黄淮海农田防护林体系水分利用同步测算模型与应用研究
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摘要
黄淮海平原是我国重要粮食产区，农田防护林一直是该区农业综合治理与开发、平原绿化工程的重要内容，为农业生产提供了重要的生态保障。水资源紧缺是制约该地区农业及林业可持续发展的最主要生态要素。为应对水资源日益紧缺、气候变化等诸多因素对粮食安全和林业生态建设的影响，黄淮海农田防护林体系建设与发展应以科学协调农林用水关系为前提。深入研究该地区农田防护林体系多尺度种间水分利用关系，对防护林系统模式优化、种间调控管理、林木水分承载力及区域发展规模的确定等具有重要的科学指导意义。
以蒸散及水分利用效率为主要指标的种间水分利用关系虽一直是农林复合系统的重要研究内容，但因复合系统结构的复杂性及模式的多样性以及现有实测技术与模拟模型的局限性，制约研究成果的应用价值，亟待开展多尺度种间水分利用同步测算研究。鉴于地面观测与遥感观测在时空尺度及分辨率各具优势，如能将地面与遥感观测在机理上进行融合，构建一套能够兼顾精度与尺度的星地集成综合模型，利用精确的地面观测数据驱动遥感模型，获取多尺度不同组分蒸散及水分利用效率等数据，则具有很好科学价值及应用前景。目前，在农田防护林系统下垫面条件下，有关此方面的综合模型未见公开报道。
本研究以地处黄淮海平原黑龙港流域的河北省饶阳县官厅农田防护林试验示范区为基地，研究建立农田防护林体系多尺度种间水分利用同步测算的模型，并利用验证后的模型，分析2007年及2008年4－6月10个杨树林网系统杨树与小麦尺度种间水分利用关系，再结合1995年实测数据，分析两个不同林龄阶段防护林网的水分效应。主要结果如下：
（1）基于光能利用效率和Priestley-Taylor的基本原理，研究构建了以遥感观测为主、常规地面观测为辅的各组分植被生产力（GPP）及蒸散耗水（ET）的同步测算模型（简称“星地集成水分利用模拟模型”），将GPP除以ET，可得到WUE模型。模型的空间分辨率为30m、时间分辨率为8d。
（2）将波段光谱性质相近、同一时间段的中等分辨率成像光谱影像数据（MODIS）和陆地卫星（LANDSAT）遥感影像数据，进行动态融合，建立了高时空分辨率的遥感数据库，为模型运行提供数据支撑；
（3）利用小麦及杨树ET及小麦GPP地面测算数据（实测值），对模型进行验证精度进行验证，结果表明：模拟值与实测值存在显著的线性相关关系，其中，小麦ET实测值与模拟值相关系数为0.82，相对误差平均值为14.9％；杨树ET实测值与模拟值相关系数为0.833，相对误差平均值为15.5％，小麦GPP实测值与模拟值相关系数达0.927，相对误差平均值15.62％，所构建的模型具有较高的测算精度，可满足农田防护林体系多尺度种间水分关系及水分效应的同步测算等相关研究工作的要求。
（4）利用星地集成水分利用模拟模型的测算数据，分析表明：冬小麦拔节－乳熟期间，单位面积上，各杨树林网蒸散耗水量略高于冬小麦耗水量。但实际面积上，各林网系统内冬小麦耗水量均高于林带，二者比值（RET）在2007年及2008年分别为3.37－8.18、3.66－7.20。各网格RET值有较大的差异，在10个供试网格系统间的变异率（CV）在2007年、2008年分别达0.14、0.07。该2年10个网格RET平均值分别为5.14、5.06，即在实际面积上作物蒸散耗水远高于林带。说明总体而言，作物耗水仍是农田防护林体系耗水的主要方式，杨树不会与冬小麦发生激烈争水的矛盾。在黄淮海平原农区，适度发展杨树防护林具有可行性。
（6）多数网格内作物和林带的ET和GPP均存在显著的对数或线性函数关系（P<0.05），表明用水量是植物生产力的决定因子之一。冬小麦与林带水分利用效率（WUE）的比值在网格间存在一定的差异，但多数网格作物高于林带。
（7）就以500m×250m，主防护林方向为东-西走向，一路两行（4×8m）的杨树林网－小麦复合系统而言，12a林龄时，在距离林带10m范围内的土壤水分低于CK（简称负效应区）、该范围外的土壤水分则高于CK（简称正效应区）；24a林龄时在距离林带15m范围内为负效应区、此范围外为正效应区。网格尺度而言，杨树防护林具有提高土壤贮水量的作用，但这种提高效应会随着树龄的增长而有所降低。在小麦拔节-乳熟期间，对比CK，12a和24a林龄防护林可使0－200cm土层土壤贮水量分别提高7.8%，1.9%；对比CK，上述2个林龄阶段，杨树防护林网均具有降低小麦蒸散量的作用，降低值分别可达19.1%，25.0%，说明随着树龄的增长，防护林对农田蒸散的降低效应并未显著下降，故对因树木根系吸水所导致的林带附近农田土壤水分下降的状况，具有重要的缓解作用。
（8）利用星地集成水分利用模拟模型的测算数据，分析表明：同一林龄时期不同网格防护林对冬小麦蒸散量均具有一定的降低效应，冬小麦拔节－乳熟期间，10个供试网格系统降低效应的平均值在2007年、2008年分别为15.89％、16.73％，但网格间差异比较大，变幅分别为1.29%-36.08%、9.94％-23.58%，变异率分别可达0.56、0.13。
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain grows a large portion of China’s grain. Its farmland shelterbeltsserve crucial ecological protection for agricultural production, therefore, has been important incomprehensive agriculture development and revegetation of the area. However, sustaineddevelopments of agriculture and forestry are critically constrained by shortage of waterresource in the region. In order to address the increasing scarcity of water resources, climatechange and many other challenges, agricultural and forestry water consumptions must becoordinated in the development of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain farmland shelterbelts. Study of themulti-scale water usage relationships in the region, therefore, is of scientific significance.
Interspecific water use had been an important research topic on the agroforestry system.Practical application of research findings, however, is often restricted by structure complexity,mode diversity, measure technology and simulation model limitations of the composite systems.This warrants a study of multi-scale water usage through synchronous measurement. By takingadvantages of ground-based observations and remote sensing observations in the spatial andtemporal scales, we can construct a model containing both precision and scale of star integrate,and using accurate ground-based observations of the data-driven remote sensing to get differentcomponents of the multi-scale evapotranspiration and water use efficiency data. Nowadays,researches about this model have not been publicly reported.
In this study, the basin of Heilonggang located in Raoyang, Hebei Province has beenselected to demonstrate the model development for synchronization estimates of water usage inmulti-scale farmland shelterbelts. By using this model, Poplar and Wheat scale water usagerelationship had been analyzed from data collected in2007and April~June2008. Datacollected in1995are used to compare the water effect of two different age stage shelterbelts.The main results are as follows:
Based on the basic principles of solar energy utilization efficiency and thePriestley-Taylor theory, a synchronous multi-scale model for various gross primaryproductivity and Evapotranspiration was developed. The model utilizes remote sensingobservations as primary, supplemented by conventional ground-based observations. WUEmodel can be obtained via dividing GPP by the ET. The spatial resolution of the model is30mand time resolution is8d.
After the dynamic integration of MODIS and LANDSAT in the same wave band and time,the database of high temporal and spatial resolution remote sensing can be achieved.
The wheat and tree shelterbelt ET and the wheat GPP can be used to verify the modelaccuracy. The results showed that there is a significant linear correlation between the simulatedand measured values. The correlation coefficient of measured and simulated values of wheatET is0.82with an average relative error of14.9%. The correlation coefficient of measured andsimulated values of poplar ET is0.833with an average relative error of15.62%. Thecorrelation coefficient of measured and simulated values of wheat GPP is0.927with anaverage relative error of15.62%. The correlations approve accuracy of the simulation model.
The modelled results showed that the in the stage of winter wheat such as jointing-milkystage, Poplar shelterbelts evapotranspiration was slightly higher than winter wheat. Actually,each shelterbelt system of winter wheat was higher than forest. The RETs are3.37-8.18、3.66-7.20in2007and2008respectively. RET values of each grid are quite different, forexample the rate of variation (CV) in the10grid system tested in2007,2008are0.14and0.07respectively. These2years of10grids average RET were5.14and5.06, which are muchhigher than the forest on the actual area of crops evapotranspiration. In general, crops still themajor water consumer in farmland. Therefore it is feasible to develop poplar shelterbelts inHuang-Huai-Hai Plain.
There are significant logarithmic or linear relationship between ET and GPP（P<0.05）.This showed that water was one of determining factors of plant productivity. Though WUEdiffers among grids, general trend shows that grid crops have higher WUE than the forest.
In poplar shelterbelts and Wheat system with forest age of12, soil moisture within10mdistance to the forest is lower than in CK, and the moisture beyond10m is higher than in CK.The border expands to15m if the forest age is doubled, Poplar shelterbelts can improve waterstorage in soil, but the effectiveness might fall as trees age., A comparison of CK in the wheatjointing-milking period shows that12a and24a forest age of shelterbelts can increase waterstorage capacity in0-200cm soil layer by7.8%and1.9%respectively. CK comparison alsoindicates that poplar shelter forests at above two ages can reduce wheat evapotranspiration upto19.1%and25.0%respectively. These results show that the effectiveness of fieldevapotranspiration does not decline with the ageing of shelterbelt significantly. This may helpto mitigate the farmland moisture reduction due to water intake by nearby tree roots.
The analysis showed that trees at same age indifferent grid shelterbelts all contribute toreduce the volume of winter wheat evapotranspiration. During winter wheat jointing-milkystage, the average reduction of10test grid system are15.89％and16.73％in2007and2008,respectively. But the reduction rate differs greatly among different grids. The variations scalesbetween1.29%and36.08%in2007, between9.94％and23.58%in2008. The mutation rateswere up to0.56and0.13in2007and2008respectively.
以蒸散及水分利用效率为主要指标的种间水分利用关系虽一直是农林复合系统的重要研究内容，但因复合系统结构的复杂性及模式的多样性以及现有实测技术与模拟模型的局限性，制约研究成果的应用价值，亟待开展多尺度种间水分利用同步测算研究。鉴于地面观测与遥感观测在时空尺度及分辨率各具优势，如能将地面与遥感观测在机理上进行融合，构建一套能够兼顾精度与尺度的星地集成综合模型，利用精确的地面观测数据驱动遥感模型，获取多尺度不同组分蒸散及水分利用效率等数据，则具有很好科学价值及应用前景。目前，在农田防护林系统下垫面条件下，有关此方面的综合模型未见公开报道。
本研究以地处黄淮海平原黑龙港流域的河北省饶阳县官厅农田防护林试验示范区为基地，研究建立农田防护林体系多尺度种间水分利用同步测算的模型，并利用验证后的模型，分析2007年及2008年4－6月10个杨树林网系统杨树与小麦尺度种间水分利用关系，再结合1995年实测数据，分析两个不同林龄阶段防护林网的水分效应。主要结果如下：
（1）基于光能利用效率和Priestley-Taylor的基本原理，研究构建了以遥感观测为主、常规地面观测为辅的各组分植被生产力（GPP）及蒸散耗水（ET）的同步测算模型（简称“星地集成水分利用模拟模型”），将GPP除以ET，可得到WUE模型。模型的空间分辨率为30m、时间分辨率为8d。
（2）将波段光谱性质相近、同一时间段的中等分辨率成像光谱影像数据（MODIS）和陆地卫星（LANDSAT）遥感影像数据，进行动态融合，建立了高时空分辨率的遥感数据库，为模型运行提供数据支撑；
（3）利用小麦及杨树ET及小麦GPP地面测算数据（实测值），对模型进行验证精度进行验证，结果表明：模拟值与实测值存在显著的线性相关关系，其中，小麦ET实测值与模拟值相关系数为0.82，相对误差平均值为14.9％；杨树ET实测值与模拟值相关系数为0.833，相对误差平均值为15.5％，小麦GPP实测值与模拟值相关系数达0.927，相对误差平均值15.62％，所构建的模型具有较高的测算精度，可满足农田防护林体系多尺度种间水分关系及水分效应的同步测算等相关研究工作的要求。
（4）利用星地集成水分利用模拟模型的测算数据，分析表明：冬小麦拔节－乳熟期间，单位面积上，各杨树林网蒸散耗水量略高于冬小麦耗水量。但实际面积上，各林网系统内冬小麦耗水量均高于林带，二者比值（RET）在2007年及2008年分别为3.37－8.18、3.66－7.20。各网格RET值有较大的差异，在10个供试网格系统间的变异率（CV）在2007年、2008年分别达0.14、0.07。该2年10个网格RET平均值分别为5.14、5.06，即在实际面积上作物蒸散耗水远高于林带。说明总体而言，作物耗水仍是农田防护林体系耗水的主要方式，杨树不会与冬小麦发生激烈争水的矛盾。在黄淮海平原农区，适度发展杨树防护林具有可行性。
（6）多数网格内作物和林带的ET和GPP均存在显著的对数或线性函数关系（P<0.05），表明用水量是植物生产力的决定因子之一。冬小麦与林带水分利用效率（WUE）的比值在网格间存在一定的差异，但多数网格作物高于林带。
（7）就以500m×250m，主防护林方向为东-西走向，一路两行（4×8m）的杨树林网－小麦复合系统而言，12a林龄时，在距离林带10m范围内的土壤水分低于CK（简称负效应区）、该范围外的土壤水分则高于CK（简称正效应区）；24a林龄时在距离林带15m范围内为负效应区、此范围外为正效应区。网格尺度而言，杨树防护林具有提高土壤贮水量的作用，但这种提高效应会随着树龄的增长而有所降低。在小麦拔节-乳熟期间，对比CK，12a和24a林龄防护林可使0－200cm土层土壤贮水量分别提高7.8%，1.9%；对比CK，上述2个林龄阶段，杨树防护林网均具有降低小麦蒸散量的作用，降低值分别可达19.1%，25.0%，说明随着树龄的增长，防护林对农田蒸散的降低效应并未显著下降，故对因树木根系吸水所导致的林带附近农田土壤水分下降的状况，具有重要的缓解作用。
（8）利用星地集成水分利用模拟模型的测算数据，分析表明：同一林龄时期不同网格防护林对冬小麦蒸散量均具有一定的降低效应，冬小麦拔节－乳熟期间，10个供试网格系统降低效应的平均值在2007年、2008年分别为15.89％、16.73％，但网格间差异比较大，变幅分别为1.29%-36.08%、9.94％-23.58%，变异率分别可达0.56、0.13。
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain grows a large portion of China’s grain. Its farmland shelterbeltsserve crucial ecological protection for agricultural production, therefore, has been important incomprehensive agriculture development and revegetation of the area. However, sustaineddevelopments of agriculture and forestry are critically constrained by shortage of waterresource in the region. In order to address the increasing scarcity of water resources, climatechange and many other challenges, agricultural and forestry water consumptions must becoordinated in the development of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain farmland shelterbelts. Study of themulti-scale water usage relationships in the region, therefore, is of scientific significance.
Interspecific water use had been an important research topic on the agroforestry system.Practical application of research findings, however, is often restricted by structure complexity,mode diversity, measure technology and simulation model limitations of the composite systems.This warrants a study of multi-scale water usage through synchronous measurement. By takingadvantages of ground-based observations and remote sensing observations in the spatial andtemporal scales, we can construct a model containing both precision and scale of star integrate,and using accurate ground-based observations of the data-driven remote sensing to get differentcomponents of the multi-scale evapotranspiration and water use efficiency data. Nowadays,researches about this model have not been publicly reported.
In this study, the basin of Heilonggang located in Raoyang, Hebei Province has beenselected to demonstrate the model development for synchronization estimates of water usage inmulti-scale farmland shelterbelts. By using this model, Poplar and Wheat scale water usagerelationship had been analyzed from data collected in2007and April~June2008. Datacollected in1995are used to compare the water effect of two different age stage shelterbelts.The main results are as follows:
Based on the basic principles of solar energy utilization efficiency and thePriestley-Taylor theory, a synchronous multi-scale model for various gross primaryproductivity and Evapotranspiration was developed. The model utilizes remote sensingobservations as primary, supplemented by conventional ground-based observations. WUEmodel can be obtained via dividing GPP by the ET. The spatial resolution of the model is30mand time resolution is8d.
After the dynamic integration of MODIS and LANDSAT in the same wave band and time,the database of high temporal and spatial resolution remote sensing can be achieved.
The wheat and tree shelterbelt ET and the wheat GPP can be used to verify the modelaccuracy. The results showed that there is a significant linear correlation between the simulatedand measured values. The correlation coefficient of measured and simulated values of wheatET is0.82with an average relative error of14.9%. The correlation coefficient of measured andsimulated values of poplar ET is0.833with an average relative error of15.62%. Thecorrelation coefficient of measured and simulated values of wheat GPP is0.927with anaverage relative error of15.62%. The correlations approve accuracy of the simulation model.
The modelled results showed that the in the stage of winter wheat such as jointing-milkystage, Poplar shelterbelts evapotranspiration was slightly higher than winter wheat. Actually,each shelterbelt system of winter wheat was higher than forest. The RETs are3.37-8.18、3.66-7.20in2007and2008respectively. RET values of each grid are quite different, forexample the rate of variation (CV) in the10grid system tested in2007,2008are0.14and0.07respectively. These2years of10grids average RET were5.14and5.06, which are muchhigher than the forest on the actual area of crops evapotranspiration. In general, crops still themajor water consumer in farmland. Therefore it is feasible to develop poplar shelterbelts inHuang-Huai-Hai Plain.
There are significant logarithmic or linear relationship between ET and GPP（P<0.05）.This showed that water was one of determining factors of plant productivity. Though WUEdiffers among grids, general trend shows that grid crops have higher WUE than the forest.
In poplar shelterbelts and Wheat system with forest age of12, soil moisture within10mdistance to the forest is lower than in CK, and the moisture beyond10m is higher than in CK.The border expands to15m if the forest age is doubled, Poplar shelterbelts can improve waterstorage in soil, but the effectiveness might fall as trees age., A comparison of CK in the wheatjointing-milking period shows that12a and24a forest age of shelterbelts can increase waterstorage capacity in0-200cm soil layer by7.8%and1.9%respectively. CK comparison alsoindicates that poplar shelter forests at above two ages can reduce wheat evapotranspiration upto19.1%and25.0%respectively. These results show that the effectiveness of fieldevapotranspiration does not decline with the ageing of shelterbelt significantly. This may helpto mitigate the farmland moisture reduction due to water intake by nearby tree roots.
The analysis showed that trees at same age indifferent grid shelterbelts all contribute toreduce the volume of winter wheat evapotranspiration. During winter wheat jointing-milkystage, the average reduction of10test grid system are15.89％and16.73％in2007and2008,respectively. But the reduction rate differs greatly among different grids. The variations scalesbetween1.29%and36.08%in2007, between9.94％and23.58%in2008. The mutation rateswere up to0.56and0.13in2007and2008respectively.
引文
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