草畜平衡和精准管理模型在肃南县绵羊生产中的应用研究
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摘要
天然草原不仅是当地居民最重要的生产和生活资源,而且是最重要的水源涵养地。草地退化已经成为当前严重的生态问题和社会问题,超载过牧是引起草原退化最重要的人为因素。草畜平衡是实现天然草原恢复和草地畜牧业可持续发展的有效途径。本研究选择肃南县山地草原区放牧绵羊生产为研究对象,根据草畜平衡动态评价模型和家畜个体精准管理模型分析获得的草畜平衡优化方案和精准管理方案,跟踪测定了典型牧户绵羊产毛量、毛品质、不同季节绵羊体重、体况、年龄,采集了冷季饲草料样品并分析了主要营养指标,以及收入与支出情况,分析了家畜生产性能变化及牧户经济效益,验证模型分析方案的可靠性和可行性。本研究得出以下结果:
1.在当前饲养管理条件下,枯草季营养供应不能满足家畜需要,草畜不平衡,其中蛋白质供应缺乏比能量缺乏严重,提出母羊补饲料方案。
2.推迟产羔时间可提高羔羊生长发育,有助于实现草畜平衡。5月份产羔羔羊初生重比4月份高0.3 kg,1月龄和2月龄体重也高于4月份产羔羔羊。出栏重5月份出生羔羊较4月份低4~5kg,但生长期少1个月,且5月份产羔牧户收入高于4月份产羔,这一结果与草畜平衡动态评价模型分析结果一致。
3.冷季暖棚舍饲和补饲+放牧饲饲养模式能够有效的提高绵羊生产效率和效益。冷季暖棚舍饲、补饲+放牧和放牧三种饲养方式试验表明,暖棚舍饲和补饲+放牧能够有效减轻绵羊越冬体重损失,改善次年配种时母羊体重和体况,提高受胎率、产羔率和产毛量,增加牧户的经济效益,这与模型分析结果一致。
4.精准管理可以明显提高家畜生产水平和牧户经济效益,降低家畜存栏量。2试验户在应用精准管理模式淘汰效益不良个体后,存栏量分别下降13.65%和9.38%,收入分别增加了18.07%和4.2%,而未应用精准管理的牧户存栏量上升,收入下降7.4%,与模型分析结果相吻合。与此同时,如果继续采用精准管理技术,仍可进一步降低存栏量43.87%～46.34%。
Natural grassland is not only the most important production and life resources for local people, it’s also the important water conservation. Grassland degeneration has become a serious ecological and social problem, overgrazing is one of the most important reasons for degeneration. Feed balance is the sole criterion to realize grassland restoration and grassland livestocking sustainable development. This study chooses grazing sheep production in Sunan County as the research object, according to the prioritization scheme from feed balance model and livestock precision management model, Through determination of typical farmers’sheep age, wool yield, wool quility, body weight and body condition in difference season, analysis primary nutrition of grass in cold season, collect herdsmen's cost and income situation, analysis change of the livestock production and herdsmen's economic benefit, analysis livestock productivity changing and herdsmen's economic effectiveness, to check responsibility and feasibility of modle results. draw the following results:
1. In currunt feed and management conditon, ewe's nutrition supplements not enough in cold season, the feed is unbalance, and lackage of protein seriously than energy. Put forward forage project for ewes.
2. Delay lambing time could improve lamb growth and development, should contributed to realize feed balance. Birth weight of lamb in May is higher 0.3 kg than lamb in April, and one month weight, two month weight higher than April lamb all above. Sold weight of May lamb lower 4~5kg than April lamb, but growth period lower one month. so income higher than lambing in April. The result is consistent with the model results.
3. Used pen feed and grazing with supplementary pattern could improve sheep production efficiency and effectiveness. The experiment results showed that supplementary could slowdown ewe's loss condition in cold season , improve ewe’s body weight and body condition in next mating timebring, enhance pregnancy rate, lambing rate and wool yeild, increase income for herdsmen. The results is consistent with the model results.
4. Precise management could improve the livestock production level and economic benefits obviouslily, decrease livestock number. After use precision management pattern eliminated poor benefits livestock, the breeding stock of experimnet group reduced 13.65% and 9.38%, in the same times the income increase 18.07% and 4.2%, respectively, but test group not applicated precision management pattern, livestock number increase but income decresae 7.4%. The results is coincide with model results. If continue use the precision mannagement technique, should still reduce breeding stock 43.87～46.34%.
1.在当前饲养管理条件下,枯草季营养供应不能满足家畜需要,草畜不平衡,其中蛋白质供应缺乏比能量缺乏严重,提出母羊补饲料方案。
2.推迟产羔时间可提高羔羊生长发育,有助于实现草畜平衡。5月份产羔羔羊初生重比4月份高0.3 kg,1月龄和2月龄体重也高于4月份产羔羔羊。出栏重5月份出生羔羊较4月份低4~5kg,但生长期少1个月,且5月份产羔牧户收入高于4月份产羔,这一结果与草畜平衡动态评价模型分析结果一致。
3.冷季暖棚舍饲和补饲+放牧饲饲养模式能够有效的提高绵羊生产效率和效益。冷季暖棚舍饲、补饲+放牧和放牧三种饲养方式试验表明,暖棚舍饲和补饲+放牧能够有效减轻绵羊越冬体重损失,改善次年配种时母羊体重和体况,提高受胎率、产羔率和产毛量,增加牧户的经济效益,这与模型分析结果一致。
4.精准管理可以明显提高家畜生产水平和牧户经济效益,降低家畜存栏量。2试验户在应用精准管理模式淘汰效益不良个体后,存栏量分别下降13.65%和9.38%,收入分别增加了18.07%和4.2%,而未应用精准管理的牧户存栏量上升,收入下降7.4%,与模型分析结果相吻合。与此同时,如果继续采用精准管理技术,仍可进一步降低存栏量43.87%～46.34%。
Natural grassland is not only the most important production and life resources for local people, it’s also the important water conservation. Grassland degeneration has become a serious ecological and social problem, overgrazing is one of the most important reasons for degeneration. Feed balance is the sole criterion to realize grassland restoration and grassland livestocking sustainable development. This study chooses grazing sheep production in Sunan County as the research object, according to the prioritization scheme from feed balance model and livestock precision management model, Through determination of typical farmers’sheep age, wool yield, wool quility, body weight and body condition in difference season, analysis primary nutrition of grass in cold season, collect herdsmen's cost and income situation, analysis change of the livestock production and herdsmen's economic benefit, analysis livestock productivity changing and herdsmen's economic effectiveness, to check responsibility and feasibility of modle results. draw the following results:
1. In currunt feed and management conditon, ewe's nutrition supplements not enough in cold season, the feed is unbalance, and lackage of protein seriously than energy. Put forward forage project for ewes.
2. Delay lambing time could improve lamb growth and development, should contributed to realize feed balance. Birth weight of lamb in May is higher 0.3 kg than lamb in April, and one month weight, two month weight higher than April lamb all above. Sold weight of May lamb lower 4~5kg than April lamb, but growth period lower one month. so income higher than lambing in April. The result is consistent with the model results.
3. Used pen feed and grazing with supplementary pattern could improve sheep production efficiency and effectiveness. The experiment results showed that supplementary could slowdown ewe's loss condition in cold season , improve ewe’s body weight and body condition in next mating timebring, enhance pregnancy rate, lambing rate and wool yeild, increase income for herdsmen. The results is consistent with the model results.
4. Precise management could improve the livestock production level and economic benefits obviouslily, decrease livestock number. After use precision management pattern eliminated poor benefits livestock, the breeding stock of experimnet group reduced 13.65% and 9.38%, in the same times the income increase 18.07% and 4.2%, respectively, but test group not applicated precision management pattern, livestock number increase but income decresae 7.4%. The results is coincide with model results. If continue use the precision mannagement technique, should still reduce breeding stock 43.87～46.34%.
引文
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