竹炭与竹醋液对猪粪堆肥过程污染物控制效果及堆肥资源化利用研究
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摘要
随着我国规模化生猪养殖业的快速发展,养殖废弃物N、P养分流失已成为我国水环境污染的主要贡献者,并逐渐成为生猪养殖业健康可持续发展的限制性因素。因此,开展生猪养殖废弃物污染控制与资源化利用技术研究意义重大,可为解决我国农村环境问题和保障农业可持续发展提供技术支撑。堆肥是实现猪粪无害化处理和资源化利用的一项有效措施。本研究针对传统猪粪堆肥过程存在升温启动慢、脱水效率低、氮素损失严重、重金属钝化效果差等问题,以规模化生猪养殖鲜粪为堆肥原料,系统研究了竹炭和竹醋液添加对猪粪堆肥快速升温、脱水、氮素损失控制、磷素活性调节和重金属钝化效果的影响；并通过温室盆栽试验研究了添加竹炭及竹醋液对猪粪堆肥产品肥效与品质的影响。研究成果可为猪粪堆肥过程中的升温、脱水、氮素损失控制、磷素活化、重金属钝化,以及堆肥产品的资源化利用提供新的技术途径。主要研究结果如下：
(1)通过猪粪好氧堆肥试验,重点研究了分别添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”对堆肥过程中温度、脱水率、发芽指数以及微生物群落多样性的影响。研究发现,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”不仅可促进堆肥反应快速升温,延长堆肥高温期,提高堆肥产品的脱水率和发芽指数,而且可丰富堆肥微生物群落多样性。与对照相比,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”使猪粪堆肥升温期缩短24-72h,高温期延长216-288 h,产品最终脱水率提高11.3%-21.4%,种子发芽指数提高13.3%-77.0%。
(2)研究了“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”的添加对猪粪堆肥过程氮素损失控制及磷素活化的影响。试验结果表明,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”可明显提高猪粪堆肥产品中铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮、有机磷和有效磷的含量,显著降低猪粪堆肥过程中氮素的损失。与对照相比,添加3%、6%、9%竹炭及3%竹炭+0.2%竹醋液、3%竹炭+0.4%竹醋液和3%竹炭+0.6%竹醋液的处理可使猪粪堆肥过程氮素损失分别减少28%、61%、65%、66%、74%和50%,可见氮素损失随着竹炭添加量的提高而减少,添加适当比例的竹炭和竹醋液对堆肥过程中的氮素损失具有协同控制效果。
(3)探讨了分别添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属CU、Zn的钝化效果,以及对堆肥产品蚯蚓急性毒性效应的影响。结果表明,添加竹炭可显著降低堆肥物料DTPA提取态Cu、Zn的浓度,重金属Cu、Zn的钝化效果随着竹炭添加量的增加而提高,而添加“竹炭+竹醋液”可进一步增强对Cu、Zn的钝化效果。与对照相比,添加3%、6%、9%竹炭及3%竹炭+0.2%竹醋液、3%竹炭+0.4%竹醋液和3%竹炭+0.6%竹醋液的处理使猪粪堆肥产品Cu的分配系数(DTPA提取态Cu浓度/Cu总浓度)分别降低6.2%、29.0%、35.1%、10.5%、13.7%和11.2%,Zn的分配系数(DTPA提取态Zn浓度/Zn总浓度)分别降低18.6%、30.9%、39.2%、28.6%、29.0%和28.7%。此外,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”还可减轻堆肥浸提液对蚯蚓产生的急性毒性,显著降低堆肥浸提液对蚯蚓的48 h致死率。
(4)以黑麦草和黄瓜为试材,通过温室盆栽试验研究了猪粪堆肥产品对盆栽基质理化性质和植物生长状况的影响。试验结果表明,猪粪堆肥尤其是施加含“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”的堆肥产品可显著提高土壤肥力,当施加15%的猪粪堆肥产品时黑麦草的生长状况最佳,当施加含9%竹炭的猪粪堆肥产品时黑麦草对DTPA提取态Cu、Zn的吸收明显减少。与不含竹炭的堆肥产品相比,采用含竹炭的堆肥产品替代部分泥炭,可使盆栽基质中的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量显著提高,而Cu、Zn含量则显著降低。研究还发现,采用猪粪堆肥产品替代部分泥炭有利于培育黄瓜壮苗,当替代比例为25%时可获得最大的黄瓜壮苗指数,与不含竹炭堆肥相比,竹炭堆肥更有利于壮苗指数的提高。
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus has been the main contributor of water environment pollution with the development of pig breeding in China So it's important to develop the technology of pollution control and resource utilization for pig breeding waste, which can resolve the rural environment problem and ensure the continuable development of agriculture. Composting is the effective method to realize the disposal and resource utilization of pig manure (PM). In this thesis, lab scale experiments were carried out to study the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) and bamboo vinegar (BV) adding on temperature rising, dehydrating, nitrogen conservation, phosphorus activing and heavy metal immobilizing during pig manure composting. The effects of BC and BV on compost fertilizer efficiency and quality were also studied through greenhouse pot experiment. The results can provid new technology approach for the temperature rising, dehydrating, nitrogen conservation, phosphorus activing and heavy metal immobilizing during pig manure composting and resource utilization of compost. The main results of this thesis are as following:
(1) The effects of BC and BC+BV addition on temperature rising, dehydrating, germination index, and microbial diversity were mainly studied through PM composting experiment in lab scale. The results indicated that the addition of BC and BC+BV could accelerate temperature rising, prolong thermophilic phase, increase dehydration rate and germination index, and also enrich microbial diversity compared to the control. The addition of BC and BC+BV reduced by 24-72 h for temperature rising to thermophilic phase, prolonged thermophilic phase by 216-288 h, increased the last dehydration rate by 11.3%-21.4%, and increased the germination index by 13.32%-77.04%.
(2) The effects of BC and BC+BV on nitrogen conservation and phosphorus activation during PM composting were studied. The results indicated that the addition of BC and BC+BV could obviously increase the content of ammonium nitogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and available phosphorus in compost and decrease nitrogen loss during composting, compared to the control. The addition of 3% BC,6% BC,9% BC,3%BC+0.2%BV,3%BC+0.4%BV and 3%BC+0.6%BV could reduce nitrogen loss by 28%,61%,65%,66%,74% and 50%, respectively, compared to the control during composting. BC addition could reduce nitrogen loss and nitrogen loss decreased with increased BC addition during PM composting. These results suggested that the addition of BC+BV could be an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during PM composting. The combined addition of BC and BV could be an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during PM composting.
(3) The effects of BC and BC+BV amendment on Cu, Zn immobilization and the acute toxicity of compost extract liquid aqueous on earthworms were studied. The results indicated that the addition of BC could obviously reduce the contents of DTPA extractable Cu and Zn and the bioavailability of Cu and Zn. The bioavailability of Cu and Zn reduced with increased BC addition, and the addition of BC+BV could futher reduce the bioavailability of Cu and Zn. The addition of 3% BC,6% BC,9% BC, 3%BC+0.2%BV,3%BC+0.4%BV and 3%BC+0.6%BV could reduce the extraction efficiency (content ratio of DTPA extractable Cu to total Cu) of DTPA extractable Cu by 6.2%,29.0%,35.1%,10.5%,13.7% and 11.2%, and reduced that of Zn by 18.6%, 30.9%,39.2%,28.6%,29.0% and 28.7%, respectively, compared to the control, during composting. Furthermore, the addition of BC and BC+BV could also reduce the acute toxicity of compost extract liquid aqueous on earthworm, and significantly reduce earthworm mortality at 48 h.
(4) The greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PM compost on plant growth and the physical and chemical properties of pot medium The results indicated that compost especially that with BC and BC+BV addition could increase soil fertility obviously. The growth of ryegrass was best with 15% PM compost application. The application of PM compost with 9% BC could even reduce the absorption of ryegrass for DTPA extractable Cu and Zn. Compared to the PM compost without BC, the substitute of part peat by compost with BC could obviously increase the content of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen in potting medium, and also reduce that of Cu and Zn. The substitute of part peat by PM compost could also cultivate strong seedling of cucumber, the biggest seedling index of cucumber was obtained at the ratio of 25% peat substituted by PM compost. Compared to the PM compost without BC, the PM compost with BC could further increase the seedling index of cucumber.
(1)通过猪粪好氧堆肥试验,重点研究了分别添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”对堆肥过程中温度、脱水率、发芽指数以及微生物群落多样性的影响。研究发现,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”不仅可促进堆肥反应快速升温,延长堆肥高温期,提高堆肥产品的脱水率和发芽指数,而且可丰富堆肥微生物群落多样性。与对照相比,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”使猪粪堆肥升温期缩短24-72h,高温期延长216-288 h,产品最终脱水率提高11.3%-21.4%,种子发芽指数提高13.3%-77.0%。
(2)研究了“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”的添加对猪粪堆肥过程氮素损失控制及磷素活化的影响。试验结果表明,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”可明显提高猪粪堆肥产品中铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮、有机磷和有效磷的含量,显著降低猪粪堆肥过程中氮素的损失。与对照相比,添加3%、6%、9%竹炭及3%竹炭+0.2%竹醋液、3%竹炭+0.4%竹醋液和3%竹炭+0.6%竹醋液的处理可使猪粪堆肥过程氮素损失分别减少28%、61%、65%、66%、74%和50%,可见氮素损失随着竹炭添加量的提高而减少,添加适当比例的竹炭和竹醋液对堆肥过程中的氮素损失具有协同控制效果。
(3)探讨了分别添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属CU、Zn的钝化效果,以及对堆肥产品蚯蚓急性毒性效应的影响。结果表明,添加竹炭可显著降低堆肥物料DTPA提取态Cu、Zn的浓度,重金属Cu、Zn的钝化效果随着竹炭添加量的增加而提高,而添加“竹炭+竹醋液”可进一步增强对Cu、Zn的钝化效果。与对照相比,添加3%、6%、9%竹炭及3%竹炭+0.2%竹醋液、3%竹炭+0.4%竹醋液和3%竹炭+0.6%竹醋液的处理使猪粪堆肥产品Cu的分配系数(DTPA提取态Cu浓度/Cu总浓度)分别降低6.2%、29.0%、35.1%、10.5%、13.7%和11.2%,Zn的分配系数(DTPA提取态Zn浓度/Zn总浓度)分别降低18.6%、30.9%、39.2%、28.6%、29.0%和28.7%。此外,添加“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”还可减轻堆肥浸提液对蚯蚓产生的急性毒性,显著降低堆肥浸提液对蚯蚓的48 h致死率。
(4)以黑麦草和黄瓜为试材,通过温室盆栽试验研究了猪粪堆肥产品对盆栽基质理化性质和植物生长状况的影响。试验结果表明,猪粪堆肥尤其是施加含“竹炭”和“竹炭+竹醋液”的堆肥产品可显著提高土壤肥力,当施加15%的猪粪堆肥产品时黑麦草的生长状况最佳,当施加含9%竹炭的猪粪堆肥产品时黑麦草对DTPA提取态Cu、Zn的吸收明显减少。与不含竹炭的堆肥产品相比,采用含竹炭的堆肥产品替代部分泥炭,可使盆栽基质中的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量显著提高,而Cu、Zn含量则显著降低。研究还发现,采用猪粪堆肥产品替代部分泥炭有利于培育黄瓜壮苗,当替代比例为25%时可获得最大的黄瓜壮苗指数,与不含竹炭堆肥相比,竹炭堆肥更有利于壮苗指数的提高。
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus has been the main contributor of water environment pollution with the development of pig breeding in China So it's important to develop the technology of pollution control and resource utilization for pig breeding waste, which can resolve the rural environment problem and ensure the continuable development of agriculture. Composting is the effective method to realize the disposal and resource utilization of pig manure (PM). In this thesis, lab scale experiments were carried out to study the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) and bamboo vinegar (BV) adding on temperature rising, dehydrating, nitrogen conservation, phosphorus activing and heavy metal immobilizing during pig manure composting. The effects of BC and BV on compost fertilizer efficiency and quality were also studied through greenhouse pot experiment. The results can provid new technology approach for the temperature rising, dehydrating, nitrogen conservation, phosphorus activing and heavy metal immobilizing during pig manure composting and resource utilization of compost. The main results of this thesis are as following:
(1) The effects of BC and BC+BV addition on temperature rising, dehydrating, germination index, and microbial diversity were mainly studied through PM composting experiment in lab scale. The results indicated that the addition of BC and BC+BV could accelerate temperature rising, prolong thermophilic phase, increase dehydration rate and germination index, and also enrich microbial diversity compared to the control. The addition of BC and BC+BV reduced by 24-72 h for temperature rising to thermophilic phase, prolonged thermophilic phase by 216-288 h, increased the last dehydration rate by 11.3%-21.4%, and increased the germination index by 13.32%-77.04%.
(2) The effects of BC and BC+BV on nitrogen conservation and phosphorus activation during PM composting were studied. The results indicated that the addition of BC and BC+BV could obviously increase the content of ammonium nitogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and available phosphorus in compost and decrease nitrogen loss during composting, compared to the control. The addition of 3% BC,6% BC,9% BC,3%BC+0.2%BV,3%BC+0.4%BV and 3%BC+0.6%BV could reduce nitrogen loss by 28%,61%,65%,66%,74% and 50%, respectively, compared to the control during composting. BC addition could reduce nitrogen loss and nitrogen loss decreased with increased BC addition during PM composting. These results suggested that the addition of BC+BV could be an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during PM composting. The combined addition of BC and BV could be an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during PM composting.
(3) The effects of BC and BC+BV amendment on Cu, Zn immobilization and the acute toxicity of compost extract liquid aqueous on earthworms were studied. The results indicated that the addition of BC could obviously reduce the contents of DTPA extractable Cu and Zn and the bioavailability of Cu and Zn. The bioavailability of Cu and Zn reduced with increased BC addition, and the addition of BC+BV could futher reduce the bioavailability of Cu and Zn. The addition of 3% BC,6% BC,9% BC, 3%BC+0.2%BV,3%BC+0.4%BV and 3%BC+0.6%BV could reduce the extraction efficiency (content ratio of DTPA extractable Cu to total Cu) of DTPA extractable Cu by 6.2%,29.0%,35.1%,10.5%,13.7% and 11.2%, and reduced that of Zn by 18.6%, 30.9%,39.2%,28.6%,29.0% and 28.7%, respectively, compared to the control, during composting. Furthermore, the addition of BC and BC+BV could also reduce the acute toxicity of compost extract liquid aqueous on earthworm, and significantly reduce earthworm mortality at 48 h.
(4) The greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PM compost on plant growth and the physical and chemical properties of pot medium The results indicated that compost especially that with BC and BC+BV addition could increase soil fertility obviously. The growth of ryegrass was best with 15% PM compost application. The application of PM compost with 9% BC could even reduce the absorption of ryegrass for DTPA extractable Cu and Zn. Compared to the PM compost without BC, the substitute of part peat by compost with BC could obviously increase the content of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen in potting medium, and also reduce that of Cu and Zn. The substitute of part peat by PM compost could also cultivate strong seedling of cucumber, the biggest seedling index of cucumber was obtained at the ratio of 25% peat substituted by PM compost. Compared to the PM compost without BC, the PM compost with BC could further increase the seedling index of cucumber.
引文
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