南海珊瑚环境地球化学记录与全球变化
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摘要
本论文主要采用现代和化石珊瑚的同位素和微量元素。代用指标(δ~(11)B、稀土元素、Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca)建立南海近100-200年以来以及全新世部分时段的海表温度、海水酸度和海平面等气候环境序列,研究序列的变化特征(幅度、周期、趋势、突变点),探讨海气的相互作用,亚洲季风、ENSO驱动因素变率以及人类活动等的影响。实验的样品选自南海雷州半岛、香港、海南岛、西沙群岛和南沙群岛。
正热电离质谱技术高精度测定的南海化石珊瑚的δ~(11)B比值结果显示,南海海水酸度并不像预先设想那样稳定。南海海表水pH值从全新世大暖期开始,整体上呈缓慢增加趋势,而到现代以后明显下降。珊瑚δ~(11)B记录表明南海海表水在中晚全新世有两个高酸性的时期,一个发生在全新世大暖期,一个为现代。全新世大暖期时南海出现的高海平面、偏强的东亚夏季风和偏弱的冬季风可能是导致其海表水出现高酸性的原因。现代南海海表水pH值显著偏低,背离了中晚全新世以来南海海表水pH值逐渐增加的趋势,这可能说明人类大量排放的CO_2确实改变了南海海表水自然变化的规律,南海在变酸。
海南岛龙湾珊瑚和香港珊瑚的稀土年际含量都呈明显下降趋势,很可能同海平面的持续上升有关。龙湾稀土含量与海平面呈显著的负相关性。并且Er/Nd比值呈逐年增加趋势,指示重稀土富集程度加深。Er/Nd比值与海平面也呈显著正相关性,表明随着海平面上升,珊瑚重稀土的富集程度也在加深。类似的,香港珊瑚的稀土含量与海平面也呈显著的负相关性,揭示海平面上升对该珊瑚稀土含量的强烈影响。但是香港珊瑚Er/Nd比值的增加趋势并不明显,与海平面也无显著的相关性,而且与珊瑚稀土总含量的线性关系也远没有龙湾珊瑚的高。有趣的是,香港珊瑚的稀土含量与珠江水体的含沙量呈显著的正相关性。同万泉河良好的生态环境保护不同,珠江流域受到了强烈的人类活动干扰。受水库大量兴建和河床过度挖沙的影响,珠江河水输沙量和含沙量下降明显。这对香港珊瑚稀土含量下降有一定贡献。由于河流径流量小,人类活动干扰小,来自海南岛的近岸珊瑚,如本次研究的龙湾珊瑚,是研究海水/珊瑚REE对海平面变化响应的理想载体。根据1981-1996龙湾珊瑚稀土与海平面的线性回归方程,我们重建了1856-1995年长尺度海平面变化序列。结果表明海南岛海平面1856年以来呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为0.5mm/a。本次研究给出的地处太平洋西岸的海南岛海平面变化曲线与太平洋东岸旧金山实测1856-1995年海平面曲线和存在反相关系,这与ENSO现象有关。
本文建立的北太平洋海南岛滨珊瑚120年Sr/Ca比值记录与南太平洋汤加滨珊瑚年代际变化(1876-1996)基本上是同步的。这种同步的变化支持南北半球低纬地区对全球尺度气候变化的响应来自共同的热源—它们之间的热带海洋,而不是来自中纬度地区。海南岛珊瑚记录频谱分析结果存在34.6、24.2和8.3年三个周期。其中24.2年周期在太平洋南北两个长尺度珊瑚记录中都是主要的周期,该周期同时也是太平洋大气海洋系统中主周期之一,表明太平洋年代际尺度的气候变化对赤道南北的SST都有强烈的约束作用。
本论文珊瑚研究的采集地海南岛地处南海北缘气候敏感和过渡带,是夏季沿岸上升流和冬季风强作用区域。本文研究重建了1906-1993年海南岛东海域的海表温度。这些结果揭示了海南岛东部滨珊瑚的Sr/Ca比值的温度强烈地受到夏季沿岸上升流的影响。在夏季,强烈的上升流将下层冷水输送至表层,形成海表低温区。利用未受到上升流影响的西沙滨珊瑚和海南岛东的滨珊瑚重建的海表温度序列的差值,建立了琼东沿岸近百年风生上升流的强度指数。该指数序列显示,琼东上升流在20世纪的近百年尺度上呈加强趋势,与近百年来全球变暖、海表升温、夏季风趋强等全球气候的大格局吻合,同时又受到了大尺度环流ENSO变化的制约。
同时海南岛和西沙滨珊瑚海温记录的差值也很好的记录了冬季风强度的年际变化。该差值同器测风速的显著负相关性可能同东北向冬季风驱动下黑潮暖水入侵有关。通过珊瑚Sr/Ca比值记录和气象记录我们重建了1906-1998年南海冬季风速的年际变化序列。该序列指示冬季风速在年际-年代际尺度上有很强的变化。冬季风速近百年下降了～30%。冬季风速在20世纪不断的减弱尤其是在1976年,很可能是全球变暖和太平洋尺度气候格局的转型共同作用的结果。东亚冬季风风速持续减弱,会对我国经济和生态环境产生重要影响:增加我国沿海赤潮灾害发生的频率和强度以及降低风力发电的效率等。
This study focused on stable isotopic and trace elements ratios proxies(δ~(11)B,Rare earth elements,Sr/Ca andMg/Ca) in the modern and fossil corals from the South China Sea(SCS) which were picked from Leizhou Peninsula,Hong Kong,Hainan, Xisha and Nansha Islands.These proxies provide the history of sea surface temperature,pH and sea level change of the SCS spanning the last two centuries and part time of the Holocene.Using these geochmisty records in the corals,we investigated the variations,trends,cycles,amplitudes and shift events of the climate-environment change of the SCS which are related with ocean-atmosphere interactions,Asian monsoon,ENSO and anthropogenic forcing.
We used positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry(PTIMS) to generate high precisionε~(11)B records in Porites corals of the mid-late Holocene from the SCS.The paleo-pH records of the SCS,reconstructed from theβ~(11)B data,were not stable as previously thought but showed a gradual increase from the Holocene thermal optimal and a sharp decrease to modern values.The latter is likely caused by the large amount of anthropogenic CO_2 emissions since the Industrial Revolution but variations of atmospheric pCO_2 cannot explain the pH change of the SCS before the Industrial Revolution.We suggest that variations of monsoon intensity and sea level during the mid-late Holocene may have driven the sea surface pH increase from the mid to late Holocene.Results of this study indicate that the impact of anthropogenic atmospheric CO_2 emissions may have reversed the natural pH trend in the SCS since the mid-Holocene.
Annual Rare earth element(REE) records in two corals from Hainan and Hong Kong display an apparent declining trend.Both records are significantly correlated with sea level.This could be interpreted by sea level rise which is accompanied by intrusion of seawater into the estuaries.However,the trend of Er/Nd in the coral near Pearl River is not convincing and there is no good relation between Er/Nd and total REEs as found for the coral near Wanquan River of Hainan.Unlike Wanquan River who is famous for its tourism and nature landscape,the Pearl River is significantly distorted by serious human activities such as the construction of dams/reservoirs and sediments mining of the riverbed.The sediment load of the Pearl River decreased steadily which may also contribute to the decline trend of REE in this coral.Coastal corals like Hainan are better candidates to investigate the possible effect of changes of sea level on seawater/coral REE because of small river discharge and less anthropogenic disruptionss.Using the linear regression equtation between total REEs of Hainan coral and sea level,5-yr interval relative sea level series from 1856-1995 has been established.The reconstuted sea level shows a increasing trend since 1856 with an average rising rate of 0.5mm/a.The sea level change of Hainan at west Pacific and San Francisco at east Pacific is antiphased which may be related with ENSO.
The decadal variations of two 120-yr monthly Sr/Ca records from Hainan at north Pacific and Rarotonga at south Pacific appear to synchronous.This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacifc Ocean.Harmonic spectrum of the Hainan coral Sr/Ca record reveals 34.6-year,24.2-year and 8.3-year cycles.The 24.2-year cycle appears as a dominant cycle for both Hainan and Rarotonga,revealing a decadal SST change in the Pacific Ocean.This oscillation has been previously identified as a robust,recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability in the North Pacific
East of Hainan Island is located within the one of the upwelling centers of this region.The reconstructed summer SST by the coral Sr/Ca ratio from the upwelling area is significant lower and shows a different trend in the 20th century compared to non-upwelling areas.We firstly established a long term index for summer coastal upwelling intensity off northern shelf of the SCS by the coral-SST differences between upwelling areas and non-upwelling areas.The results show a rapid 20th-century increase in coastal upwelling at the northern SCS which is related to sharp globe warming and maybe partly resulted from stronger and more frequent El Ni(?)o events in the tropical ocean.
At the same time,we found that the difference of winter SSTs between the two sites(Xisha and Hainan) is significantly negatively correlated with the instrumental WMV(winter monsoon velocity).This negative correlation may be related to the intrusion of the warm Kuroshio Current into the SCS through the Luzon Strait promoted by the strong northeastern monsoon winds in the winter.Using the relationship between our coralline data and observed WMV,we generated a record of WMVcs from 1906 to 1998.The WMVc in the 20th century shows significant interannual and decadal variability with a trend of persistent decline in the whole 20th century.The WMVc has decreased significantly by about 30%from the early to the late of 20th century due to globe warimg.In addition,an obvious decline shift of WMV around 1976 can be seen in both instrumental and proxy records and it coincides with many other Pacific records.This shift is likely to correspond to a Pacific-wide change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation occurring at the same time.
正热电离质谱技术高精度测定的南海化石珊瑚的δ~(11)B比值结果显示,南海海水酸度并不像预先设想那样稳定。南海海表水pH值从全新世大暖期开始,整体上呈缓慢增加趋势,而到现代以后明显下降。珊瑚δ~(11)B记录表明南海海表水在中晚全新世有两个高酸性的时期,一个发生在全新世大暖期,一个为现代。全新世大暖期时南海出现的高海平面、偏强的东亚夏季风和偏弱的冬季风可能是导致其海表水出现高酸性的原因。现代南海海表水pH值显著偏低,背离了中晚全新世以来南海海表水pH值逐渐增加的趋势,这可能说明人类大量排放的CO_2确实改变了南海海表水自然变化的规律,南海在变酸。
海南岛龙湾珊瑚和香港珊瑚的稀土年际含量都呈明显下降趋势,很可能同海平面的持续上升有关。龙湾稀土含量与海平面呈显著的负相关性。并且Er/Nd比值呈逐年增加趋势,指示重稀土富集程度加深。Er/Nd比值与海平面也呈显著正相关性,表明随着海平面上升,珊瑚重稀土的富集程度也在加深。类似的,香港珊瑚的稀土含量与海平面也呈显著的负相关性,揭示海平面上升对该珊瑚稀土含量的强烈影响。但是香港珊瑚Er/Nd比值的增加趋势并不明显,与海平面也无显著的相关性,而且与珊瑚稀土总含量的线性关系也远没有龙湾珊瑚的高。有趣的是,香港珊瑚的稀土含量与珠江水体的含沙量呈显著的正相关性。同万泉河良好的生态环境保护不同,珠江流域受到了强烈的人类活动干扰。受水库大量兴建和河床过度挖沙的影响,珠江河水输沙量和含沙量下降明显。这对香港珊瑚稀土含量下降有一定贡献。由于河流径流量小,人类活动干扰小,来自海南岛的近岸珊瑚,如本次研究的龙湾珊瑚,是研究海水/珊瑚REE对海平面变化响应的理想载体。根据1981-1996龙湾珊瑚稀土与海平面的线性回归方程,我们重建了1856-1995年长尺度海平面变化序列。结果表明海南岛海平面1856年以来呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为0.5mm/a。本次研究给出的地处太平洋西岸的海南岛海平面变化曲线与太平洋东岸旧金山实测1856-1995年海平面曲线和存在反相关系,这与ENSO现象有关。
本文建立的北太平洋海南岛滨珊瑚120年Sr/Ca比值记录与南太平洋汤加滨珊瑚年代际变化(1876-1996)基本上是同步的。这种同步的变化支持南北半球低纬地区对全球尺度气候变化的响应来自共同的热源—它们之间的热带海洋,而不是来自中纬度地区。海南岛珊瑚记录频谱分析结果存在34.6、24.2和8.3年三个周期。其中24.2年周期在太平洋南北两个长尺度珊瑚记录中都是主要的周期,该周期同时也是太平洋大气海洋系统中主周期之一,表明太平洋年代际尺度的气候变化对赤道南北的SST都有强烈的约束作用。
本论文珊瑚研究的采集地海南岛地处南海北缘气候敏感和过渡带,是夏季沿岸上升流和冬季风强作用区域。本文研究重建了1906-1993年海南岛东海域的海表温度。这些结果揭示了海南岛东部滨珊瑚的Sr/Ca比值的温度强烈地受到夏季沿岸上升流的影响。在夏季,强烈的上升流将下层冷水输送至表层,形成海表低温区。利用未受到上升流影响的西沙滨珊瑚和海南岛东的滨珊瑚重建的海表温度序列的差值,建立了琼东沿岸近百年风生上升流的强度指数。该指数序列显示,琼东上升流在20世纪的近百年尺度上呈加强趋势,与近百年来全球变暖、海表升温、夏季风趋强等全球气候的大格局吻合,同时又受到了大尺度环流ENSO变化的制约。
同时海南岛和西沙滨珊瑚海温记录的差值也很好的记录了冬季风强度的年际变化。该差值同器测风速的显著负相关性可能同东北向冬季风驱动下黑潮暖水入侵有关。通过珊瑚Sr/Ca比值记录和气象记录我们重建了1906-1998年南海冬季风速的年际变化序列。该序列指示冬季风速在年际-年代际尺度上有很强的变化。冬季风速近百年下降了～30%。冬季风速在20世纪不断的减弱尤其是在1976年,很可能是全球变暖和太平洋尺度气候格局的转型共同作用的结果。东亚冬季风风速持续减弱,会对我国经济和生态环境产生重要影响:增加我国沿海赤潮灾害发生的频率和强度以及降低风力发电的效率等。
This study focused on stable isotopic and trace elements ratios proxies(δ~(11)B,Rare earth elements,Sr/Ca andMg/Ca) in the modern and fossil corals from the South China Sea(SCS) which were picked from Leizhou Peninsula,Hong Kong,Hainan, Xisha and Nansha Islands.These proxies provide the history of sea surface temperature,pH and sea level change of the SCS spanning the last two centuries and part time of the Holocene.Using these geochmisty records in the corals,we investigated the variations,trends,cycles,amplitudes and shift events of the climate-environment change of the SCS which are related with ocean-atmosphere interactions,Asian monsoon,ENSO and anthropogenic forcing.
We used positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry(PTIMS) to generate high precisionε~(11)B records in Porites corals of the mid-late Holocene from the SCS.The paleo-pH records of the SCS,reconstructed from theβ~(11)B data,were not stable as previously thought but showed a gradual increase from the Holocene thermal optimal and a sharp decrease to modern values.The latter is likely caused by the large amount of anthropogenic CO_2 emissions since the Industrial Revolution but variations of atmospheric pCO_2 cannot explain the pH change of the SCS before the Industrial Revolution.We suggest that variations of monsoon intensity and sea level during the mid-late Holocene may have driven the sea surface pH increase from the mid to late Holocene.Results of this study indicate that the impact of anthropogenic atmospheric CO_2 emissions may have reversed the natural pH trend in the SCS since the mid-Holocene.
Annual Rare earth element(REE) records in two corals from Hainan and Hong Kong display an apparent declining trend.Both records are significantly correlated with sea level.This could be interpreted by sea level rise which is accompanied by intrusion of seawater into the estuaries.However,the trend of Er/Nd in the coral near Pearl River is not convincing and there is no good relation between Er/Nd and total REEs as found for the coral near Wanquan River of Hainan.Unlike Wanquan River who is famous for its tourism and nature landscape,the Pearl River is significantly distorted by serious human activities such as the construction of dams/reservoirs and sediments mining of the riverbed.The sediment load of the Pearl River decreased steadily which may also contribute to the decline trend of REE in this coral.Coastal corals like Hainan are better candidates to investigate the possible effect of changes of sea level on seawater/coral REE because of small river discharge and less anthropogenic disruptionss.Using the linear regression equtation between total REEs of Hainan coral and sea level,5-yr interval relative sea level series from 1856-1995 has been established.The reconstuted sea level shows a increasing trend since 1856 with an average rising rate of 0.5mm/a.The sea level change of Hainan at west Pacific and San Francisco at east Pacific is antiphased which may be related with ENSO.
The decadal variations of two 120-yr monthly Sr/Ca records from Hainan at north Pacific and Rarotonga at south Pacific appear to synchronous.This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacifc Ocean.Harmonic spectrum of the Hainan coral Sr/Ca record reveals 34.6-year,24.2-year and 8.3-year cycles.The 24.2-year cycle appears as a dominant cycle for both Hainan and Rarotonga,revealing a decadal SST change in the Pacific Ocean.This oscillation has been previously identified as a robust,recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability in the North Pacific
East of Hainan Island is located within the one of the upwelling centers of this region.The reconstructed summer SST by the coral Sr/Ca ratio from the upwelling area is significant lower and shows a different trend in the 20th century compared to non-upwelling areas.We firstly established a long term index for summer coastal upwelling intensity off northern shelf of the SCS by the coral-SST differences between upwelling areas and non-upwelling areas.The results show a rapid 20th-century increase in coastal upwelling at the northern SCS which is related to sharp globe warming and maybe partly resulted from stronger and more frequent El Ni(?)o events in the tropical ocean.
At the same time,we found that the difference of winter SSTs between the two sites(Xisha and Hainan) is significantly negatively correlated with the instrumental WMV(winter monsoon velocity).This negative correlation may be related to the intrusion of the warm Kuroshio Current into the SCS through the Luzon Strait promoted by the strong northeastern monsoon winds in the winter.Using the relationship between our coralline data and observed WMV,we generated a record of WMVcs from 1906 to 1998.The WMVc in the 20th century shows significant interannual and decadal variability with a trend of persistent decline in the whole 20th century.The WMVc has decreased significantly by about 30%from the early to the late of 20th century due to globe warimg.In addition,an obvious decline shift of WMV around 1976 can be seen in both instrumental and proxy records and it coincides with many other Pacific records.This shift is likely to correspond to a Pacific-wide change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation occurring at the same time.
引文
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