快速流态化统一动力学模型的构建与模拟研究
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摘要
快速流化床是一种高效的气固接触技术，在化工、冶金、能源等各领域的应用受到人们愈来愈多的关注，显示出了诱人的应用前景。然而，人们对快速床，尤其是高通量快速流化床复杂的气固流动特性的掌握还不够，大部分快速流化床的研究工作是分散和孤立进行的，相互之间缺少必要的联系。为此，本文构建一个快速流态化统一模型。该模型准确描述了各个快速床动力学参数，并通过实验加以验证。本文对快速流化床气固流动特性和放大规律进行了较系统深入的研究。
根据快速流化床的基本流动特性、A型噎塞和C型噎塞的特征与定义，本文建立了一个统一的快速床模型——分相共存模型。以A型噎塞的修正Yang公式为本构方程‘，很好预报了快速床在固体流率不变的条件下降低操作气速时床层由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续过渡。在分相共存快速床动力学模型的基础上进行分析，导出了上部稀相固含率与下部浓相固含率的表达式。同时模型很好预报了高密度快速床的形成，且上下部固含率不再随固体循环流率的增加而发生明显的变化。
通过介观机理解析及子模型的优化，对已建立的快速流化床动力学统一模型进行了改进。包括：i）模型参数n和气相速度有效系数F(β)的介观模型确定方法； ii）A型噎塞Yang公式摩擦系数的实验相关；以及iii）Harris团聚物尺寸关联式的无因次重建。统一模型的预报得到了文献中数百个不同实验结果很好的验证。
推导了快速床底部―一次携带最大固体流率‖Gs,th的计算方法，对快速床颗粒浓度轴向分布由―指数单调下降‖到―S型分布‖的转变做出了合理的解释和预报。分析整理了浓相区高度的实验关联式。推导了过渡段和加速段的―动量平衡高度‖的计算方法，并给出了整个床层固含率轴向分布的模型预报方法。模型对于快速流态化的最小固体流率也做了预报，实现了模型的完整性。
将本模型推广到加压快速流化床实验当中进行验证，得到了相似的结果，为快速流化床系统的结构设计、运行和优化提供参考。
Fast fluidization is a high efficient technology for gas-solids contacting,heat and mass transfer, and reaction process. It has arrested more and moreattention in the chemical industry, metallurgy, energy and other fields,showing very good prospects. However, the master of gas-solid flowcharacteristics of fast fluidization, especially of high-density fluidized bed isnot enough. Most research work was done dispersed and isolated. They arelack of contacting. Therefore，it is necesory to develope a unified model forfast fluidization dynamics, in which various dynamic characteristics andrelated parameters should be fully descripted and predicted.
According to the basic flow characteristics of fast fluidization, thedefinitions of type A choking and type C choking, an separate-phase-coexisted model was established on the thesis. Modified Yang‘s formulapredicting type A choking is used as the ' constitutive equation '. The modelpredicted successfully the continuous transition from type A to type Cchoking under the conditions of constant solid flow rate and reducedoperating gas velocity. Based on the force analysis for the upward dilutephase, the method for calculating the solids holdups of upper and bottomregions were obtained. Then, the model predicted the formation ofhigh-density circulating bed, showing that the solids holdups in the upper and the bottom regions were no longer changed with the increasing solid flowrate after high-density circulating bed formed.
The established dynamic model was further improved through themechanistic analysis and model optimization. They are: i) the mesoscopicmechanistic ananysis to determine model parameter n and gas phase velocityeffective coefficient F(β); ii) the experimental re-correlation of friction factorfor modified Yang‘s formula; iii) the dimensionless reconstruction ofHarris‘s correlation for cluster size. The model results were well matchedwith hundreds experimental results available in the literature.
The calculation method of―the maximum one-though solid carring forthe bottom bed‖Gs,thwas derived. The transition of axial solids holdupdistribution from―exponential function‖to―S distribution‖was explainedreasonably. The calculation method for―momentum balance height‖oftransition section and accelerating section was deducted. Then，the method topredict the axial distribution of bed solids holdup was completed. The modelpredictions of the minimum solid flow rate for fast fluidization were alsoperformed, which brought further the completeness of the model.
Finally, the model was extended to the pressurized circulating fluidizedbed, and similar results were obtained. It provides useful reference forstructure design, operation and optimization of fast fluidized bed system.
根据快速流化床的基本流动特性、A型噎塞和C型噎塞的特征与定义，本文建立了一个统一的快速床模型——分相共存模型。以A型噎塞的修正Yang公式为本构方程‘，很好预报了快速床在固体流率不变的条件下降低操作气速时床层由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续过渡。在分相共存快速床动力学模型的基础上进行分析，导出了上部稀相固含率与下部浓相固含率的表达式。同时模型很好预报了高密度快速床的形成，且上下部固含率不再随固体循环流率的增加而发生明显的变化。
通过介观机理解析及子模型的优化，对已建立的快速流化床动力学统一模型进行了改进。包括：i）模型参数n和气相速度有效系数F(β)的介观模型确定方法； ii）A型噎塞Yang公式摩擦系数的实验相关；以及iii）Harris团聚物尺寸关联式的无因次重建。统一模型的预报得到了文献中数百个不同实验结果很好的验证。
推导了快速床底部―一次携带最大固体流率‖Gs,th的计算方法，对快速床颗粒浓度轴向分布由―指数单调下降‖到―S型分布‖的转变做出了合理的解释和预报。分析整理了浓相区高度的实验关联式。推导了过渡段和加速段的―动量平衡高度‖的计算方法，并给出了整个床层固含率轴向分布的模型预报方法。模型对于快速流态化的最小固体流率也做了预报，实现了模型的完整性。
将本模型推广到加压快速流化床实验当中进行验证，得到了相似的结果，为快速流化床系统的结构设计、运行和优化提供参考。
Fast fluidization is a high efficient technology for gas-solids contacting,heat and mass transfer, and reaction process. It has arrested more and moreattention in the chemical industry, metallurgy, energy and other fields,showing very good prospects. However, the master of gas-solid flowcharacteristics of fast fluidization, especially of high-density fluidized bed isnot enough. Most research work was done dispersed and isolated. They arelack of contacting. Therefore，it is necesory to develope a unified model forfast fluidization dynamics, in which various dynamic characteristics andrelated parameters should be fully descripted and predicted.
According to the basic flow characteristics of fast fluidization, thedefinitions of type A choking and type C choking, an separate-phase-coexisted model was established on the thesis. Modified Yang‘s formulapredicting type A choking is used as the ' constitutive equation '. The modelpredicted successfully the continuous transition from type A to type Cchoking under the conditions of constant solid flow rate and reducedoperating gas velocity. Based on the force analysis for the upward dilutephase, the method for calculating the solids holdups of upper and bottomregions were obtained. Then, the model predicted the formation ofhigh-density circulating bed, showing that the solids holdups in the upper and the bottom regions were no longer changed with the increasing solid flowrate after high-density circulating bed formed.
The established dynamic model was further improved through themechanistic analysis and model optimization. They are: i) the mesoscopicmechanistic ananysis to determine model parameter n and gas phase velocityeffective coefficient F(β); ii) the experimental re-correlation of friction factorfor modified Yang‘s formula; iii) the dimensionless reconstruction ofHarris‘s correlation for cluster size. The model results were well matchedwith hundreds experimental results available in the literature.
The calculation method of―the maximum one-though solid carring forthe bottom bed‖Gs,thwas derived. The transition of axial solids holdupdistribution from―exponential function‖to―S distribution‖was explainedreasonably. The calculation method for―momentum balance height‖oftransition section and accelerating section was deducted. Then，the method topredict the axial distribution of bed solids holdup was completed. The modelpredictions of the minimum solid flow rate for fast fluidization were alsoperformed, which brought further the completeness of the model.
Finally, the model was extended to the pressurized circulating fluidizedbed, and similar results were obtained. It provides useful reference forstructure design, operation and optimization of fast fluidized bed system.
引文
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[1]章明川,张楚,林郁郁,徐旭常.快速床动力学统一模型–由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续转变I：模型构建.工程热物理学报,2011,第32卷第5期:895-899.
[2]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型II：上部稀相与下部浓相固含率的预报.工程热物理学报,2012,第33卷第4期:694-698.
[3]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型III：高密度流化床的预报.工程热物理学报,2013,第34卷第1期:177-180.
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[12] Bi H T, Grace J R, and Zhu J X, Types of choking in vertical pneumatic systems. Int. J. MultiphaseFlow,1993,19:1077-1092.
[13] Xu G, Nomura K, Gao S, and Kato K. More fundamentals of dilute suspension collapse and chockingfor vertical conveying systems. AIChE J.,2001,47:2177-2196.
[14] Harris A T, Davidson J F, and Thorpe R.B. The prediction of particle cluster properties in the near wallregion of a vertical riser, Powder Technology,2002,127:128–143.
[15] Subbarao D. A model for cluster size in risers. Powder Technology,2010,199:48-54.
[16] Ouyang S, and Potter O E, Consistency of circulating fluidized bed experimental data. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res.,1993,32:1041-1045.
[17] Grace J R, Issangya A S, Bai D, Bi H, and Zhu J, Situating the high-density circulating fluidized bed.AIChE J.,1999,45:2108–2116.
[18] Issangya A S, Bai D, Bi H T, Lim K S., Zhu J, and Grace J R, Suspension densities in a high-densitycirculating fluidized bed riser. Chem. Eng. Sci.,1999,54:5451–5460
[1]章明川，张楚，林郁郁，徐旭常.快速床动力学统一模型——由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续转变I：模型构建[J]，工程热物理学报，Vol32,5(2011),895-899.
[2]张楚，林郁郁，章明川.快速床动力学统一模型II——上部稀相与下部浓相固含率的预报[J]，工程热物理学报，Vol33,4(2012),694-698.
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[1]章明川,张楚,林郁郁,徐旭常.快速床动力学统一模型–由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续转变I：模型构建.工程热物理学报,2011,第32卷第5期:895-899.
[2]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型II：上部稀相与下部浓相固含率的预报.工程热物理学报,2012,第33卷第4期:694-698.
[3]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型III：高密度流化床的预报.工程热物理学报,2013,第34卷第1期:177-180.
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[12] Bi H T, Grace J R, and Zhu J X, Types of choking in vertical pneumatic systems. Int. J. MultiphaseFlow,1993,19:1077-1092.
[13] Xu G, Nomura K, Gao S, and Kato K. More fundamentals of dilute suspension collapse and chockingfor vertical conveying systems. AIChE J.,2001,47:2177-2196.
[14] Harris A T, Davidson J F, and Thorpe R.B. The prediction of particle cluster properties in the near wallregion of a vertical riser, Powder Technology,2002,127:128–143.
[15] Subbarao D. A model for cluster size in risers. Powder Technology,2010,199:48-54.
[16] Ouyang S, and Potter O E, Consistency of circulating fluidized bed experimental data. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res.,1993,32:1041-1045.
[17] Grace J R, Issangya A S, Bai D, Bi H, and Zhu J, Situating the high-density circulating fluidized bed.AIChE J.,1999,45:2108–2116.
[18] Issangya A S, Bai D, Bi H T, Lim K S., Zhu J, and Grace J R, Suspension densities in a high-densitycirculating fluidized bed riser. Chem. Eng. Sci.,1999,54:5451–5460
[1]章明川，张楚，林郁郁，徐旭常.快速床动力学统一模型——由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续转变I：模型构建[J]，工程热物理学报，Vol32,5(2011),895-899.
[2]张楚，林郁郁，章明川.快速床动力学统一模型II——上部稀相与下部浓相固含率的预报[J]，工程热物理学报，Vol33,4(2012),694-698.
[3]张楚，林郁郁，章明川.快速床动力学统一模型III：高密度流化床的预报.工程热物理学报,2013,第34卷第1期:177-180.
[4]章明川,张楚.快速床动力学统一模型IV:介观解析与子模型优化.工程热物理学报，2013,第34卷第4期:清样已校.
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[14] Harris A T, Davidson J F, Thorpe R B, The prediction of particle cluster properties in the near wallregion of a vertical riser, Powder Technology127,2002,128–143.
[1]章明川,张楚,林郁郁,徐旭常.快速床动力学统一模型I–由A型噎塞向C型噎塞的连续转变I：模型构建.工程热物理学报,2011,第32卷第5期:895-899.
[2]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型II：上部稀相与下部浓相固含率的预报.工程热物理学报,2012,第33卷第4期:694-698.
[3]张楚,林郁郁,章明川.快速床动力学统一模型III：高密度流化床的预报.工程热物理学报,2013,第34卷第1期:177-180.
[4]章明川,张楚.快速床动力学统一模型IV:介观解析与子模型优化.工程热物理学报，2013,第34卷第4期:清样已校.
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