Rock. Mechanical, Hydraulic and Seimic Behaoiour and Properties under Normal Stress, Int. J. Rock Mech. Sci.&Geomech. Abstr. 1992, 29 (3)
Cruden D M. Deseribing the Size of discontinuities. Int. J. RockMech. Min. Sci. 1977
D. Elsworth, C.R. Mase. Ground water in Rock Engineering. Comprehensive Rock Engineering, PERGAMON Press, 1993
D.T.Number.The Effect of Aquifer Anisotropy Water Influ×into Petroleum Reservoirs. Computor Methods and Adoances in Geomechanics, Balkena,Rotterdam,1994
Hsifh P.A, Neuman S.P. Field Determination of the Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Conductioity Tensor of Anisotropic Media, Water Resources Research,, 1985, 21 (11)
Hudson J A, Priest S d. Discontinuities and rock mass geometry. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1979. 135~148
Hudson J A,Priest s D. Discontinuities and rock mass geomemetry. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1979
Iwai K. Fundamental studies of f1uid flow through a single fracture. Ph.D. Thesis,University of California,1976
Long J C S, Witherspoon P A. The relationship of the degree of interconnection to permeability in fracture networks. J Geophysics Res 1985;90(B4):3087–97.
Louis C. Stroemungsvorgaenge in k1ueftigen Medien und ihre Wirkung auf die Standsicherheit von Bauwerken und Boesehungen im Fels. Dissertation von Universitaet Karlsruhe, 1967
Louis.C, Maini. Y. N.T. Determination of in-situ hydraulic parameters in jointed rock, pros. znd Congr. ISRM.1970,1
M.Oda.An Equivalent Continuum Model for coupled.Stress and Fluid Flow Analysls in jointed Rock Masses. Water Resources Research,1986,(22)13
Maini Y N T,Noorishad J,SharP,J. Theoretical and field considerations on the determination of in situ hydraulic Parameters in fraetured rock Proc. Symp. Perc. Fiss. Rock, Tl一E,Stuttgart, 1972
N.Bartor, S.Bandis,K.Bakbtar. Strength,Deformation and Conductivity Coupling of Rock Joints. Int.J.ROck. Mech. Min.Sci.&Geomeeh.Abstrtr.,1985,(22)3
N.G.w.Cook, mechanical, Hydraulic and Seismic Behauiour and Properties under Normal Stress. Int.J.Rock Mech. Sci&Goomech. Abstr., 1992, (29) 3
(O|¨) hman J, Niemi A. Upscaling of fracture hydraulics by means of an oriented correlated stochastic continuum model. Water Resour Res 2003;39(10).
Pahl P J. Estimation of the mean length of discontinuity traces. Int.J. Rock Mech, Min, Sci, 1981
Priest S D, Hudson J A. Discontinuity spacings in rock. Int.J.Rock Mech. Min. Sci, 1976
Priest S D, Hudson J A. Estimation of discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline surveys. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci, 1981
Priest S D,Hudson J A. Estimation of discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline,surveys. Int. J. Roc k Mech. Min. Sci,1951
Robertson A Mac G. The interpretation of geological factors for use in slope theory in planning open pit mines. Johannesburg, 1970
Robertson A Mac G. The interpretation of geological factors for use in slope theory in planning open pit mines. Johannesburg, 1970
Rocha M. A method of integral sampling of rock masses. Rock Mechanics, 1971
Snow D T. A parallel plate model of fractured permeable media:[dissertation], Berkeley: Univ of Calif, 1965
Snow D T. Rock fracture, spacings, openings and porosities. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div.,ASCE,1968
Snow D.T. Anisotropy permeability of fractured media. Water Resources Research, 1969 Withspoon A. etal. New Approaches to Problems of Fluid Flow in Fractured rock Masses,proc.U.S. Symp. Rock Mech., zznd,1981
Wittke W. Felsmechanik-Grundlagen fuer wirtschaftlisches Bauen im Fels, SPringer-Verlag, 1984 ×U B,LU J F,WANG J H.Dynamic response of a layered and water-saturated poro-elastic half-space subjected to a moving load[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35:1-10.
陈崇希.地下水动力学[M].北京:北京地质学院,1966
陈洪凯.裂隙岩体渗流研究现状(Ⅱ).重庆交通学院学报,1996,15(2):29-34
陈洪凯.裂隙岩体渗流研究现状(I).重庆交通学院学报,1996,15(1):55-60
杜延龄.非稳定渗流控制方程研究[J],水利学报,1993, 11
段小宁,李鉴初,刘继山.应力场与渗流场相互作用下裂隙岩体水流运劫的数值模拟,大连理工大学学报,1992,(32)6
耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其祸合分析研究以及工程应用.清华大学博士学位论文,1994
郭雪莽.岩体的变形、稳定和渗流及其相互作用研究,大连理工大学博士论文,1990
梁尧篪.裂隙岩体中的渗流与岩体变形.岩土力学,1988,(9)3
刘佑荣,唐明辉.岩体力学.中国地质大学出版社, 1999, 15-16
毛昶熙.水工渗流发展与坝工建设人民长江,1986,12
任大春.有限解析法在渗流计算中的应用.长江科学院院报,1991,8(3)
王环玲,余宏明.结构面模拟分析在岩体质量研究中的应用[J].勘察科学技术, 2002,(4):25-29.
吴梦喜,张学勤.有自由面渗流分析的虚单元法,水利学报.1999, 8
伍法权.统计岩体力学理论与应用研究.中国科学院地质研究所博士学位论文,1992
徐钟济.蒙特卡洛法[M].计算科学丛书,1985
徐光黎,潘别桐等.岩体结构模型与应用[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社, 1993
杨太华.水-裂隙岩体相互作用理论及其应用研究[D].同济大学博士论文, 1995.6
于青春,陈德基,薛果夫.岩体非连续裂隙网络水力学特征.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,1995,20(4):474-478
于青春,刘丰收,大西有三.岩体非连续裂隙网络三维面状渗流模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(4):662-668
于青春,武雄,大西有三.非连续裂隙网络管状渗流模型及其校正.岩石力学与工程学报,2006,26(7):1469-1474 于青春大西有三.岩体三维不连续裂隙网络及其逆建模方法.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2003,28(5):522-526
张有天.裂隙岩体渗流数学模型研究现况[J].人民长江,1991.3
张有天,王镭,陈平.边界元法及其在工程中的应用.北京:水利电力出版社,1989
张有天.裂隙岩体中水的运动与水工建筑物相互作用,国家自然科学基金资助项目研究报告,1992
郭雪莽.岩体的变形、稳定和渗流及其相互作用研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文,1990
张有天,王镭,陈平.有地表人渗的岩体渗流分析.岩石力学与工程学报,1991,10(2)
耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其耦合分析研究以及工程应用.清华大学博士学位论文,1994
Bernard A. Tissa, I. Analytical Solutions for Steady and Transient Flow in Non-homogenmoous and Anisotropic Rock Toints, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min.&Geomech, Abstr. 1992, 29 (6)
Bethard. A, Tissa. I. Solute Transport in Rock Fractures with Fracter Surfaces, Computer Methods and advances in Geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994
Carlsson A, Olsson T. The Analysis of Fractures, Stress and Water Flow for Rock Engineering Projects, Comprehersioe Rock Engineering PERGAMON PRESS, 1993
Cook N. G. W. Natural Joints in Rock. Mechanical, Hydraulic and Seimic Behaoiour and Properties under Normal Stress, Int. J. Rock Mech. Sci.&Geomech. Abstr. 1992, 29 (3)
Cruden D M. Deseribing the Size of discontinuities. Int. J. RockMech. Min. Sci. 1977
D. Elsworth, C.R. Mase. Ground water in Rock Engineering. Comprehensive Rock Engineering, PERGAMON Press, 1993
D.T.Number.The Effect of Aquifer Anisotropy Water Influ×into Petroleum Reservoirs. Computor Methods and Adoances in Geomechanics, Balkena,Rotterdam,1994
Hsifh P.A, Neuman S.P. Field Determination of the Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Conductioity Tensor of Anisotropic Media, Water Resources Research,, 1985, 21 (11)
Hudson J A, Priest S d. Discontinuities and rock mass geometry. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1979. 135~148
Hudson J A,Priest s D. Discontinuities and rock mass geomemetry. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1979
Iwai K. Fundamental studies of f1uid flow through a single fracture. Ph.D. Thesis,University of California,1976
Long J C S, Witherspoon P A. The relationship of the degree of interconnection to permeability in fracture networks. J Geophysics Res 1985;90(B4):3087–97.
Louis C. Stroemungsvorgaenge in k1ueftigen Medien und ihre Wirkung auf die Standsicherheit von Bauwerken und Boesehungen im Fels. Dissertation von Universitaet Karlsruhe, 1967
Louis.C, Maini. Y. N.T. Determination of in-situ hydraulic parameters in jointed rock, pros. znd Congr. ISRM.1970,1
M.Oda.An Equivalent Continuum Model for coupled.Stress and Fluid Flow Analysls in jointed Rock Masses. Water Resources Research,1986,(22)13
Maini Y N T,Noorishad J,SharP,J. Theoretical and field considerations on the determination of in situ hydraulic Parameters in fraetured rock Proc. Symp. Perc. Fiss. Rock, Tl一E,Stuttgart, 1972
N.Bartor, S.Bandis,K.Bakbtar. Strength,Deformation and Conductivity Coupling of Rock Joints. Int.J.ROck. Mech. Min.Sci.&Geomeeh.Abstrtr.,1985,(22)3
N.G.w.Cook, mechanical, Hydraulic and Seismic Behauiour and Properties under Normal Stress. Int.J.Rock Mech. Sci&Goomech. Abstr., 1992, (29) 3
(O|¨) hman J, Niemi A. Upscaling of fracture hydraulics by means of an oriented correlated stochastic continuum model. Water Resour Res 2003;39(10).
Pahl P J. Estimation of the mean length of discontinuity traces. Int.J. Rock Mech, Min, Sci, 1981
Priest S D, Hudson J A. Discontinuity spacings in rock. Int.J.Rock Mech. Min. Sci, 1976
Priest S D, Hudson J A. Estimation of discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline surveys. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci, 1981
Priest S D,Hudson J A. Estimation of discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline,surveys. Int. J. Roc k Mech. Min. Sci,1951
Robertson A Mac G. The interpretation of geological factors for use in slope theory in planning open pit mines. Johannesburg, 1970
Robertson A Mac G. The interpretation of geological factors for use in slope theory in planning open pit mines. Johannesburg, 1970
Rocha M. A method of integral sampling of rock masses. Rock Mechanics, 1971
Snow D T. A parallel plate model of fractured permeable media:[dissertation], Berkeley: Univ of Calif, 1965
Snow D T. Rock fracture, spacings, openings and porosities. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div.,ASCE,1968
Snow D.T. Anisotropy permeability of fractured media. Water Resources Research, 1969 Withspoon A. etal. New Approaches to Problems of Fluid Flow in Fractured rock Masses,proc.U.S. Symp. Rock Mech., zznd,1981
Wittke W. Felsmechanik-Grundlagen fuer wirtschaftlisches Bauen im Fels, SPringer-Verlag, 1984 ×U B,LU J F,WANG J H.Dynamic response of a layered and water-saturated poro-elastic half-space subjected to a moving load[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35:1-10.
陈崇希.地下水动力学[M].北京:北京地质学院,1966
陈洪凯.裂隙岩体渗流研究现状(Ⅱ).重庆交通学院学报,1996,15(2):29-34
陈洪凯.裂隙岩体渗流研究现状(I).重庆交通学院学报,1996,15(1):55-60
杜延龄.非稳定渗流控制方程研究[J],水利学报,1993, 11
段小宁,李鉴初,刘继山.应力场与渗流场相互作用下裂隙岩体水流运劫的数值模拟,大连理工大学学报,1992,(32)6
耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其祸合分析研究以及工程应用.清华大学博士学位论文,1994
郭雪莽.岩体的变形、稳定和渗流及其相互作用研究,大连理工大学博士论文,1990
梁尧篪.裂隙岩体中的渗流与岩体变形.岩土力学,1988,(9)3
刘佑荣,唐明辉.岩体力学.中国地质大学出版社, 1999, 15-16
毛昶熙.水工渗流发展与坝工建设人民长江,1986,12
任大春.有限解析法在渗流计算中的应用.长江科学院院报,1991,8(3)
王环玲,余宏明.结构面模拟分析在岩体质量研究中的应用[J].勘察科学技术, 2002,(4):25-29.
吴梦喜,张学勤.有自由面渗流分析的虚单元法,水利学报.1999, 8
伍法权.统计岩体力学理论与应用研究.中国科学院地质研究所博士学位论文,1992
徐钟济.蒙特卡洛法[M].计算科学丛书,1985
徐光黎,潘别桐等.岩体结构模型与应用[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社, 1993
杨太华.水-裂隙岩体相互作用理论及其应用研究[D].同济大学博士论文, 1995.6
于青春,陈德基,薛果夫.岩体非连续裂隙网络水力学特征.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,1995,20(4):474-478
于青春,刘丰收,大西有三.岩体非连续裂隙网络三维面状渗流模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(4):662-668
于青春,武雄,大西有三.非连续裂隙网络管状渗流模型及其校正.岩石力学与工程学报,2006,26(7):1469-1474 于青春大西有三.岩体三维不连续裂隙网络及其逆建模方法.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2003,28(5):522-526
张有天.裂隙岩体渗流数学模型研究现况[J].人民长江,1991.3
张有天,王镭,陈平.边界元法及其在工程中的应用.北京:水利电力出版社,1989
张有天.裂隙岩体中水的运动与水工建筑物相互作用,国家自然科学基金资助项目研究报告,1992
郭雪莽.岩体的变形、稳定和渗流及其相互作用研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文,1990
张有天,王镭,陈平.有地表人渗的岩体渗流分析.岩石力学与工程学报,1991,10(2)
耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其耦合分析研究以及工程应用.清华大学博士学位论文,1994
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