三峡库区马尾松林凋落物分解及对土壤碳库动态的影响研究
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摘要
森林凋落物分解是陆地生态系统土壤有机质、有机养分矿化和碳平衡形成的重要过程,植物凋落物的数量和质量对土壤碳库和养分循环起着重要作用。森林土壤碳库存储了全球土壤碳库的40%,全球每年通过凋落物分解归还到土壤的有机碳约为50Gt,凋落物分解(包括根凋落物)对总年碳通量贡献70%,大约68PgCa-1(Pg=1015g),因此,森林生态系统土壤碳的微小变化,都会对地-气碳交换过程、大气中CO2浓度产生较大的影响。
三峡库区地处长江中上游,是我国生态环境保护的重点地区；马尾松林是三峡库区主要植被类型之一,对其凋落物产量、基质质量、分解速率、养分归还与土壤养分、碳库间的关系进行研究,为凋落物分解对土壤碳库年动态影响提供重要的科学积累,为探讨三峡库区气候变化对土壤碳储量及养分循环的可能性影响和适应性措施提供科学依据,为亚热带地区森林的可持续经营和增汇潜力提供参考,对凋落物-土壤生物化学连续体的生态过程的更深层理解有重要意义。
本研究以20年生(YS=younger stand with20years old)、30年生(MS=middle-aged stand with30years old)和46年生(OS=older stand with46years old)马尾松林为研究对象,于2010年6月至2011年12月用凋落物失重法对马尾松林混合凋落物、凋落物叶分解动态进行研究,并对其主要影响因素气候(土壤温度、水分含量)、基质质量、土壤动物、气候变化(模拟N沉降)等进行研究和分析,以探讨马尾松林凋落物输入的质和量对土壤碳库的影响过程,结果表明：
1.20年生、30年生和46年生马尾松林凋落物年产量分别为3.38、4.69、5.60t·ha-1·a-1;凋落物总产量和叶产量均为单峰模式,即11月最高,2月最低。各组织器官凋落物产量大小顺序是：花果<皮<枝<碎屑<叶。凋落物各组分变化规律差异较大,凋落物叶含量最高；花果等繁殖器官3种林分中明显不同,OS最高(2.7%),MS最低(0.6%)；3林分中花凋落的时间也有明显不同,MS主要在4月份,YS和OS则主要在5月份凋落。凋落物产量与气温呈反比,与降雨量和风速相关但不显著。
2.凋落物分解540d后,20年生林分干重剩余率是63.57%,30年生是59.8%,46年生林分是65.50%,分解模式类似。20年生、30年生、46年生林分凋落物分解50%、95%的时间分别是2.4a、10.36a、2.11a、9.15a、2.35a、10.07a。混合凋落物分解360d后,20年生林分凋落物叶比混合凋落物分解快3.33%,30年生和46年生林分则是混合凋落物比凋落物叶分解分别快10.38%、4.67%。
3.凋落物分解速率与土壤温度、水分含量呈正相关但非线性关系,与土壤水分含量/温度比呈二项式回归关系,土壤水分含量/土壤温度比在0.5-2.0时凋落物分解相对较快,土壤水分含量/土壤温度比在2.0-5.0时凋落物分解相对较慢；凋落物分解速率与N含量、N/P比呈正相关,与P含量、Mn含量呈负二项式回归关系,与C/N比呈负相关,与C/P比呈正二项式回归关系；土壤动物对凋落物分解作用明显,微孔径<中孔径<大孔径；凋落物分解干重剩余率与多酚氧化酶活性关系呈正相关,与过氧化物酶活性呈负相关。
凋落物分解影响因素主成分分析表明：凋落物分解影响因素顺序是土壤动物 4.N沉降对凋落物分解速率前期影响不显著,后期影响明显,对凋落物基质质量影响较大。分解540d后,与对照相比,低氮(LN/MN)促进分解,高氮(HN)均抑制分解；N沉降对30年生林分凋落物碳释放速率影响最大,明显改变凋落物N含量净固持、P含量净释放比重；N沉降对凋落物C/N比、C/P比、N/P比的影响差异显著；土壤动物在分解过程中对N沉降响应显著。林龄、处理时间和N沉降对凋落物分解影响的方程分析结果表明,林龄、处理时间和N沉降四个梯度均显著。
5.马尾松林土壤有机质、总氮含量变化均为30年生<20年生<46年生,且土壤有机质、总氮含量差异均显著(P<0.05),而土壤铵态氮含量是30年生<46年生<20年生,硝态氮含量则是46年生<20年生<30年生。马尾松林土壤pH值季节变化明显,土壤容重季节动态差异显著。马尾松林土壤碳密度变化不同,4个季节0-20cm.土壤碳储量均是30年生<20年生<46年生,且随着林分年龄的增加,土壤碳储量季节动态差异变大；同一林分不同土层对土壤碳储量贡献差异显著,0-5cm贡献最大。
6.马尾松林凋落物年归还的K、Ca、Mg含量随着林龄的增加而增加,土壤养分含量与凋落物基质质量呈正比,土壤养分含量高,凋落物基质质量相对较好；土壤养分与凋落物分解速率成反比,土壤养分贫瘠的凋落物比土壤养分丰富的凋落物养分释放快；土壤表层养分中C/N比、C/P比越高,凋落物N含量固持越快,P含量释放越慢。凋落物各指标对土壤养分和碳库的影响顺序是：养分归还量<凋落物产量<基质质量(C/N比、木质素/N比等)<凋落物分解速率和C释放速率。
凋落物层碳年归还量随林龄增加而增加,凋落物层和土壤碳库分别为1.85、39.52,2.62、26.12,3.22、66.69t·ha-1,凋落物层碳年归还量分别占土壤碳库的4.68%、10.03%和4.83%,30年生林分凋落物层碳对土壤碳库的贡献明显大于20年生和46年生林分。
7.不同林型凋落物基质质量、分解速率与土壤养分相互作用更明显。不同林型凋落物分解速率是马尾松林<栓皮栎林<混交林,凋落物基质质量差异较大,起始凋落物C含量大小顺序是混交林<栓皮栎林<马尾松林,分解450d后碳释放速率是混交林最快,栓皮栎林最慢；起始凋落物N含量是栓皮栎最高,马尾松林最低,分解450d后固持量明显不同,大小顺序是混交林(44.52%)<栓皮栎(44.91%)<马尾松林(66.67%)。3种林型凋落物基质质量均与N含量、N/P比呈正相关,与P含量、Mn含量呈负二项式回归关系,与C/N比呈负相关,与C/P比呈正二项式回归关系。3种林型土壤有机质0-5cm均是马尾松林<混交林<栓皮栎林。除了11月份,栓皮栎林0-20cm土壤碳储量均高于马尾松林和混交林,3种林型中均是0-5cm对土壤0-20cm土壤碳储量贡献最大。
总之,马尾松林凋落物年产量、基质质量、年归还量和分解速率共同决定土壤碳库。本研究中凋落物年产量和归还量随着林龄的增加而增大,凋落物基质质量起始碳、氮含量差异不显著,凋落物叶分解速率和碳释放速率均是30年生最高,20年生最低,土壤碳库则是30年生最低,46年生最高,即3种马尾松林分土壤碳库和养分与凋落物产量、基质质量和养分归还明显不同,与凋落物分解速率相反,说明凋落物分解速率对土壤碳库的影响较凋落物年产量和基质质量大,土壤养分差的林分因缓解对植物生长的限制而加快凋落物分解；土壤养分差的马尾松林固碳潜力相对较差,通过调整和优化林龄、混交林结构具有较大的增汇潜力。
Forest litter decomposition is an important step in terrestrial ecosystems soil organic matter, mineralization and formation carbon balance. The quantity and qualityof litter also play important role in soil carbon storgage and nutrient cycle. Forest soil carbon pools have40%of the global soil carbon pool, global annual litter returned by decomposition rate to soil organic carbon is about50Gt. The contribute of litter decomposition (including of the root litter) in total annual carbon flux was70%with about68Pg C a-1(Pg=1015g), so small changes in forest ecosystems will affect the process of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange and atmosphere CO2concentration.
Three Gorges Reservoir Area locates in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which is a key ecological environment protection area. Pinus massoniana forest is one of important vegetations of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, studes on the relationship between litterfall, substrate quality, decomposition rate and nutrient return to soil nutrients would help to investigate the possible effects of climate change to soil caron storage and nutrients cycling and provide a scientific basis of suitability, and also contribute to further understanding forest floor dynamic assessment and litter-soil biochemistry continuum and provide a reference for sub-tropical regions sustainable forest management and increasing the exchange potential.
Our object was studied on decomposition couse of younger stand with20years old (YS)、 middle-aged stand with30years old (MS) and older stand with46years old (OS) Pinus massoniana mixed litter and litter leaf by litter weight loss method from June2010to December2011, research and principal component analysis the main influence factors including climate (soil temperature and water content), substrate quality, soil fauna and nitrogen deposition and so on. The study would illustrate the influence and contribution of the litter quality and quantity imput to soil carbon pools. The results showed that:
1. The litterfall in20years old (YS),30years old (MS) and46years old (OS) Pinus massoniana stands were3.38,4.69and5.60t·ha-1·a-1, respectively. The monthly dynamic of total litterfall was similar with litter leaves in three Pinus massoniana stands, both were single peak mode, which was most in November, least was in February. The order of litterfall in each organs:floweres and fruits 2. The litter leaves decomposition rate with dry mass remain rate after540d were63.5%in YS,59.8%in MS and65.5%in OS. The decomposition mode in three stands was similar. The litter decomposition rate constant was0.29,0.33and0.30in YS, MS and OS, respectively. Predicted decomposition50%,95%in three stands were2.4a,10.36a;2.11a,9.15a;2.35a,10.07a. The mixed litter decomposition rate after360d were faster3.33%than mixed litter in YS, while the decomposition rate of mixed litter were faster10.38%,4.67%than the litter leaves in MS and OS, respectively.
3. Litter decomposition rate was positively correlated but non-linear with soil temperature and water content instead by a polynomial function with soil water content/soil temperature ratio (SWC/ST). Litter decomposition rate was relatively fast when SWC/ST ratio was0.5-2.0, which was relatively slow when SWC/ST ratio was0.5-2.0. Litter decomposition rate in three stands was positive correlation with nitrogen content and N/P ratio, negative correlation with C/N ratio, and negative quadratic function with phosphorus content and Mn content, positive quadratic function with C/P ratio. Soil fauna obvious increased litter decomposition rate, micro-pore size The influence order of factors of litter decomposition was soil fauna 4. The influence of simulated nigrogen deposition to the litter decomposition rate was bigger in late stage than in early stage. Compared with control (CK), low nitrogen (LN) improved the decomposition rate while higher nitrogen (HN) slowed down decomposition rate after540d exposure. The influence of nigrogen deposition to carbon release was most in MS, followed by YS, least in OS, the influence of nigrogen deposition to the amount of nitrogen net retention and phosphorus net release was great. The response of soil fauna to nitrogen deposition was obvious. Analysis of variance results showed that forest age, processing time and N deposition on decomposition were significant.
5. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents both were MS 6. K, Ca, Mg nutrient contents by soil surface litter return were increased with stand age. Soil nutrient content was high with relatively high litter substrate quality, opposite, soil nutrient poor accompanied relatively low litter quality. Soil nutrient content was negative correlation with litter decomposition rate, litter decomposition rate from poor soil nutrient contents was faster than in soil rich nutrients. The higher was C/N ratio, C/P ratio in soil surface nutrient, retaining the faster was litter N content, the release sooner was P content. The influence order of litter index to soil nutrients and carbon pools were nutrients return Carbon contents in litter layer were increasing with stand age, carbon pools of litter layers and soil in YS, MS and OS were1.85.39.52,2.62,26.12,3.22.66.69t·ha-1, respectively. The percentage of litter layers in soil carbon pools were4.68%,10.03%and4.83%, the contribution of litter layers to soil carbon pools were obvious bigger in MS than in YS and OS.
7. The litter decomposition rate and substrate quality of coniferous stand, broad-leaved stand and mixed stand were obvious different. The order of litter decomposition rate in three forest types was Pinus massoniana stand- In conclusion, litterfall, substrate quality, and annual nutrients return and decomposition rate together decided to soil carbon pools in Pinus massoniana stands. Annual litterfall and return contents were increasing with stand age, while substrate quality carbon was no significant difference, decomposition rate and carbon release rate were highest in MS, lowest in YS and soil carbon pools was lowest in MS, highest in OS. Soil carbon pools and nutrients contents dynamics in three Pinus massoniana stands were significantly different with litterfall, substrate quality and nutrients returns and opposite trend with littter decomposition rate, which indicated that the influence of decomposition rate to soil carbon pools was more important than annual litterfall and subatrate quality. The stands with poor soil nutrients contents would promote litter decomposition rate for relieving the restrictions of plant growth. Pinus massoniana stands with poor soil nutrients accompanied relatively poor carbon sequestration potential and would have greater potential for increasing carbon sink through the adjustment and optimization of forest age and mixed structure.
三峡库区地处长江中上游,是我国生态环境保护的重点地区；马尾松林是三峡库区主要植被类型之一,对其凋落物产量、基质质量、分解速率、养分归还与土壤养分、碳库间的关系进行研究,为凋落物分解对土壤碳库年动态影响提供重要的科学积累,为探讨三峡库区气候变化对土壤碳储量及养分循环的可能性影响和适应性措施提供科学依据,为亚热带地区森林的可持续经营和增汇潜力提供参考,对凋落物-土壤生物化学连续体的生态过程的更深层理解有重要意义。
本研究以20年生(YS=younger stand with20years old)、30年生(MS=middle-aged stand with30years old)和46年生(OS=older stand with46years old)马尾松林为研究对象,于2010年6月至2011年12月用凋落物失重法对马尾松林混合凋落物、凋落物叶分解动态进行研究,并对其主要影响因素气候(土壤温度、水分含量)、基质质量、土壤动物、气候变化(模拟N沉降)等进行研究和分析,以探讨马尾松林凋落物输入的质和量对土壤碳库的影响过程,结果表明：
1.20年生、30年生和46年生马尾松林凋落物年产量分别为3.38、4.69、5.60t·ha-1·a-1;凋落物总产量和叶产量均为单峰模式,即11月最高,2月最低。各组织器官凋落物产量大小顺序是：花果<皮<枝<碎屑<叶。凋落物各组分变化规律差异较大,凋落物叶含量最高；花果等繁殖器官3种林分中明显不同,OS最高(2.7%),MS最低(0.6%)；3林分中花凋落的时间也有明显不同,MS主要在4月份,YS和OS则主要在5月份凋落。凋落物产量与气温呈反比,与降雨量和风速相关但不显著。
2.凋落物分解540d后,20年生林分干重剩余率是63.57%,30年生是59.8%,46年生林分是65.50%,分解模式类似。20年生、30年生、46年生林分凋落物分解50%、95%的时间分别是2.4a、10.36a、2.11a、9.15a、2.35a、10.07a。混合凋落物分解360d后,20年生林分凋落物叶比混合凋落物分解快3.33%,30年生和46年生林分则是混合凋落物比凋落物叶分解分别快10.38%、4.67%。
3.凋落物分解速率与土壤温度、水分含量呈正相关但非线性关系,与土壤水分含量/温度比呈二项式回归关系,土壤水分含量/土壤温度比在0.5-2.0时凋落物分解相对较快,土壤水分含量/土壤温度比在2.0-5.0时凋落物分解相对较慢；凋落物分解速率与N含量、N/P比呈正相关,与P含量、Mn含量呈负二项式回归关系,与C/N比呈负相关,与C/P比呈正二项式回归关系；土壤动物对凋落物分解作用明显,微孔径<中孔径<大孔径；凋落物分解干重剩余率与多酚氧化酶活性关系呈正相关,与过氧化物酶活性呈负相关。
凋落物分解影响因素主成分分析表明：凋落物分解影响因素顺序是土壤动物
5.马尾松林土壤有机质、总氮含量变化均为30年生<20年生<46年生,且土壤有机质、总氮含量差异均显著(P<0.05),而土壤铵态氮含量是30年生<46年生<20年生,硝态氮含量则是46年生<20年生<30年生。马尾松林土壤pH值季节变化明显,土壤容重季节动态差异显著。马尾松林土壤碳密度变化不同,4个季节0-20cm.土壤碳储量均是30年生<20年生<46年生,且随着林分年龄的增加,土壤碳储量季节动态差异变大；同一林分不同土层对土壤碳储量贡献差异显著,0-5cm贡献最大。
6.马尾松林凋落物年归还的K、Ca、Mg含量随着林龄的增加而增加,土壤养分含量与凋落物基质质量呈正比,土壤养分含量高,凋落物基质质量相对较好；土壤养分与凋落物分解速率成反比,土壤养分贫瘠的凋落物比土壤养分丰富的凋落物养分释放快；土壤表层养分中C/N比、C/P比越高,凋落物N含量固持越快,P含量释放越慢。凋落物各指标对土壤养分和碳库的影响顺序是：养分归还量<凋落物产量<基质质量(C/N比、木质素/N比等)<凋落物分解速率和C释放速率。
凋落物层碳年归还量随林龄增加而增加,凋落物层和土壤碳库分别为1.85、39.52,2.62、26.12,3.22、66.69t·ha-1,凋落物层碳年归还量分别占土壤碳库的4.68%、10.03%和4.83%,30年生林分凋落物层碳对土壤碳库的贡献明显大于20年生和46年生林分。
7.不同林型凋落物基质质量、分解速率与土壤养分相互作用更明显。不同林型凋落物分解速率是马尾松林<栓皮栎林<混交林,凋落物基质质量差异较大,起始凋落物C含量大小顺序是混交林<栓皮栎林<马尾松林,分解450d后碳释放速率是混交林最快,栓皮栎林最慢；起始凋落物N含量是栓皮栎最高,马尾松林最低,分解450d后固持量明显不同,大小顺序是混交林(44.52%)<栓皮栎(44.91%)<马尾松林(66.67%)。3种林型凋落物基质质量均与N含量、N/P比呈正相关,与P含量、Mn含量呈负二项式回归关系,与C/N比呈负相关,与C/P比呈正二项式回归关系。3种林型土壤有机质0-5cm均是马尾松林<混交林<栓皮栎林。除了11月份,栓皮栎林0-20cm土壤碳储量均高于马尾松林和混交林,3种林型中均是0-5cm对土壤0-20cm土壤碳储量贡献最大。
总之,马尾松林凋落物年产量、基质质量、年归还量和分解速率共同决定土壤碳库。本研究中凋落物年产量和归还量随着林龄的增加而增大,凋落物基质质量起始碳、氮含量差异不显著,凋落物叶分解速率和碳释放速率均是30年生最高,20年生最低,土壤碳库则是30年生最低,46年生最高,即3种马尾松林分土壤碳库和养分与凋落物产量、基质质量和养分归还明显不同,与凋落物分解速率相反,说明凋落物分解速率对土壤碳库的影响较凋落物年产量和基质质量大,土壤养分差的林分因缓解对植物生长的限制而加快凋落物分解；土壤养分差的马尾松林固碳潜力相对较差,通过调整和优化林龄、混交林结构具有较大的增汇潜力。
Forest litter decomposition is an important step in terrestrial ecosystems soil organic matter, mineralization and formation carbon balance. The quantity and qualityof litter also play important role in soil carbon storgage and nutrient cycle. Forest soil carbon pools have40%of the global soil carbon pool, global annual litter returned by decomposition rate to soil organic carbon is about50Gt. The contribute of litter decomposition (including of the root litter) in total annual carbon flux was70%with about68Pg C a-1(Pg=1015g), so small changes in forest ecosystems will affect the process of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange and atmosphere CO2concentration.
Three Gorges Reservoir Area locates in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which is a key ecological environment protection area. Pinus massoniana forest is one of important vegetations of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, studes on the relationship between litterfall, substrate quality, decomposition rate and nutrient return to soil nutrients would help to investigate the possible effects of climate change to soil caron storage and nutrients cycling and provide a scientific basis of suitability, and also contribute to further understanding forest floor dynamic assessment and litter-soil biochemistry continuum and provide a reference for sub-tropical regions sustainable forest management and increasing the exchange potential.
Our object was studied on decomposition couse of younger stand with20years old (YS)、 middle-aged stand with30years old (MS) and older stand with46years old (OS) Pinus massoniana mixed litter and litter leaf by litter weight loss method from June2010to December2011, research and principal component analysis the main influence factors including climate (soil temperature and water content), substrate quality, soil fauna and nitrogen deposition and so on. The study would illustrate the influence and contribution of the litter quality and quantity imput to soil carbon pools. The results showed that:
1. The litterfall in20years old (YS),30years old (MS) and46years old (OS) Pinus massoniana stands were3.38,4.69and5.60t·ha-1·a-1, respectively. The monthly dynamic of total litterfall was similar with litter leaves in three Pinus massoniana stands, both were single peak mode, which was most in November, least was in February. The order of litterfall in each organs:floweres and fruits
3. Litter decomposition rate was positively correlated but non-linear with soil temperature and water content instead by a polynomial function with soil water content/soil temperature ratio (SWC/ST). Litter decomposition rate was relatively fast when SWC/ST ratio was0.5-2.0, which was relatively slow when SWC/ST ratio was0.5-2.0. Litter decomposition rate in three stands was positive correlation with nitrogen content and N/P ratio, negative correlation with C/N ratio, and negative quadratic function with phosphorus content and Mn content, positive quadratic function with C/P ratio. Soil fauna obvious increased litter decomposition rate, micro-pore size
5. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents both were MS
7. The litter decomposition rate and substrate quality of coniferous stand, broad-leaved stand and mixed stand were obvious different. The order of litter decomposition rate in three forest types was Pinus massoniana stand-
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