稻鸭共栖免耕减排甲烷机制及综合效益研究
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摘要
在利用稻鸭互利共生的关系的基础上，将免耕技术引入稻田生态系统，形成稻田免耕养鸭技术新体系。本研究从稻田甲烷排放、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物、土壤酶和水稻植株生长性状等方面对稻田免耕复合系统进行了研究，旨在为评价该系统的生态学功能提供科学依据，为该系统的推广应用提供理论基础。研究结果如下：
1 免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放特征
1．1免耕稻-鸭复合系统中甲烷的排放规律
1．1．1免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放日变化规律：免耕稻-鸭复合系统中的甲烷排放通量早晨气温较低，甲烷的排放维持很低的水平，随着温度的升高，甲烷排放量逐渐增大，到12：00～14：00左右出现一个排放高峰，然后再降低，直至凌晨降至最低。NCD(免耕养鸭处理，No-tillage Cast-transplanted with Duck treatment缩写为NCD)处理中田面水溶解氧大大提高，比NCND(免耕不养鸭处理，No-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment缩写为NCND)和CCND(翻耕不养鸭处理，Conventional-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment缩写为CCND)提高了38.4％～44.7％，有助于甲烷的氧化。
1．1．2免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放季节变化规律：湿地生态系统晚稻生长期间甲烷排放通量在分蘖始期较小，分蘖盛期出现一明显的排放高峰，往后随水稻的进一步生长发育而逐渐降低，尤其在水稻孕穗以后，甲烷的排放通量一直维持较低的水平。
NCD与NCND和CCND的稻田甲烷排放通量差异极显著，但NCND和CCND之间差异不显著。在稻田平均甲烷排放通量上表现的趋势为：NCD＜NCND＜CCND。放鸭后水稻分蘖盛期NCD和NCND的甲烷排放通量分别为23.6mg/m~2·h和30.5mg/m~2·h，养鸭降低了免耕处理中稻田甲烷排放通量的22.5％。分蘖盛期以后两者之间的差异逐渐减少。实行稻田养鸭主要是减少了甲烷排放高峰水稻分蘖盛期的排放通量。
1．2免耕稻-鸭复合系统水稻全生育期甲烷的排放总量：养鸭对稻田甲烷排放高峰
期的控制效果最为明显，在分菜始期－分蕴盛期，NCD比CCND每平方米稻田减
少了4．7239，降低 了40．50，匕N侧D减少的量和降低 的百分比为2．333 g和
25二％。
从晚稻大田生育期甲烷排放量来看，CCND高于NCND和NCD。
1．3兔耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性对甲烷排放的影响
1．3川免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性：NCD的氧化还原电位比NCND高
11．6mV。比 CCND高 18．4mV。就还原性物质总量而言，CCND的还原物质总量是
NCD和 NCND的 4．11～12．34倍和 3．26～7．02倍，而且 CCND处理中的亚铁离子
含量明显高于肌D和 NCND。CCND处理的物质还原程度明显比肌D和 NCND的都强。
1．3．2免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性与稻田甲烷排放的关系：免耕养
鸭处理中氧化还原电位与还原物质总量、活性还原物质数量和亚铁离子含量呈极
显著负相关，也和稻田甲烷排放通量呈负相关（相关系数为刁．5232人但没达到
显著水平。
2免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤理化性状研究
2．l免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤物理性状的变化
试验结果表明，经过一季免耕养鸭，稻田 0～son土层的容重降低了
0．0139／。m’；土壤非毛管孔隙在免耕处理中有所增加，相对 CCND而言，NCD在 0～
scm土层增力 3．13％，在 5～15c。处增力 1．05％。这说明兔耕保护了土壤结构，
有利于土壤中“气”相条件的改善，增加土壤中空气的比例。
2．2兔耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤化学性状的变化
对兔耕养鸭复合系统土壤的化学性质分析表明，兔耕养鸭能有利于土壤中有
机碳、全氮、碱解氮的提高，但对速效磷和速效钾的影响不明显。
3免耕稻－鸭复合系统土壤微生物数量和微生物量的研究：
3＊各处理土壤微生物区系分布：三大类微生物数量在剖面中有明显的上高下低
的分布趋势：特别是0－scm土层，＊＊D处理中各类微生物数量高于同层次的
NCND和 CCND。NCD的剖面分布尽管也是呈现上高下低的格局，但 5－15cm土
层中各微生物数量和总数均大于NCND和CCND处理中同层次的微生物数。三
大类微生物的数量以及微生物总数的大小顺序为：NCD＞NCND＞CCND。
3．2不同处理对产甲烷细菌数量的影响
n
、．r＊
3．2＊基质的选择：甲醇和乙酸钠为基质的培养管中，产CH4量均高于
Based on the mutualistic symbiosis relationship of rice and duck, jointed with no-tillage technique, the new no-tillage system of raising duck in paddyfield was formed. In order to provide the scientific and theoretic foundation for ecological assessment and popularization of the system, some experiments of methane emission, physical and chemical characteristic of soil, soil microbe, soil enzyme and rice growth characteristic were studied. The results were as follows:
1.The methane emission characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system.
1.1 The methane emission dynamics of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system
1.1.1 The daily variation dynamics of methane emission: the daily methane emission which reaches a climax in daytime was almost consistent with the change of air temperature. In the morning, the air temperature was lower so that the methane emission was lower. With the increase of the air temperature, the methane emission also increased gradually. At about 12:00-14: 00, the emission reached a climax, and then declined. Till the dawn, it was the lowest. The dissolved oxygen in NCD(No-tillage Cast-transplanted with Duck treatment)system has increase greatly, compared with the NCND (No-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment ) and the CCND (Conventional-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment) ,? it increased 38.4%-44.7%, which was helpful to the methane oxidation.
1.1.2 The seasonal variation dynamics of methane emission: In wetlands system, during the late rice growth period, the emission was lower at early tillering stage. At fully tillering stage, it reached its summit, since then, with the rice growth, it reduced. After booting stage , the methane emission keeped lower.
The difference among the NCD, NCND and CCND was obvious, but it was not between the NCND and CCND. the average methane emission trend was: NCD
results showed that raising ducks in paddyfield mainly reduced the methane emission at fully tillering stage, which was usually the climax period of the emission.
1.2 Total methane emission from no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system during the rice whole growth period: the effect of raising ducks on methane emission climax period from paddy field was most obvious. Compared with the CCND and the NCND, the emission from per-square meter of the NCD reduced 4.723g and 2.333g respectively, with the reduced ratio of 40.5% and 25.2% respectively. The methane emission from the CCND during late rice whole growth period was higher than that one from the CCND and NCD.
1.3 The effect of soil redox characteristic on methane emission from no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system:
1.3.1 Soil redox characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system: the redox potential of the NCD was higher than that of the NCND, but there was no law between the redox potential of the NCD and that of the CCND. The total reduction of the CCND was 4.11-12.34 and 3.26-7.02 as times as that of the NCND and the NCD respectively. The Fe2+content of the CCND was obviously more than that of the NCD and the NCND. The reductive degree of the CCND was stronger than that of the NCD and the NCND.
1.3.2 The relationship between soil redox characteristic and methane emission in no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system: in no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system, there was obvious negative correlation between the redox potential and total reducer, active reducer, Fe2+. There was also unobvious negative correlation between the redox potential and methane emission (correlative coefficient=-0.5232).
2 Soil physical and chemical characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex s
1 免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放特征
1．1免耕稻-鸭复合系统中甲烷的排放规律
1．1．1免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放日变化规律：免耕稻-鸭复合系统中的甲烷排放通量早晨气温较低，甲烷的排放维持很低的水平，随着温度的升高，甲烷排放量逐渐增大，到12：00～14：00左右出现一个排放高峰，然后再降低，直至凌晨降至最低。NCD(免耕养鸭处理，No-tillage Cast-transplanted with Duck treatment缩写为NCD)处理中田面水溶解氧大大提高，比NCND(免耕不养鸭处理，No-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment缩写为NCND)和CCND(翻耕不养鸭处理，Conventional-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment缩写为CCND)提高了38.4％～44.7％，有助于甲烷的氧化。
1．1．2免耕稻-鸭复合系统稻田甲烷排放季节变化规律：湿地生态系统晚稻生长期间甲烷排放通量在分蘖始期较小，分蘖盛期出现一明显的排放高峰，往后随水稻的进一步生长发育而逐渐降低，尤其在水稻孕穗以后，甲烷的排放通量一直维持较低的水平。
NCD与NCND和CCND的稻田甲烷排放通量差异极显著，但NCND和CCND之间差异不显著。在稻田平均甲烷排放通量上表现的趋势为：NCD＜NCND＜CCND。放鸭后水稻分蘖盛期NCD和NCND的甲烷排放通量分别为23.6mg/m~2·h和30.5mg/m~2·h，养鸭降低了免耕处理中稻田甲烷排放通量的22.5％。分蘖盛期以后两者之间的差异逐渐减少。实行稻田养鸭主要是减少了甲烷排放高峰水稻分蘖盛期的排放通量。
1．2免耕稻-鸭复合系统水稻全生育期甲烷的排放总量：养鸭对稻田甲烷排放高峰
期的控制效果最为明显，在分菜始期－分蕴盛期，NCD比CCND每平方米稻田减
少了4．7239，降低 了40．50，匕N侧D减少的量和降低 的百分比为2．333 g和
25二％。
从晚稻大田生育期甲烷排放量来看，CCND高于NCND和NCD。
1．3兔耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性对甲烷排放的影响
1．3川免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性：NCD的氧化还原电位比NCND高
11．6mV。比 CCND高 18．4mV。就还原性物质总量而言，CCND的还原物质总量是
NCD和 NCND的 4．11～12．34倍和 3．26～7．02倍，而且 CCND处理中的亚铁离子
含量明显高于肌D和 NCND。CCND处理的物质还原程度明显比肌D和 NCND的都强。
1．3．2免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤氧化还原特性与稻田甲烷排放的关系：免耕养
鸭处理中氧化还原电位与还原物质总量、活性还原物质数量和亚铁离子含量呈极
显著负相关，也和稻田甲烷排放通量呈负相关（相关系数为刁．5232人但没达到
显著水平。
2免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤理化性状研究
2．l免耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤物理性状的变化
试验结果表明，经过一季免耕养鸭，稻田 0～son土层的容重降低了
0．0139／。m’；土壤非毛管孔隙在免耕处理中有所增加，相对 CCND而言，NCD在 0～
scm土层增力 3．13％，在 5～15c。处增力 1．05％。这说明兔耕保护了土壤结构，
有利于土壤中“气”相条件的改善，增加土壤中空气的比例。
2．2兔耕稻－鸭复合系统中土壤化学性状的变化
对兔耕养鸭复合系统土壤的化学性质分析表明，兔耕养鸭能有利于土壤中有
机碳、全氮、碱解氮的提高，但对速效磷和速效钾的影响不明显。
3免耕稻－鸭复合系统土壤微生物数量和微生物量的研究：
3＊各处理土壤微生物区系分布：三大类微生物数量在剖面中有明显的上高下低
的分布趋势：特别是0－scm土层，＊＊D处理中各类微生物数量高于同层次的
NCND和 CCND。NCD的剖面分布尽管也是呈现上高下低的格局，但 5－15cm土
层中各微生物数量和总数均大于NCND和CCND处理中同层次的微生物数。三
大类微生物的数量以及微生物总数的大小顺序为：NCD＞NCND＞CCND。
3．2不同处理对产甲烷细菌数量的影响
n
、．r＊
3．2＊基质的选择：甲醇和乙酸钠为基质的培养管中，产CH4量均高于
Based on the mutualistic symbiosis relationship of rice and duck, jointed with no-tillage technique, the new no-tillage system of raising duck in paddyfield was formed. In order to provide the scientific and theoretic foundation for ecological assessment and popularization of the system, some experiments of methane emission, physical and chemical characteristic of soil, soil microbe, soil enzyme and rice growth characteristic were studied. The results were as follows:
1.The methane emission characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system.
1.1 The methane emission dynamics of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system
1.1.1 The daily variation dynamics of methane emission: the daily methane emission which reaches a climax in daytime was almost consistent with the change of air temperature. In the morning, the air temperature was lower so that the methane emission was lower. With the increase of the air temperature, the methane emission also increased gradually. At about 12:00-14: 00, the emission reached a climax, and then declined. Till the dawn, it was the lowest. The dissolved oxygen in NCD(No-tillage Cast-transplanted with Duck treatment)system has increase greatly, compared with the NCND (No-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment ) and the CCND (Conventional-tillage Cast-transplanted without Duck treatment) ,? it increased 38.4%-44.7%, which was helpful to the methane oxidation.
1.1.2 The seasonal variation dynamics of methane emission: In wetlands system, during the late rice growth period, the emission was lower at early tillering stage. At fully tillering stage, it reached its summit, since then, with the rice growth, it reduced. After booting stage , the methane emission keeped lower.
The difference among the NCD, NCND and CCND was obvious, but it was not between the NCND and CCND. the average methane emission trend was: NCD
results showed that raising ducks in paddyfield mainly reduced the methane emission at fully tillering stage, which was usually the climax period of the emission.
1.2 Total methane emission from no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system during the rice whole growth period: the effect of raising ducks on methane emission climax period from paddy field was most obvious. Compared with the CCND and the NCND, the emission from per-square meter of the NCD reduced 4.723g and 2.333g respectively, with the reduced ratio of 40.5% and 25.2% respectively. The methane emission from the CCND during late rice whole growth period was higher than that one from the CCND and NCD.
1.3 The effect of soil redox characteristic on methane emission from no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system:
1.3.1 Soil redox characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system: the redox potential of the NCD was higher than that of the NCND, but there was no law between the redox potential of the NCD and that of the CCND. The total reduction of the CCND was 4.11-12.34 and 3.26-7.02 as times as that of the NCND and the NCD respectively. The Fe2+content of the CCND was obviously more than that of the NCD and the NCND. The reductive degree of the CCND was stronger than that of the NCD and the NCND.
1.3.2 The relationship between soil redox characteristic and methane emission in no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system: in no-tillage-based rice-duck complex system, there was obvious negative correlation between the redox potential and total reducer, active reducer, Fe2+. There was also unobvious negative correlation between the redox potential and methane emission (correlative coefficient=-0.5232).
2 Soil physical and chemical characteristic of no-tillage-based rice-duck complex s
引文
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